Northern Pine Research Articles

Influences of light intensity on weed-induced stresses of tree seedlings

Growth of northern red oak (Quercusrubra L.), white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.), and white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) seedlings was evaluated for 2 years after germination in 12 environments that consisted of four levels of herbaceous interference (fern, fern free, grass, grass free) crossed with three levels of light intensity (100, 45, and 20% full sun), at two clear-cuts in central Pennsylvania. Grass and fern interference reduced soil moisture content and reduced height or diameter growth of all species. Shading ameliorated soil moisture, reduced herbaceous growth, generally reduced growth of all tree species in interference-free environments, and had no effect on growth of any tree species in fern and grass environments. Reduction in growth due to herbaceous interference was lower for northern red oak and white pine than for white ash, while shading had similar effects on growth of all species. Results suggest that stresses induced by shading alone have little short-term effect on the establishment of these species under conditions of heavy herbaceous interference.

Relationship between Pinus sylvestris L. origin and browsing preference by moose in Finland

The degree of moose damage was estimated for 32 Finnish pine progenies grown in two field trials in Central Finland. In both trials, the browsing intensity correlated negatively with the increasing geographical latitude of the progeny origin. The lower susceptibility of northern pine progenies to moose was associated with the higher dry matter content of current and 1‐year‐old needles of these progenies.

Insecticide Sprays for Control of the Northern Pine Weevil in Southern Illinois

The northern pine weevil, Pissodes approximates, is a serious pest in Christmas tree plantations where harvesting of trees has occurred and where seedling trees have been planted. During the spring months the immature stages of the weevil develop in stumps from trees harvested during the previous November or December. When the adult weevils emerge during May and June they feed on seedling trees causing high mortality. Excellent control resulted from a carbofuran spray applied March 12, 1985 onto Scots pine boles in southern Illinois.

Carbofuran Trials in a Red Pine Seed Orchard

Abstract Seed and cone insects can drastically reduce seed yields from pine seed orchards and consequently reduce the profitability of entire tree improvement programs. Liquid and granular formulations of carbofuran both controlled the eastern pine seedworm, the red pine coneworm, the webbing coneworm, and a cone resin midge in field trials at a red pine seed orchard in southern Wisconsin. Both formulations substantially reduced the frequency of insect attacks when applied at the rate of 0.8 oz of active ingredient per inch of tree diameter. The percent of cones attacked by insects declined from 96% in untreated trees to 32% in trees treated with granular carbofuran and 11% in trees treated with liquid carbofuran. Some phytotoxicity was noted on trees treated with liquid carbofuran; phytotoxicity was much less apparent on trees treated with the granular formulation. Label amendments have been made to allow the operational use of carbofuran in northern pine seed orchards, and this may make northern tree improvement programs more profitable. North. J. Appl. For. 4:177-180, Dec. 1987.

Fungi of northern pine and birch woods

Fungi of northern pine and birch woods

Comparison of Chemical and Cultural Controls for Pales and Northern Pine Weevils in Tree Stumps

Selected insecticides were applied in kerosene or water to Scotch pine (Pinus silvestris L.) stumps in a Christmas tree plantation. Other stumps were treated by covering with black plastic mulch, roof sealer or hot caps plant protectors. The black plastic was considered to be as effective as the registered insecticides in controlling production of northern pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopkins, and pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The use of black plastic was cost comparable to applying the insecticide lindane.

Late‐Pleistocene Vegetational Changes in Northeastern North Carolina

Regional and local environmental changes spanning the last 30 000 yr have been reconstructed based on paleoecological studies of the sediments in Rockyhock Bay, a peat—filled Carolina Bay in Chowan County, northeastern North Carolina. During the Plum Point Interstadial (30 000—21 000 BP), temperate forests with both deciduous and coniferous taxa occupied the area. Some boreal elements and constituents of northern hardwoods forests were also present. Climate was somewhat cooler than at present, and Rockyhock was a shallow—water body. During the full—glacial and most of the late—glacial (21 000—10 000 BP), the regional forests were boreal in character and were dominated by northern pines and spruce. Many other boreal taxa were present. The climate was colder, more continental, and drier than at present. Water table in the basin was higher, and there was a dense growth of Isoetes on the bottom sediments. There is indication of slight lowering of water table about 14 400 yr ago. Deciduous forests containing constituents of modern white pine—hemlock—northern hardwoods forests replaced the boreal forests about 10 000 yr ago. By 7200 yr ago, most of the "northern hardwoods" taxa had been replaced by other deciduous species including sweetgum. Between 7200 and 5000 yr ago, the water table dropped, peat began to form throughout the basin, and swamp forests with blackgum, cedar, magnolia, and may swamp shrubs began to develop. The swamp forests were modern in aspect by 4000 yr ago. During the last 4000 yr, there is indication of at least one secondary successional change within the bay, perhaps induced by a disturbance such as fire.

Pales and Northern Pine Weevil Control on Scotch Pine, Atwood, Pa., 1979

Abstract A stand of 1.5 to 2 m Scotch pine Christmas trees was used for insecticide evaluation. The plantation was partially harvested in 1976 to 1978. Pretreatment weevil populations were noted on March 27'79 by inspecting for adults or stumps, trunk end pieces left from harvest, and in the duff. Pales and northern pine weevils were present and mating. A tree row with at least 7 new stumps (from trees cut the previous fall) was treated as one replicate within a block. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied on April 17. Four to six ounces of insecticide mixed with kerosene (except Sevln UCSF 1 in water) were applied to each stump with a compressed air sprayer. Temperature was 10° to 12°C with wind being 3mph. Stump treatments were evaluated on October 25. The stumps (4 each of 5 replicates) were stripped of bark to the first lateral root and the chip cocoons counted. Weevil cocoons were not differentiated as to species.

Pales and Northern Pine Weevil Control on Scots Pine, Carrollton, Ohio, 1978

Abstract A commercial stand of Scots pine Christmas trees (1.8 - 2.4 m) partially harvested in 1977 was used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. Four, 5-stump replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design were treated May 5 when ambient temperature was 7-10°C with overcast sky and slight rainfall. Hudson compression sprayers were used to apply ca. 180 ml finished spray (in kerosene) per stump. Beginning Aug 15, the 20 sprayed stumps from each treatment (5/each of 4 replicates) were inspected for chip cocoons following removal of bark to first lateral roots. No attempt was made to distinguish between pales and northern pine weevil chip cocoons.

Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Dover, Ohio, 1977

Abstract A commercial stand of Scotch pine Christmas trees partially harvested in 1975 and 1976 was used for insecticide evaluation. Pretreatment populations were verified by collecting adult weevils of both species from an adjacent block of Scotch pine. A row of trees containing at least 10 newly cut stumps (less than 6 months old) was treated as one replicate/treatment. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each stump received ca 6 oz finished spray in kerosene delivered by a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi. Application was made March 30-31 when ambient temperatures were 25°C and 5°C, respectively. Weevils were sexually active at least 3 days prior to treatment. Observation of population development June 17 indicated most larvae were forming chip cocoons; some had already pupated. Beginning June 30, 20 stumps from each treatment (5/each of 4 replicate rows) were inspected for chip cocoons following removal of bark to first lateral roots. No attempt was made to differentiate pales weevil cocoons from those of northern pine weevil.

Evaluation of Insecticides for Preventing Reproduction of Pales and Northern Pine Weevils in Pine Stumps12

Organochlorine, carbamate, and organophosphorus insecticides, mixed with water or kerosene, were applied to stumps of Pinus sylvestris L. to prevent development of larvae of pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst), and northern pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopkins. Carbofuran in water or kerosene and chlorpyrifos and lindane in kerosene essentially eliminated weevil activity and survival in stumps. Our method for evaluating treatment effectiveness was inexpensive and reliable.

Evidence of an Aggregating Pheromone in Pissodes approximates and P. strobi1, 2

Preliminary field studies in central New York State indicate that an aggregating pheromone is released by males of the northern pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopkins. Males of the white pine weevil, P. strobi (Peck), may also release a pheromone which attracts P. approximates. These closely related species are extremely similar morphologically. Chemotaxonomy (Peckham 1969), cytotaxonomy (Manna and Smith 1959, Smith 1962), analysis of sonic signals (Harman and Kranzler 1969) and breeding experiments (Godwin and O'Dell 1967) have yielded equivocal evidence that P. strobi and P. approximatus are separate species. Nevertheless, discriminant analysis of several characters has been used to identify individuals to species (Godwin et al. 1959) and differences in host preference and breeding site of the 2 entities are widely recognized (Hopkins 1911, Smith and Sugden 1969, Baker 1972).

Notes on the Life History of the Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil in Central Pennsylvania1,2

Observations on the life history of the pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst), and the northern pine weevil, Pissodes approximatus Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), showed that both overwintered as adults and larvae. The northern pine weevil also overwintered as pupae. The pales weevil laid eggs from early May through the first week in July, while the northern pine weevil began oviposition in late April and continued into early October. Larvae of the pales weevil fed on lateral roots of Scotch pine stumps to a distance from the stump of 122 cm, while larvae of the northern pine weevil fed from the base of the stump to 30.5 cm. Adult pales weevils began emerging in early August, while overwintering larvae and pupae produced adults the following July. Most adult northern pine weevils emerged during July and August, with the overwintering pupae and larvae emerging as adults in April, May, and June the following year.

Evaluation of Dieldrin, Dimethoate, and Endosulfan as Stump Sprays for Control of the Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil1 in Central Pennsylvania2

Evaluation of Dieldrin, Dimethoate, and Endosulfan as Stump Sprays for Control of the Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil1 in Central Pennsylvania2

The Status and Termite Durability of Northern Cypress Pine

SUMMARY The cypress pine which occurs naturally over wide areas of the Northern Territory and adjacent islands is being grown successfully in plantations. The taxonomic status of this tree is reviewed briefly and it is treated as a tropical ecotype of Callitris columellaris, and referred to as northern cypress pine. The significance of northern cypress pine in the forestry programme of the Northern Territory is discussed with particular reference to future demands for termite resistant timber. Laboratory tests with two species of Coptotermes showed the heartwood timber of northern cypress pine to have a high natural termite durability, comparable with that of white cypress pine. This durability, which is considered to be due to the presence of repellent or deterrent substances in the timber, is equally high in both plantation and naturally grown trees.

Sharptail Brood Habitat in Wisconsin's Northern Pine Barrens

Sharptail Brood Habitat in Wisconsin's Northern Pine Barrens

Northern Pine Lumbermen: A Study in Origins and Migrations

The work of converting the undeveloped forest resources of the Lake States into usable forms absorbed the energies of thousands of individual entrepreneurs. Their combined activity was scarcely able to meet the insatiable demand from the growing number of settlements that dotted the Midwestern prairies and from villages throughout the nation that were growing into towns or mushrooming into major cities. A universal building material was indispensable during a time of rapid economic expansion. Moreover, in the prevailing Age of Wood, white pine lumber, of the finest quality and incredibly low in price, was fortuitously available in abundance.

Observations on the Life History of the Northern Pine Mouse

Observations on the Life History of the Northern Pine Mouse

The Elementary Composition of Lignin in Northern Pine and Black Spruce Woods, and of the Isolated Klason and Periodate Lignins1

The Elementary Composition of Lignin in Northern Pine and Black Spruce Woods, and of the Isolated Klason and Periodate Lignins¹

Nevada Savannah Sparrow and Northern Pine Siskin in Louisiana and Mississippi

Nevada Savannah Sparrow and Northern Pine Siskin in Louisiana and Mississippi