Northwest Side Research Articles

桩板墙在山体滑坡治理中的应用

Landslide management methods and measures are diverse, among which the support project is one of the most important measures. In recent years, pile plate wall retaining engineering has been widely used in landslide treatment, pile retaining wall composed of reinforced concrete piles and retaining plate, connected between deep buried piles with plates and the structural form of crown beam at the top.Now through the landslide treatment process on the northwest side of erli tailings pond management station of the auther’s company, so as to better understand the application of pile plate wall in landslide treatment for reference.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Precipitation in the Sparsely Gauged Zambezi River Basin Using Remote Sensing and Google Earth Engine

Precipitation plays an important role in the food production of Southern Africa. Understanding the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation is helpful for improving agricultural management and flood and drought risk assessment. However, a comprehensive precipitation pattern analysis is challenging in sparsely gauged and underdeveloped regions. To solve this problem, Version 7 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation products and Google Earth Engine (GEE) were adopted in this study for the analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation in the Zambezi River Basin. The Kendall’s correlation and sen’s Slop reducers in GEE were used to examine precipitation trends and magnitude, respectively, at annual, seasonal and monthly scales from 1998 to 2017. The results reveal that 10% of the Zambezi River basin showed a significant decreasing trend of annual precipitation, while only 1% showed a significant increasing trend. The rainy-season precipitation appeared to have a dominant impact on the annual precipitation pattern. The rainy-season precipitation was found to have larger spatial, temporal and magnitude variation than the dry-season precipitation. In terms of monthly precipitation, June to September during the dry season were dominated by a significant decreasing trend. However, areas presenting a significant decreasing trend were rare (<12% of study area) and scattered during the rainy-season months (November to April of the subsequent year). Spatially, the highest and lowest rainfall regions were shifted by year, with extreme precipitation events (highest and lowest rainfall) occurring preferentially over the northwest side rather than the northeast area of the Zambezi River Basin. A “dry gets dryer, wet gets wetter” (DGDWGW) pattern was also observed over the study area, and a suggestion on agriculture management according to precipitation patterns is provided in this study for the region. This is the first study to use long-term remote sensing data and GEE for precipitation analysis at various temporal scales in the Zambezi River Basin. The methodology proposed in this study is helpful for the spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation in developing countries with scarce gauge stations, limited analytic skills and insufficient computation resources. The approaches of this study can also be operationally applied to the analysis of other climate variables, such as temperature and solar radiation.

Spreading of River Water Guides Migratory Behavior of Homing Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta in Otsuchi Bay, a Narrow Inlet with Multiple River Flows.

The Sanriku-ria coast of Japan, a homing area for chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, is characterized by a large number of small closed bays into which one or multiple short rivers flow. The present behavioral investigation of chum salmon in this region was designed to gain deeper insight into the migration of chum salmon to their natal rivers. Eighty-three fish caught at the middle part of Otsuchi Bay were tracked using an acoustic transmitter in the narrow inlet into which flow three rivers: the Otsuchi, Koduchi, and Unosumai. The majority of 18 fish that entered the Unosumai River, which flows into the southwest side of the bay, directly approached the river along the southern coast. More than half of fish that entered the Otsuchi and Koduchi Rivers, which flow into the northwest side, also migrated into the inner bay via the southerly route, and then entered these rivers frequently after passing the mouth of the Unosumai River. In the inner bay, the salinity of sea surface water suggested that water from the three rivers circulates in a counterclockwise direction at a depth of less than 1.0 m, flowing eastwardly along the southern coast. The observed migratory paths of homing salmon in Otsuchi Bay thus correspond well with the counterflow of surface river water in the bay. The present results suggest that homing migration of salmon in the Sanriku narrow inlet is guided by natal river flows.

The Role of Gravity Wave Breaking in a Case of Upper-Level Near-Cloud Turbulence

Abstract An observed turbulence encounter that occurred outside a mesoscale convective system over the central United States on 3 June 2005 is investigated using observations and high-resolution numerical modeling. Here, the mechanisms associated with the observed moderate-to-severe turbulence during the evolution of this convective system are examined. Comparison between aircraft-observed eddy dissipation rate data with satellite and radar shows that a majority of turbulence reports are located on the south side and outside of a nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS), relatively large distances from the active convective regions. Simulations show that divergent storm-induced upper-level outflow reduces the environmental flow on the south side of the MCS, while on the north and northwest side it enhances the environmental flow. This upper-level storm outflow enhances the vertical shear near the flight levels and contributes to mesoscale reductions in Richardson number to values that support turbulence. In addition to the role of the MCS-induced outflow, high-resolution simulations (1.1-km horizontal grid spacing) show that turbulence is largely associated with a large-amplitude gravity wave generated by the convective system, which propagates away from it. As the wave propagates in the region with enhanced vertical shear caused by the storm-induced upper-level outflow, it amplifies, overturns, and breaks down into turbulence. The location of the simulated turbulence relative to the storm agrees with the observations and the analysis herein provides insight into the key processes underlying this event.

Never A Lovely So Real: The Life and Work of Nelson Algren

Never A Lovely So Real: The Life and Work of Nelson Algren

Artificial neural network modeling and exposure assessments: a new scaling approach

Conventional modeling approach such as regression has not much ability to incorporate nonlinearity of environmental covariates during different categories of estimations. Nonlinear information is considered as outliers in prediction while fitting in the regression models. The ANN models are robust due to adaptive neuro computing to consider these kinds of parameters in the scaling and instrumentation process due to gradient neural weight training mechanism. Raised level of ambient particulate matter having size PM10 and PM2.5 is a serious matter of concern for children having age group 8 to 14 years. A study has been conducted in North West side of Asia continent for three years (2013 to 2016) where sampling was done to measure ambient PM level, physiological parameters of 600 children and covariate data. A hybrid recurrent neural network (HRNN) has been developed for exposure assessment with the help of Gamma Test. Based on Root Mean Square Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error scale, the trends in physiological parameters were estimated. The developed model strategy, will help research community and policy-makers to feed time series data in the model for spatiotemporal analysis rather than conventional statistical methods.

Diagnostics of westward propagating East Asian monsoon low-pressure systems that reach the Indian monsoon region

The East Asian monsoon low-pressure systems (MLPSs) are important rain-producing weather disturbances in East Asia during the summer (June, July and August). After formation, they primarily move westward and impact southern China and the Indochina Peninsula. We analyzed the climate distribution characteristics of generation locations and frequency of different intensity events in westward East Asian MLPSs during the summers of 1979–2012. The East Asian and the Indian MLPSs are relatively independent weather systems and the Indochina Peninsula area separates them. The westward East Asian monsoon low-pressure system (MLPS) rarely moves to the Indian monsoon region (IMR). When an East Asian MLPS crosses the boundary between the East Asian monsoon region (EAMR) and the IMR, the potential vorticity (PV) axis near the low-pressure center remains vertical with height, while the PV axis near the center of the East Asian MLPSs that do not cross the boundary shifts to the northeast with height. The East Asian MLPSs that reach the IMR are stronger before crossing the boundary than the MLPSs that do not cross the boundary. The strength of the MLPS that approach the boundary gradually weakens during the westward movement. The middle and high-level PV center shifts to the northeast of the low-pressure center, which causes the MLPS to turn and fail to cross the boundary between EAMR and IMR. Variation of the PV budget at 500 hPa over time showed that a strong positive PV tendency forms on the north side of low-pressure center mainly due to horizontal adiabatic PV advection. The PV center gradually shifts to the north and the MLPS turns. The PV budget at 500 hPa for the East Asian MLPS that reach the IMR shows that the horizontal and vertical adiabatic advection PV transport has a strong positive tendency on the northwest side of the low-pressure center, causing the MLPS to continue moving northwestward and eventually cross the boundary to reach the IMR.

Spatiotemporal trends in reference evapotranspiration over South Korea

The universal phenomena of global warming caused by climate change have direct linkage with different hydro-meteorological variables which in turn affect the evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Therefore, this study evaluated the seasonal and spatial changes in reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) during last 4.7 decades and identified the forcing mechanism behind the seasonal changes in ETo using a stepwise regression equation. To remove the effect of serial correlation, the modified Mann–Kendall test was adopted together with Sen's slope and linear regression method to identify and compare the spatial and temporal trends between Thornthwaite, Hargreaves and FAO Penman–Monteith (FAO-PM) methods. Results indicate that the annual average ETo value is higher along the south and east coastal areas and lower along the northwest side of South Korea. The highest number of stations with significant increasing trends was detected in Thornthwaite and significant decreasing trend in FAO-PM method. Spatial and temporal correlation analysis showed the existence of strong correlation between Hargreaves and FAO-PM methods with the Pearson r value ranging from 0.84 to 0.98 and R2 of 0.8. Wind speed is found to be the most influencing climatic variable, especially in autumn, early winter and early summer, and maximum temperature during spring and late summer.

COULD THE PERSONS BURIED IN PEREPIATIKHA BARROW BE THE LORDS OF THE HILLFORD OF KHOTIV?

North-West side of Forrest-Steppe zone had no high activity in historical events of the beginning of Iron Age, so the material culture of sites of these territories have had no sharp chronological rappers. They took places in aristocratic complexes just with appearance of Scythian in Middle Dnieper region. The article deals with two brilliant sites dating to the Early Scythian time — hillford of Khotiv and Perepiatikha burial mound. How is traditional and innovative on these sits divided?
 The antiquities of the previous period in Central and Eastern Europe became a conservative feature in the local material culture. This is a way of building and building materials, bi-ritual burial ceremony, hand-made pottery, prestigious personal metal things of the Thracian-Illyrian type, bronze details of a traditional costume, metal and stone tools, stone dishes and crackers.
 Innovation is divided into several categories. The first is the technology of fortification, which was appeared in placement of defense from the cavalry, and not only from the archers, and the emergence of new types of arrows — so called Scythian, which in fact became a forced import. In other words, innovation in technology relates to the sphere of warfare. The second category is import. Early imports are associated with the antiquities of the North Caucasus, the Middle East and Asia Minor (Khotiv’s predator, griffins from Perepiatikha, bronze mirrors, geshire and paste beads), which can be called jewelry and toilet items on the whole, that is, luxury items. Late imports connected with Greek policies. These are amphorae — containers of wine or other products, willing fineware and cooking pottery, which in general can be called consumer goods.
 Both types of innovation are generally associated with adoption or inventing, as well as getting through trade of new things or technologies that are not associated with the massive migration of carriers of innovation features. At the same time, traditional features show that the ethnic characteristics of the population of the region are not unchanged at the time of being of both sits — hillfort of Khotiv and the funeral complex of Perepiatikha.

Selected Environmental Assessment Model and Spatial Analysis Method to Explain Correlations in Environmental and Socio-Economic Data with Possible Application for Explaining the State of the Ecosystem

Regional ecosystem health is the basis for regular regional exploration, ecological protection, and sustainable development. This study explored ecosystem health at the southern end of the Hu Line (Sichuan and Yunnan provinces) using the pressure–state–response model and examined the spatial evolution of ecosystem health. The proportion of unhealthy and morbid cities decreased from 45.9% in 2000 to 35.1% in 2016. The imbalance of ecosystem health among cities has gradually increased since 2006, but more high-quality cities have emerged (Z of Moran’s Index < 1.96, p > 0.05). Overall, the regional ecosystem on the southeast side of the Hu Line was healthier than that on the northwest side. Differences in ecosystem health on both sides of the Hu Line showed decreasing trends over time except for the pressure score. The spatial pattern of ecosystem health moved along the Hu Line because the pressure and state scores of ecosystems were mainly determined by the natural environmental conditions. Based on the county-level assessment, the grade of imbalance within cities was divided, and those that were lagging were identified. To correct regional imbalances, a comprehensive and proactive policy framework for a smart development model was put forward in Sichuan and Yunnan.

Spectropolarimetry of the superwind filaments of the starburst galaxy M 82 II: Kinematics of the dust surrounding the nuclear starburst

Abstract We performed deep spectropolarimetric observations of the prototypical starburst galaxy M 82 with the Subaru Telescope in order to study the kinematics of the dust outflow. We obtained optical polarized emission-line spectra up to ∼4 kpc away from the nucleus of the galaxy along three position angles, 138°, 150°, and 179° within the conical outflowing wind (superwind). The Hα emission line in the superwind is strongly polarized and the polarization pattern shows dust scattering of central light sources, being consistent with the previous works. The intensity weighted polarization degree of the Hα line reaches ∼30% at maximum. There are at least two light sources at the central region of the galaxy; one is located at the near-infrared nucleus and the other resides at one of the peaks of the 3 mm radio and molecular gas emission. The outer (>1 kpc) dust is illuminated by the former, whereas the inner dust is scattering the light from the latter. We also investigated the dust motion from the velocity field of the polarized Hα emission line. The dust is accelerated outward on the northwest side of the nucleus. A simple bi-conical dust outflow model shows that the outflow velocity of the dust reaches ≳ 300–450 km s−1 at ∼4 kpc from the nucleus, suggesting that some portion of the dust escapes from the gravitational potential of M 82 into the intergalactic space. At some regions on the southeast side, in particular along the position angle of 138°, the dust has a radial velocity that is slower than the systemic velocity of the galaxy, apparently suggesting inflowing motion toward the nucleus. These components are spatially consistent with a part of the molecular gas stream, which is kinematically independent of the outflow gas; thus the apparent inflow motion of the dust reflects the streaming motion associated with the molecular gas stream.

Azimuthally Dependent Seismic‐Wave Coherence at the Source Physics Experiment Large‐N Array

AbstractWe document azimuthally dependent seismic scattering at the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) using the large‐N array. The large‐N array recorded the seismic wavefield produced by the SPE‐5 buried chemical explosion, which occurred in April 2016 at the Nevada National Security Site, U.S.A. By selecting a subset of vertical‐component geophones from the large‐N array, we formed 10 linear arrays, with different nominal source–receiver azimuths as well as six 2D arrays. For each linear array, we evaluate wavefield coherency as a function of frequency and interstation distance. For both the P arrival and post‐P arrivals, the coherency is higher in the northeast propagation direction, which is consistent with the strike of the steeply dipping Boundary fault adjacent to the northwest side of the large‐N array. Conventional array analysis using a suite of 2D arrays suggests that the presence of the fault may help explain the azimuthal dependence of the seismic‐wave coherency for all wave types. This fault, which separates granite from alluvium, may be acting as a vertically oriented refractor and/or waveguide.

A Comparative Study on the Effect of Upstream Trough on Intensity Changes of Two Types of Tropical Cyclones during Extratropical Transition

Based on the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) tropical cyclone (TC) database and the reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the post-transition intensifying tropical cyclones (ITC) and weakening tropical cyclones (WTC) which landed in China and underwent extratropical transition (ET) are discussed in this paper. The TCs with upper-level trough are selected in order to identify different effects of the trough on the ITC and the WTC. The dynamic composite analysis is applied to explore their structure characteristics, environment fields and dynamic diagnosis. Results show that affected by the South Asia high and the subtropical high, the trough of ITC (WTC) extends from northwest to southeast (northeast to southwest) in the ET process. Thus, the zonal wind shear of ITC drops off after ET due to the approach of trough and its northwest-southeast direction, while the zonal and total wind shears of WTC continue to increase because of the steering westerly flow at the upper level. In terms of the ITC, the cold air carried by the upper-level trough intrudes into TC inner area and mostly encircles the TC center, making the ITC characterized by a warm seclusion. While for the WTC, the cold air only wanders on the northwest side of TC without further intrusion. The upper-level divergence is also in favor of the ITC by the pumping influence. According to the diagnostic analysis of moist potential vorticity, the moist baroclinity can lead to changes in vertical vorticity to some extent. The vertical vorticity budget analysis further indicates that there is stronger and wider positive vorticity advection in the upper troposphere near the TC center for ITC. The contribution of the baroclinic term to the growth of vertical vorticity is more significant in ITC than WTC but it is also deeply influenced by the strength of upper-level trough.

Analysing the impact of spatial context on the heat consumption of individual households

The heating of houses comprises a considerable share of the total energy consumption in many developed countries in temperate and colder climates. While most of the factors affecting space heating depend on individual choices (e.g. occupants’ behaviour, interior building design, heating system efficiency) that are difficult to influence through urban planning, spatial context of individual housing units is within the sphere of influence of planners. Yet the impact of spatial context has hitherto received limited research attention due to the lack of geospatial data and the massive computer processing required to capture the shape and surroundings of individual housing units.Regression analysis was performed in this study to explain the yearly gas consumption of all individual housing units in the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The analysis focused on the impact of spatial context variables at two complementary scales: housing unit and postal code level. State-of-the-art 3D Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques were applied for the efficient processing of massive 3D geospatial data for all buildings in the city. Two- and three-dimensional spatial context of individual housing units were described using spatial data processing routines that characterised building shape and its surroundings.The local housing unit level results highlighted the benefits of compact, dense urban forms: denser neighbourhoods with less open space and buildings with higher numbers of housing units and less exposed perimeters have lower heating demand. Trees were found to limit energy consumption when they are located on the colder northwest side of building units. The more aggregate postal code level results showed the importance of demographic composition: (larger) households with children consume most energy. Size and age of the housing unit are important determinants of energy at both scale levels: older houses have a higher energy consumption, but a rebound effect was found for the newest dwellings.

Differential late-Cenozoic uplift across the Dongjiu-Milin Fault Zone in the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis revealed by low-temperature thermochronology

The Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS), as one of the most tectonically active regions on the Earth, is one of the best places to explore the relationship between tectonics and surface exhumation process. The uplift and exhumation history are often by one of two leading models: a stationary or localized “tectonic aneurysm” or a northeasterly “migrating crustal antiform”. Previous researchers have placed great emphasis on the core zone of Namche Barwa antiform. However, the Dongjiu-Milin Fault Zone (DMFZ), which forms the northwestern boundary of the antiform and plays an important role for deformation process in the EHS, is still poorly understood. In this study, we focus on differential late-Cenozoic uplift across the DMFZ. We collected 10 bedrock samples in two vertical transects, one on the northwest side of the DMFZ on the Lhasa block and one on the southeast side on the Namche Barwa antiform, and conducted apatite fission track and zircon fission track analyses. Ten samples collected from the two vertical transects yield AFT ages between 3.2 million years ago (Ma) and 10.3 Ma and ZFT ages between 9.9 Ma and 12.9 Ma. A finite-element analysis reveals that the two sides of the DMFZ have undergone quite different uplift histories and processes in the late-Cenozoic: The Lhasa block is uniformly uplifted, while the Namche Barwa antiform is nonuniformly uplifted similar to a buckle fold. The phenomenon revealed in this study is best explained by a mechanism whereby the EHS is characterized by the northeasterly migration of an antiform.

Modeling thermal comfort in different condition of mind using satellite images: An Ordered Weighted Averaging approach and a case study

• This study conducts a multi-criteria decision analysis for modeling thermal comfort. • Geographical variation of thermal comfort in cold and warm periods across Tehran is demonstrated. • Suitable and unsuitable areas in terms of thermal comfort are identified. • We draw attentions to studying thermal comfort in cities exposed to extreme heat. One of the most important signs of decreasing quality of life in urban environments is the reduction of thermal comfort. Heat discomfort has a negative impact on physical and mental performance of humans. Hence, it is of outmost importance to monitor thermal comfort patterns in cities and study its effect on people. The main objective of this study is to present a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) model for modeling thermal comfort for Tehran as a case study. For doing so, the reflectance and thermal information extracted from Landsat-8 satellite images, ASTER digital elevation model, MOD07 water vapor, and meteorological/climatic datasets were used. Several indicators including the downward shortwave radiation (SWD) and longwave radiation (LWD) to surface, upward longwave radiation (LWU) from the surface, brightness, greenness and wetness of the surface were derived. An Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) method was adapted considering different mental circumstances e.g., extremely pessimistic, pessimistic, neutral, optimistic and extremely optimistic. Our findings determine the geographical variation of thermal comfort across our study area e.g., the cold periods of the year are spread in the west and north-west side and the warm periods of the year on the west and north-west, while the central, northern, and eastern regions have a more favorable thermal comfort than other regions. The areal percentage of very suitable thermal comfort category for very pessimistic, pessimistic, neutral, optimistic, and very optimistic during the warm period of the year was 2.7, 5.1, 4.4, 13.4 and 1.18, respectively and in the cold period of the year was 9.1, 13.3, 18.3, 28.9 and 33.9, respectively. In both warm and cold periods with increasing degree of optimism, the area of favorable thermal comfort classes increases, while the area of unfavorable thermal comfort categories decreases. Our results and conclusions drawn from our proposed approach are useful for urban planners and public health researcher for monitoring quality of life in cities.

Comparisons of ambient air particulates concentrations (TSP, PM2.5) and dry depositions during smog and non-smog periods at Luliao, Shalu District sampling site

The concentrations of ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) and PM2.5, and the dry depositions at a sample site at Luliao Junior High School (Luliao) in central Taiwan were measured during smog and non-smog days between December 2017 and July 2018. The results are compared to those obtained during non-smog periods in the years 2015–2017. The mean TSP and PM2.5 concentrations and dry deposition flux were 72.41 ± 26.40, 41.88 ± 23.51 μg/m3, and 797.57 ± 731.46 μg/m2 min, respectively, on the smog days. The mean TSP and PM2.5 concentrations and dry deposition flux on the non-smog days were 56.39 ± 18.08, 34.81 ± 12.59 μg/m3 and 468.93 ± 600.57 μg/m2 min, respectively. The mean TSP concentration in the smog period was 28% greater than that in the non-smog period, and the mean PM2.5 concentration was 20% higher. The mean dry deposition flux in the smog period was 70% higher than that in the non-smog period at Luliao. The PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the standards set by the Taiwan EPA (35 μg/m3 daily, and 15 μg/m3 annually). Therefore, the TSP and PM2.5 concentrations and dry deposition must be reduced in central Taiwan on smog days. In addition, atmospheric TSP and PM2.5 concentrations at various sampling sites were compared, and those herein were not higher than those measured in other countries. Finally, apart from the local traffic emissions, during smog periods, the other pollution source originated from the transportation process of traffic pollutants emitted in the northwest side of Taiwan.

Extensive use of Fish Aggregating Devices together with environmental change influenced the spatial distribution of a tropical affinity fish

Since the early 1990s of last century the spread of Caranx crysos a thermophilic fish species in the Mediterranean Sea has increased due to sea warming. Simultaneously, a large and unregulated use of fish aggregating devices has been recorded, and these devices seem to influence fish spatial distributions. Here we used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the influence of environmental change and FAD presence on the spatial distribution of the tropical affinity fish species Caranx crysos across the Mediterranean Sea. Data suggested that the presence of C. crysos has increased progressively since 1990 towards the northwest side of the Mediterranean Sea, with the greatest number of recent findings occurring in zones with higher densities of FADs. The spatial distribution models show how the extensive use of FADs in combination with changes in environmental conditions may have indirectly facilitated the spread of the thermophillic C. crysos population across the Mediterranean Sea.

Schooners and Schoonermen, My Grandfather and Me

When the Historic Passion series first started in History Workshop Journal, contributors were invited to reflect upon a book that had helped awaken them to history and its possibilities. But my historic passion stems from a book that was never published, indeed, never really written in the first place. It was the book I thought my grandfather was writing about the place where my family comes from. My maternal grandfather, Jacob Harrison Button, was born in 1929 on a tiny island off the coast of the island of Newfoundland when, in his words, ‘times were not only bad but damned bad’.1 Silver Fox Island, as it was charmingly called, sat at the mouth of the Indian Bay inlet, on the northwest side of Bonavista Bay – famed for the cape where John Cabot is said to have first seen land in 1497, after setting off from England to discover a new world.

Occurrence, Distribution, and Exposure Risk of Organophosphate Esters in Street Dust from Chengdu, China.

Street dust samples were collected from 31 sampling sites in urban area of Chengdu. The distribution characters of OPEs were analyzed in line with functional districts and industrial layout of the city. The results showed that the detection frequency was tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), and tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) (100%) > tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (93.5%) > tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) (83.9%) > tridichloropropyl phosphate (TDCPP) (74.2%). The ∑7OPEs concentrations ranged from 94.0 to 1484.6ng/g (mean 512.9 ± 417.5ng/g), and TBEP was the predominant pollutant, accounting for 27.9% of the ∑7OPEs. The highest concentrations were observed in the center, west, and northwest sides of the city. Besides, compared with outer area, the higher concentration in the 1st Ring Road reflected that emissions of OPEs might be associated with the population and consumption of commercial products. The correlations between monomers were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for TnBP/TCPP (p = 0.002), TCEP/TCPP (p = 0.026), and TCEP/TPhP (p = 0.033). The exposure level in adults was 0.11ng/(kg bw day), and in children was 0.20ng/(kg bw day) while hand-to-mouth was the primary mode of transmission. The Risk Quotients (RQs) of OPEs were 5.35 × 10-10-1.46 × 10-5 and 4.99 × 10-10-2.82 × 10-5 for adults and children respectively, with no potential risk.