Scottish Highlands Research Articles

Riding the elevator to extinction: Disjunct arctic-alpine plants of open habitats decline as their more competitive neighbours expand

Major displacement of arctic-alpine species towards higher elevations and latitudes is anticipated under climate warming. Disjunct plant populations persisting on mountains at the limits of their species' distributions may have a reduced capacity for migration, and therefore offer a particularly sensitive indication of climate change effects. The flora of Scotland's mountains is of international significance because it contains populations of climate relicts which are isolated geographically and located at the rear edge of their global range. We used a unique long-term monitoring dataset recording vegetation change at a mountain outpost site in the Scottish Highlands to identify divergent population trends in ten rare plant species over the last 30 years. Three arctic-alpine specialists (Sagina nivalis, Sabulina rubella and Saxifraga cernua) have suffered severe declines of over 50 % of their population size since the mid-1990s, and have been extirpated at their lowest altitude locations. These species are undergoing elevational range contractions and Sagina nivalis is now considered Endangered in Britain. Their open, gravelly snowbed habitats have been affected by vegetation encroachment, landslip and rockfalls. Population changes across all species studied were also significantly related to altitude. Species with stable or increasing population sizes occur at lower altitudes, are taller and have less reliance on sparsely vegetated habitats. These results can be contextualised within broad trends of thermophilization, biotic homogenization, mountain greening and snow cover declines. Our work demonstrates that disjunct low-latitude arctic-alpine plant populations already situated at maximum local elevational gradients could face “mountaintop extinction”, with implications for the conservation of regional biodiversity.

Rock slope failure in the Lake District, NW England: an overview

ABSTRACT An inventory of 84 Rock Slope Failures (RSFs) (mean size 0.17 km2; total area 14.5 km2) is presented for the Lake District and Howgill Fells, northwest England. Most are developed on Ordovician and Silurian metavolcanics and metasediments, with a minority on Ordovician igneous intrusives. The RSFs are predominantly paraglacial in nature, a few are parafluvial. Rock slope deformations, rockslides, and rock avalanches occur in the proportions 46%/36%/18%. Some RSFs, or components thereof, pre-date the LGM, some are probably of Lateglacial Interstadial age, some may date from the YDS, and others are demonstrably of Holocene age. However, numerical ages are not available. A few RSF deposits have previously been mis-interpreted as lateral moraine, and either ice-cored (glacial) or protalus/talus-foot (periglacial) rock glaciers; some RSF cavities have been mis-interpreted as cirques, although they may be evolving into them. Spatial incidence of RSF is generally sparse; several areas lack evidence, but two clusters account for 56% of the population and 58% of the RSF area. Geological factors have greater influence over mode of failure than over spatial incidence; seismicity is unlikely to have been a prime cause. A Concentrated Erosion of Bedrock model could account for RSF clustering around glacially-breached cols and enlarging trough-heads, if petro-isostatic rebound is locally augmenting generic glacio-isostatic rebound stresses. RSF incidence in the Lake District can be seen as a microcosm of the Scottish Highlands pattern. The contribution of RSFs to landscape evolution and geodiversity in the area has been underplayed: some cases display bold impacts amenable to geo-interpretation.

Northern Memories and the English Middle Ages

Northern Memories and the English Middle Ages

Oil Rigs, Second-Homers, the Journey to Belonging, and the Privilege of Choosing Where to Stay

This paper explores belonging and identity in relation to the privilege of being a second-home owner in the Scottish Highlands. It explores the contested and conflicted narratives of belonging, being wanted, and wanting to belong. It explores how some troublesome things (oil rigs and second-homers) that take up space also have less obvious, more contested, and often willful purposes.

Scottish Highlands Campervan Mobilities in Pandemic Times

This paper explores the idea of “enclosures” as encircling lines. These include semantic boundaries, insider-outsider binaries, and the gray area that includes the technically illegal and the rarely actually prosecuted, focusing on “wild” campervanning in the Scottish Highlands. Also considered are non-enclosures: common grazing, faraway gazes for driving on single-track roads, and alone time in a campervan that is not easily regimented into work and life. This paper thinks with Tim Ingold’s work on lines, showing how the “ghostly lines” of social imaginaries are changing in light of COVID-19. Lockdowns lead to staycations, which lead to overcrowding in the Highlands. Thus, previously elastic lines are drawn tighter, and gray areas coalesce into lines that are more obviously and more problematically crossed.

P044 Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Project Increased Bean Consumption and Improved Protein Quality of Rural Guatemalan Families

<h3>Objective</h3> To assess impact of nutrition-sensitive agricultural project on intake of beans and improved quality protein of indigenous women and their families in the Guatemalan highlands. <h3>Use of Theory</h3> Nutrition lessons were designed based on the Social Ecological Model taking into account the indigenous highland cultures and local foods grown. They were delivered across geographically dispersed communities in households using wood-burning stoves and no refrigeration. <h3>Target Audience</h3> Indigenous women and their families living in remote rural highland communities. <h3>Description</h3> Five-pound bags of improved bean seed varieties were provided to rural families coupled with training to grow them. Five group lessons with videos and activities were developed to address nutrition topics taught by cross-trained nutrition, health and agricultural extension educators: preventing chronic malnutrition; enhancing protein quality; nutrient needs in pregnancy and lactation; feeding the child 6-11 months; and feeding the child 1-3 years. Because these rural families rarely eat animal protein and had reduced bean consumption, protein complementarity was stressed. Previous assessments demonstrated that their diets were composed primarily of corn and other carbohydrates. <h3>Evaluation</h3> This was addressed two ways: by comparing the household intake of beans both before and after receiving the lessons; and using the Most Significant Change technique for qualitative assessment. <h3>Results</h3> The timeframe for the intervention was six months. Five hundred and seventy one households from 93 communities reported eating beans 1.5 x/week before receiving the bean seed and training and 2.8 x/week afterwards. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for HH intakes showed statistically significant increases. Qualitative measurements 12 months after the intervention confirmed increased bean consumption across the study area. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This nutrition-sensitive food-based approach when coupled with seed distribution, agricultural and nutrition education resulted in an increased consumption of beans, which when combined with corn and other cereals, improved protein quality intake of women and their families in rural indigenous households. <h3>Funding</h3> USAID

Mortality related to general anaesthesia and sedation in dogs under UK primary veterinary care

ObjectivesTo quantify and explore risk factors in dogs seen at primary care UK veterinary clinics for general anaesthetic (GA)/sedative-related death overall, in addition to neuter-specific procedures. Study designA nested case-control study within UK primary care veterinary electronic patient record surveillance programme, VetCompass, including over 300 UK veterinary practices. AnimalsA total of 157,318 dogs undergoing GA/sedative events. MethodsCases included dogs undergoing GA/sedative events between January 2010 and December 2013 with GA/sedative-related death recorded within 48 hours or 2 weeks of the event. Controls were randomly selected from dogs undergoing GA/sedation that did not die within these time periods. Risks of GA/sedative-related death for all surgeries and neuter-specific surgeries were estimated. Demographic and clinical associations with GA/sedative-related death were reported as odds ratios following multivariable logistic regression modelling. Statistical significance was set at 5%. ResultsFrom 157,318 dogs with a GA/sedative event, there were 159 (0.10%) within 48 hours and 219 (0.14%) GA/sedative-related deaths within 2 weeks. Within 89,852 dogs that underwent a neuter surgery, there were eight GA/sedative related (0.009%). Greater age, poorer American Society of Anaesthesiologists health status scores and more urgent procedures were associated with greater odds of death. Compared with mixed breeds, Rottweilers and West Highland White Terriers had greater odds and Cocker Spaniels had lower odds of GA/sedative-related death. Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe overall risk for GA/sedative related death was relatively low, particularly among the subset of dogs undergoing castration or ovariohysterectomy surgery. Associations and risk estimates may assist shared decision-making in clinical practice and provide benchmarks for audit.

Spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature variability in Suha watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia

The aim of the study is to analyze the spatio-temporal variability and projectionof rainfall and temperature(2021-2040) in Suha watershed, North West highlands of Ethiopia. The study used 4km × 4km reconstructed (blended) monthly rainfall and temperature data from National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia (NMAE) and Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) of Cen Trends v1 (0.25° × 0.25°), respectively. Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator, coefficient of variation, autoregressive integrated model , and the inverse distance weighted tool were usedto analysis therainfall and temperaturevariability for different timescale and agroecology. The coefficient of variation showed the existence of high seasonal variability than theyear-to-year in the watershed. Kiremt (main rainy season) rainfall showed substantial inter-annual variability throughout the time of observation (1990-2020). Besides, the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen's slope estimator detected that except, Belg (little rainy season) rainfall, all the others including the annual exhibited a nonsignificant increasing trend at p < 0.05. Spatially, the upper part of the watershed is wetter than the lower portion and a large portion of it (40%) received 930-1024mm of rainfall per year. The minimum temperature showed a decreasing trend (0.01°C per year), while the maximum temperature exhibited the opposite result (0.02°C per year). The seasonal variability in both cases showed mixed outcomes. Forty-two percent of the watershed experiences a minimum temperature of 10.6-12.0°C, whereas 45% experiences a maximum temperature between 24.1 and 26.0°C. Meanwhile, the projected result showed that there is a decreasing trend for mean annual rainfall and an increasing trend for mean annual temperature from 2021 to 2040. Hence, policymakers have to give priority to the designing and application of area-specific adaptive strategies to curb the impact of climate variability. Rainwater harvesting and small-scale irrigation practice could be possible options.

Chapter 7 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Metamorphic minerals

Much of Scotland north of the Highland Boundary Fault has been affected by regional and, to a lesser extent, thermal metamorphism and minor metasomatism which, through variable temperatures and pressures, has produced a range of metamorphic minerals. This paper, the seventh of eight on Scottish Mineral Geological Conservation Review Sites, describes ten sites of the highest conservation value within the Lewisian, Moine and Dalradian terranes of the Scottish Highlands, together with thermally altered inclusions in Paleogene volcanic rocks. The minerals featured include the constituents of pelitic and semipelitic schist, such as kyanite and staurolite, unusually large garnet with orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in ultramafic rocks, and calc silicate minerals, such as tremolite, actinolite, diopside and epidote, together with phlogopitic mica. One site is noted as having stratabound pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite along with large concentrations of chromium mica. The presence of kyanite and tourmaline on the Ross of Mull is one of the few significant mineral sites within rocks of the Neoproterozoic-age Moine Supergroup.Six of the sites encompass extremely rare minerals, generated by the metamorphism of precursors with unusual rock compositions. Foremost amongst these are the barium minerals celsian, cymrite and hyalophane, and the first recorded occurrence in Great Britain of armenite. Although a range of amphibole species occur in both meta-igneous and metasedimentary rocks of the Scottish Highlands, the iron-magnesium clinoamphiboles of the grunerite-cummingtonite series are extremely rare. Indeed the site described in this paper is one of only two occurrences of cummingtonite within the Precambrian-age Dalradian Supergroup. In some cases, the regional mineral assemblages, including the cummingtonite-bearing rocks, have been overprinted by subsequent high temperature/low pressure thermal events associated with the emplacement of igneous intrusions. Pre-eminent amongst the thermal sites must be the occurrence of mullite and sapphire in aluminous shale xenoliths entrained within Paleogene-age basaltic lava flows on the Isle of Mull.

Idiopathic generalised tremor syndrome in dogs.

Idiopathic generalised tremor syndrome (IGTS) causes tremor and often vestibulocerebellar signs. Previous publications on IGTS in dogs are restricted to case reports or lack exclusion of structural causes. Medical records of 75 dogs diagnosed with IGTS that had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were collected retrospectively. Crossbreeds were affected most commonly (41.3%), followed by West Highland white terriers (14.7%) and cocker spaniels (10.7%). A higher proportion of females were affected than males (68.0%). Median age of the affected dogs was 17 months (range 6-121 months), and median bodyweight was 9.15kg (range 2.9-26kg). All dogs presented with tremors and most experienced concomitant neurological signs (93.3%). Seventeen (22.7%) were hyperthermic and 31 (41.3%) had gastrointestinal signs. MRI of the brain was normal in most of the cases, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis frequently revealed mild pleocytosis. All animals were treated with prednisolone, and 39 (51.3%) also received diazepam. Median follow-up time was 13 months (range 0-134 months). The overall outcome was good, although 16 (21.3%) patients were reported to have relapsing clinical signs and 10 (13.2%) patients experienced persistent mild clinical signs. IGTS should be suspected in any dog with generalised tremor and vestibulocerebellar signs with younger and smaller dogs more commonly affected.

Ice‐sheet deglaciation and Loch Lomond Readvance in the eastern Cairngorms: implications of a Lateglacial sediment record from Glen Builg

We present new lithostratigraphic, pollen-stratigraphic and tephrochronological data obtained from a sediment sequence in a small lake basin in Glen Builg, eastern Cairngorms, with mapping of the surrounding glacial geomorphological features. The collective evidence indicates that basin organic sediment accumulation started during the Windermere Interstadial at ~14.3 ka. The new results reaffirm the conclusions of Clapperton et al. (1975), that any occupation of the eastern Cairngorms by Loch Lomond (‘Younger Dryas’) Stadial glacier ice was spatially restricted. The record also suggests that harsh climatic conditions prevailed throughout the Windermere Interstadial, probably due to the relatively high altitude of the site (~460 m) and its proximity to major Cairngorm peaks. Our new, more comprehensive study provides a robust chronology, and reveals several palaeoenvironmental signals congruent with other recently reported Scottish Highlands records. Key similarities with regional records are: (i) a short climatic reversal corresponding to GI-1d in the Greenland stratotype sequence; (ii) a two-phased Loch Lomond Stadial, with a transition around the Vedde Ash, dating to ~12.1 ka; and (iii) a delayed response to Early Holocene climatic warming of ~250 years, before soils were sufficiently stabilised to permit shrub vegetation establishment.

Chronic Enteropathy in Dogs-Epidemiologic Aspects and Clinical Characteristics of Dogs Presenting at Two Swedish Animal Hospitals.

Simple SummaryCanine chronic enteropathy is characterized by persistent (>3 weeks) or recurring gastrointestinal signs, such as diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Depending on treatment response, chronic enteropathy is classified as food-responsive-, antibiotic-responsive-, immunosuppressant-responsive-, or non-responsive enteropathy. Information about prevalence and breed disposition of dogs with chronic enteropathy is limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate period prevalence, breed distribution, and characterization of chronic enteropathy in dogs presenting at two Swedish animal hospitals. A total of 814 dogs met inclusion criteria and the period prevalence of chronic enteropathy was 1.1% of the total number of dogs. Breeds with the highest relative risk included Norwegian Lundehund, West Highland White Terrier, and Miniature Poodle. Treatment outcome was classified in 72.9% of dogs, and characterized as immunosuppressant-responsive (55.2%), food-responsive (11.4%), non-responsive (5.2%), and antibiotic-responsive (1.1%). Non-responsive dogs were more likely to present with anemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, increased C-reactive protein concentrations, and ascites.Information about prevalence and breed predisposition of canine chronic enteropathy (CE) is limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate period prevalence, breed disposition, clinical features, diagnostic results, and treatment response of CE in dogs presenting at two Swedish animal hospitals during 2013–2018. A medical record search was performed to identify CE dogs including those with ≥3 visits because of gastrointestinal disease and/or that had undergone gastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy during 2013–2018. Dog characteristics, case history, physical examination, laboratory variables, therapeutic protocol, and treatment response were recorded. Inclusion criteria for CE were met by 814 dogs. Period prevalence of CE was 1.1% of total number of dogs. Breeds with the highest relative risk included Norwegian Lundehund, West Highland White Terrier, and Miniature Poodle. Median age at presentation was 3.8 (IQR 1.8–6.8) years. French Bulldogs and Miniature Schnauzers presented at a younger age (<2.5 years) compared to other breeds (p < 0.05). In a subset of dogs, serum hypoalbuminemia (116/662, 17.5%), hypocobalaminemia (98/647, 15.1%), and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (145/267, 54.3%) were diagnosed. Treatment outcome was classified in 72.9% of dogs and characterized as immunosuppressant-responsive (55.2%), food-responsive (11.4%), non-responsive (5.2%), and antibiotic-responsive (1.1%). Non-responsive dogs were more likely to present with anemia hypoproteinemia/albuminemia, increased CRP, and ascites (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of dogs with CE at Swedish hospitals agreed with earlier reports, but risk breeds differed slightly and, compared to other breeds, a younger age of CE onset was found in two breeds. The largest proportion of dogs was immunosuppressant-responsive and the smallest antibiotic-responsive.

Coproducing multilingual conversational scripts for a mental wellbeing chatbot - where healthcare domain experts become chatbot designers

IntroductionDigital mental health interventions, such as chatbots that promote mental health and wellbeing are a promising way to deliver low-threshold support 24/7 for those in need. According to current knowledge about the topic, health care professionals should participate in the design and development processes for digital interventions.ObjectivesThe aim of this presentation is to describe the interdisciplinary content development process of the ChatPal chatbot.MethodsThe content development process started in co-operation with mental health professionals and potential users to identify requirements. Content was created, evaluated and tested in international, multi-disciplinary group workshops, and online tools were used to allow the collaboration. Initial conversational scripts were drafted in English, and translated into Finnish, Swedish and Scottish Gaelic.ResultsA multilingual chatbot was developed and the conversation scripts were structured and stored using a spreadsheet. The conversation scripts will be made freely available online in due course using this structured approach to formatting chatbot dialogue content. It will allow repurposing the content as well as facilitating studies that wish to assess the design of conversation scripts for mental health chatbots. Conversation design process also highlighted some challenges in turning empathetic and supportive conversations to short utterances suitable for a chatbot.ConclusionsThe ChatPal chatbot is now available in four languages. As literature about the topic is still scarce, it is important to describe and document the content development processes of mental health chatbots. Future work will develop a conversational UX toolkit that would allow health professionals to design chatbot scripts using design guidelines.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

The Multilingual Minister: Languages and Code‐Switching in the Life‐Writing of Scottish Highland Scholar and Traveller, Rev. James Fraser (1634–1709)

AbstractThis article widens the focus of the debate around multilingualism in early modern Europe. Using the life‐writing of a scholar, traveller and Protestant minister from the Scottish Highlands, Rev. James Fraser (1634–1709), it provides a North Sea perspective on the theme. The article sheds light on how Fraser and his locale (the ‘firthlands’ of northern mainland Scotland) produced a dynamic scholarly contribution in local, regional, national and transnational terms, one that was defined by a culture of code‐switching and polyglossia. Employing, in particular, his history of the Fraser family to 1674 and his three‐volume memoir of his travels in Europe, it finds a common thread in Fraser's life in its multilingual nature. Focusing first on the spoken word, and, subsequently, on reading and writing, the article shows how Fraser's evidence from the seventeenth‐century Scottish Highlands provides a vital insight into how the English language rose in the region and across the Atlantic archipelago, and, conversely, how early modern northern Europeans, speakers of minority languages, in particular, experienced and sustained multilingual cultures.

A regional lightning climatology of the UK and Ireland and sensitivity to alternative detection networks

AbstractA total lightning (cloud‐ground and cloud‐cloud) climatology of the UK and Ireland is presented combining three different ground‐based lightning location systems over a 12‐year period (2008–2019). The study area is divided into seven geographical regions using k‐means clustering to identify areas with distinctive seasonal distributions of lightning flashes per km2/year (referred to as flash density [FD]). Different regions exhibit contrasting summer thunderstorm seasons (e.g., from April to August in the southeast of England and May to July in southern England coastal regions). Summer FD peaks in July in the English Channel and southeast and midland areas of England range from 0.1 to 0.3 FD whilst the southern England coastal region sees FDs in the range 0.03–0.06 FD. Regions more prone to winter thunderstorms are identified as having northwest facing coastlines (&lt;0.02 FD in Northwest Scotland). Diurnal lightning distributions are also shown to have regional dependence with stronger afternoon peaks over‐land (0.05–0.1 FD in the south of England), whilst in the South coastal and English Channel regions early morning or overnight peaks (0.03–0.09 FD) are more pronounced relative to afternoon FDs (0.015–0.03). This study has demonstrated the benefit of using multiple lightning detection networks to mitigate the effects of inhomogeneities within any one data source. It is also shown that significant additional insight comes from taking a regional approach to analysing temporal distributions of lightning.

Sound change or community change? The speech community in sound change studies: a case study of Scottish Gaelic

AbstractThis paper considers the typical focus of analysis in a sound change study across generations: the speech community. I argue that changes in social practices across generations may mean that generational comparisons can be problematic, and these issues are particularly pertinent in small and endangered language communities. Using data from Scottish Gaelic (Celtic, ISO = gla), a minority endangered language of Scotland, I exemplify the challenges posed by the speech community construct via an examination of lateral production across generations of speakers. Gaelic traditionally contrasts three phonemic laterals, but analysis shows that this might be changing. There are two possible directions for sound change in the Gaelic lateral system: results show that younger speakers produce some palatalised laterals as palatal glides without laterality. Meanwhile, the remaining laterals are less acoustically distinct among younger generations, suggesting the possibility of future merger. The construct upon which any apparent- or real-time study of sound change relies is the speech community as a unit of analysis for change. While there are differences among the groups of speakers analysed here, I argue it is potentially problematic to consider this to be a form of sound change due to differences in social practices among generations surrounding Gaelic usage and socialisation. Ultimately, I advocate for a socially-informed approach to sound change study which sympathetically takes local social structure into account.

Scottish Gaelic Studies: Language, Linguistics, and Literature

Scottish Gaelic Studies: Language, Linguistics, and Literature

Quantitative proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in West Highland white terriers with canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BackgroundCanine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a chronic, progressive, interstitial fibrosing lung disease, manifesting as cough, exercise intolerance and ultimately, dyspnea and respiratory failure. It mainly affects West Highland white terriers (WHWTs), lacks curable treatment and has a poor prognosis. Aspiration of gastroesophageal refluxate may play a role in the development of CIPF. In the first part of this study, we completed label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from CIPF and healthy WHWTs. In the second part, we evaluated potential protein markers of reflux aspiration from canine gastric juice and vomitus and whether these were present in BALF from the two groups.ResultsAcross all BALF samples, 417 proteins were identified, and of these, 265 proteins were identified by two or more unique tryptic peptides. Using the 265 high confidence assignments, the quantitative proteome profiles were very similar in the two cohorts, but they could be readily resolved by principal component analysis on the basis of differential protein expression. Of the proteins that were differentially abundant in the two groups, several (including inflammatory and fibrotic markers) were elevated in CIPF, and a smaller, more diverse group of proteins were diminished in CIPF. No protein markers indicative of reflux aspiration were identified.ConclusionsLabel-free proteomics allowed discrimination between CIPF and healthy WHWTs, consistent with fibrotic process but did not provide clear evidence for gastrointestinal aspiration. The measurement of proteins may provide a proteomics signature of CIPF that could be used to evaluate treatment options.

Ciclosporin‐induced psoriasiform‐lichenoid dermatosis, footpad hyperkeratosis and gingival hyperplasia in a West Highland white terrier dog

AbstractA 6‐year‐old, male neutered, West Highland white terrier presented with gingival hyperplasia and footpad hyperkeratosis 5 months after starting 5 mg/kg ciclosporin once daily. Following cessation of this therapy, the footpad lesions were resolved, while the gingival hyperplasia remained. Two weeks following the re‐introduction of ciclosporin, multiple raised, focal crusted papules and plaques along the dorsum, flanks and lateral aspect of all limbs were evident. The dog also developed footpad hyperkeratosis. Punch biopsies of the skin from these lesions confirmed psoriasiform‐lichenoid dermatosis. Cessation of the ciclosporin therapy allowed resolution of the nodules within 4 weeks. Haematological and biochemical analyses to assess for systemic disease and to investigate liver function were normal. Gingival hyperplasia was still present 4 weeks after stopping therapy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a dog presented with multiple rare ciclosporin‐induced adverse effects: psoriasiform‐lichenoid dermatosis, footpad hyperkeratosis and gingival hyperplasia.

Children, childhoods and bilingualism: Exploring experiences, perspectives and policies

Children, childhoods and bilingualism: Exploring experiences, perspectives and policies