Auroral Research Articles

European Society of Endodontology: Abstracts from the 21st Biennial Congress 'Shedding Northern Lights on Endodontics', 6th-9th September 2023, Helsinki, Finland.

European Society of Endodontology: Abstracts from the 21st Biennial Congress 'Shedding Northern Lights on Endodontics', 6th-9th September 2023, Helsinki, Finland.

Is it Just Global Warming and How Much we Have Contributed to it?

If it was a Global warming the temperatures will be higher day and night, summer and winter. However, we have: 1/ very hot days and very cold nights with temperature difference reaching 300 F and 2/ very hot summers and cold winters with temperature difference reaching more than 1000 F. This means one thig – Earth’s atmosphere is becoming thinner, which makes the days and summers hotter and the nights and winters colder because the thinner atmosphere cannot hold the received heat. Also, Aurora Borealis is normally observed only in polar areas not covered by the ionosphere, which is like a doughnut around the Earth. The fact that Aurora Borealis was observed in Scotland in March 2023 means that the Earth’s ionosphere, which holds the atmosphere, is shrinking. The shrinking of the ionosphere (and the atmosphere) is caused by the way we make rain to avoid the drought – we use the ions of the ionosphere. This depleted the ionosphere, which holds the atmosphere. We need to change the way we make rain and try to replenish the ions of the ionosphere, which we have used to create rain. If we don’t do this the Earth will lose its atmosphere and will become uninhabitable.

Aubade with Northern Lights

Aubade with Northern Lights

Modeling a supply chain for carbon capture and offshore storage—A German–Norwegian case study

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for industrial emission point sources is one of the potential instruments to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) goals. However, emission point sources and storage formations are often far from each other, which requires capable CO2 transportation infrastructure. While pipeline transportation promises low cost for high and stable flows of CO2, ship transportation may be more expensive but also more flexible with regards to transport quantities and storage locations. Here, we present a mixed integer programming (MIP) model to provide decision support for a CCS Supply Chain Design Problem (CCS-SCDP) with the goal of minimizing total supply chain costs. We apply the model to four future CO2 supply scenarios, capturing CO2 from German industrial sources and bringing them to the Northern Lights unloading port in Kollsnes, Norway, for storage in a submarine geological formation. Our analysis reveals that the fraction of transportation costs of total supply chain costs drop considerably from 22 to 10 percent by economies of scale if annual capture volume increases. For low capture volumes, a ship-based solution is cheaper, while an offshore pipeline solution is favored for larger capture volumes. Accordingly, the potential gains from economies of scale in a pipeline-based solution must be balanced against potential lock-in effects in the investment decision for a CCS supply chain.

The Popularization of the Masterpieces of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the Philharmonic of Yakutia

The article considers the popularization of the masterpieces of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity by the State Philharmonic of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) within the framework of the concert programs of two international festivals: “UNESCO Masterpieces on the Land of Olonkho” and the Arctic Music Festival “Northern Lights”, as well as the educational activities of this institution, which is an outpost of the concert academic performance in the North-East of the Russian Federation and its Arctic zone. Based on the analysis of activities of the Yakutia Philharmonic to popularize the masterpieces of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity, it was concluded that at present attention has been paid mainly to foreign examples of intangible cultural heritage – the music of the Armenian duduk, the music of the Azerbaijani tar, Spanish flamenco, Argentine tango in modern concert forms of their expression. Work to popularize the music of the Yakut olonkho, proclaimed in 2005 as a masterpiece of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity, still remains to be done, since due to the special epic nature of the traditional genre, it has not yet been comprehended in the system of symphonic instrumentalism of the European tradition. New studies on this topic by representatives of the Yakut composer schools will make it possible for young performers to search for innovative forms and proper collaborations.

The Extreme Space Weather Event of 1872 February: Sunspots, Magnetic Disturbance, and Auroral Displays

We review observations of solar activity, geomagnetic variation, and auroral visibility for the extreme geomagnetic storm on 1872 February 4. The extreme storm (referred to here as the Chapman–Silverman storm) apparently originated from a complex active region of moderate area (≈ 500 μsh) that was favorably situated near disk center (S19° E05°). There is circumstantial evidence for an eruption from this region at 9–10 UT on 1872 February 3, based on the location, complexity, and evolution of the region, and on reports of prominence activations, which yields a plausible transit time of ≈29 hr to Earth. Magnetograms show that the storm began with a sudden commencement at ≈14:27 UT and allow a minimum Dst estimate of ≤ −834 nT. Overhead aurorae were credibly reported at Jacobabad (British India) and Shanghai (China), both at 19.°9 in magnetic latitude (MLAT) and 24.°2 in invariant latitude (ILAT). Auroral visibility was reported from 13 locations with MLAT below ∣20∣° for the 1872 storm (ranging from ∣10.°0∣–∣19.°9∣ MLAT) versus one each for the 1859 storm (∣17.°3∣ MLAT) and the 1921 storm (∣16.°2∣ MLAT). The auroral extension and conservative storm intensity indicate a magnetic storm of comparable strength to the extreme storms of 1859 September (25.°1 ± 0.°5 ILAT and −949 ± 31 nT) and 1921 May (27.°1 ILAT and −907 ± 132 nT), which places the 1872 storm among the three largest magnetic storms yet observed.

The ‘awkward’ geopolitics of tourism in China’s ‘Arctic’ village

Based on the case study of the ‘Arctic’ Village (Mohe, China), a popular tourist site renowned as China’s northernmost point and the best Chinese site to view the northern lights, this article investigates China’s ‘indigenising’ Arctic tourism that transcends conventional geographical boundaries of the Arctic Circle. It introduces ‘awkwardness’ as an empirical affect and an analytical concept to chart the way the village’s tourism practices and perceptions reinforce, challenge, and diverge from the state-centred account of China’s Arctic aspirations and re-territorialising efforts. Under the framework of an ‘awkward’ geopolitics of tourism, three interrelated types of awkwardness are analysed: embodied awkwardness, identity awkwardness, and demonstrative awkwardness. Each concerns a distinct geopolitical facet of village tourism at the spatialities of the body, village, and museum. The main argument is that affective experience not only mediates geopolitical power in tourism practices but also conceptually reconfigures the nexus between tourism and geopolitics across multiple scales. Incorporating awkwardness into tourism studies advances affective tourism and tourism geopolitics by offering an affective lens to reconceptualise contradictions, ruptures, and ambiguities inherent in associating geopolitics with mundane tourism practices and perceptions.

Book review: Unleashing Yahweh: Ezekiel and the Northern Lights by George Siscoe

Book review: <i>Unleashing Yahweh: Ezekiel and the Northern Lights</i> by George Siscoe

Philip Pullman’s Northern Lights: Exploring Children and Myths as the Intrinsic Formulation in an Adventure Story

This study investigates a novel entitled Northern Lights (1995), authored by Philip Pullman as a fantasy fiction in the context of popular literature. The aim of this study is to reveal the significance of children and myth characters as the formula and the intrinsic formulation of this novel as an adventure story. As a textual study, this study uses a narrative analysis method that can help to explore the intrinsic elements of prose fiction. The relevant data collected and analyzed in this study are narrations or dialogues that refer to particular acts and speech of characters, settings of place, theme, and plot in the novel. All data are analyzed to disclose the conception of children and myths used as the basic formula of this novel. At the end of the analysis, the investigation reveals the significance of children and myth characters in this novel. They are seemingly used to attract readers’ interest and concern in transcending their imagination boundaries in their daily lives. Besides, this study can also explicate how they are intrinsically formulated in an adventure story.

Intermittent CO2 injection: injectivity and capacity

Сarbon capture and storage (CCS), especially offshore, involves a chain of complex and expensive infrastructure connecting emitters to the disposal site. The classic example of an industrial cluster sending CO2 by a large pipeline to a nearby storage site is considered the most favorable solution in term of techno-economics. However, many emitters are located either too far from suitable offshore geology or are dispersed in harder to reach locations, making pipeline transport uneconomical. In these instances, ship transport is a viable option for shuttling CO2 from source to sink. The Northern Lights project in Norway will implement this approach, using shuttle tankers to deliver CO2 to an onshore receiving terminal. One should note that onshore terminals add significant cost to CCS, and their permanence can hinder flexibility and delay future expansion to new regions. High costs can also hinder small emitters to embark on CCS journey until the larger infrastructure is in place and the price for joining the value chain drops. Direct injection from ships can be a good supplement to the offshore transport portfolio, allowing ships to offload CO2 directly to the injection well on a periodic basis. While direct ship injection introduces a planned intermittency into the CCS chain, intermittency can also be caused by planned maintenance and technical issues along the value chain; energy supply and demand (where either less emissions are available due to, for example, higher renewables production or less energy is available for injection, in, for example, offshore renewable energy driven case); seasonal variations (part of CO2 used in agriculture or seasonal variation of injection temperature). The effect of intermittency, in general, is not fully understood. Part 1: aspects of intermittency on the storage reservoirLittle is known about the impact of injectivity CO2 injection on storage performance, i.e. injectivity and capacity. Recent studies indicate that cycling injection can delay bottom-hole pressure build-up, thus increasing capacity of the reservoir. On the other hand, evidence from field tests show that pressure relief can cause dissolved CO2 to exsolve into bubbles that block pores and reduce injectivity. Salt precipitation is another aspect that can be either positively or negatively impacted by flow cycling. In this case, repeated drainage-imbibition cycles may dissolve salt crystals formed in a previous cycle, improving injectivity, or it may continue to feed the system with new saltwater, thus impairing injectivity. The topic of salt precipitation is an active area of research.Part 2: how to deal with itWe present results of the recent study down for NEMO Maritime AS in a research council of Norway sponsored NEMO project. The talk will briefly highlight simulation outcomes on the near wellbore and field scale.Part 3: where do we go from hereFinally, we shortly introduce a recently funded CTS project which will focus on several aspects of direct injection from ships, including full-chain LCA/TEA based on Strategy CCUS H2020 project approach and scenarios. The project focuses on four different regions of Europe, including Baltics.

Advancing Our Understanding of Martian Proton Aurora Through a Coordinated Multi‐Model Comparison Campaign

AbstractProton aurora are the most commonly observed yet least studied type of aurora at Mars. In order to better understand the physics and driving processes of Martian proton aurora, we undertake a multi‐model comparison campaign. We compare results from four different proton/hydrogen precipitation models with unique abilities to represent Martian proton aurora: Jolitz model (3‐D Monte Carlo), Kallio model (3‐D Monte Carlo), Bisikalo/Shematovich et al. model (1‐D kinetic Monte Carlo), and Gronoff et al. model (1‐D kinetic). This campaign is divided into two steps: an inter‐model comparison and a data‐model comparison. The inter‐model comparison entails modeling five different representative cases using similar constraints in order to better understand the capabilities and limitations of each of the models. Through this step we find that the two primary variables affecting proton aurora are the incident solar wind particle flux and velocity. In the data‐model comparison, we assess the robustness of each model based on its ability to reproduce a proton aurora observation. All models are able to effectively simulate the general shape of the data. Variations in modeled intensity and peak altitude can be attributed to differences in model capabilities/solving techniques and input assumptions (e.g., cross sections, 3‐D vs. 1‐D solvers, and implementation of the relevant physics and processes). The good match between the observations and multiple models gives a measure of confidence that the appropriate physical processes and their associated parameters have been correctly identified and provides insight into the key physics that should be incorporated in future models.

Aurora retrieval in all-sky images based on hash vision transformer

Auroras are bright occurrences when high-energy particles from the magnetosphere and solar wind enter Earth's atmosphere through the magnetic field and collide with atoms in the upper atmosphere. The morphological and temporal characteristics of auroras are essential for studying large-scale magnetospheric processes. While auroras are visible to the naked eye from the ground, scientists use deep learning algorithms to analyze all-sky images to understand this phenomenon better. However, the current algorithms face challenges due to inefficient utilization of global features and neglect the excellent fusion of local and global feature representations extracted from aurora images. Hence, this paper introduces a Hash-Transformer model based on Vision Transformer for aurora retrieval from all-sky images. Experimental results based on real-world data demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves aurora image retrieval performance. It provides a new avenue to study aurora phenomena and facilitates the development of related fields.

Ochotopteris—An Endemic Fern of the Mid-Cretaceous Arctic

Three species belonging to the fern genus Ochotopteris E. Lebedev, including the new species O. lebedevii Herman et Domogatskaya, are revised, described and illustrated in this paper. The fossils come from Albian, Cenomanian, Turonian and Coniacian beds exposed at seven sites in North-Eastern Asia and Northern Alaska. These sites are located in the Cretaceous Arctic, with their palaeolatitudes ranging from 60° N to 80° N. The high endemism characteristic of the mid-Cretaceous Arctic flora is most probably due to adaptations in the globally distinctive Arctic conditions: the unique combination of temperatures, precipitation and the highly seasonal polar light regime. Being an endemic plant of the mid-Cretaceous Arctic, Ochotopteris ferns were adapted to a regional wet temperate to a wet warm temperate palaeoclimate accompanied by marked sunlight seasonality with a prolonged—up to several weeks—winter darkness and continuous summer daylight, also lasting for several weeks. The majority of the mid-Cretaceous Arctic plants were deciduous. Their predominant deciduousness was most probably due to the polar light seasonality: at the end of the growing season, some plants dropped their leaves or leafy shoots, whereas others—including Ochotopteris ferns—died back to rhizome systems.

The Application and Analysis of Xu Yuanchong's "Three Beauties Theory" in Poetry Translation

Xu Yuanchong is a famous contemporary translator in China, and his literary translation achievements are renowned both at home and abroad. He has published more than 60 books in Chinese, English and French, including "The Book of Songs", "Elegies of the South", "Selected Poems of Li Bai", "Romance in the Western Bower", "The Red and the Black","Vanished springs","Madame Bovary" and "In Search of Lost Time".In 2014, Xu Yuanchong was awarded the "Aurora Borealis Prize" Award for Excellence in Literary Translation, one of the highest awards in the international translation industry.Mr. Qian Jongshu, a literary giant, once said of Mr. Xu Yuanchong: "Mr. Xu has devoted his life to Chinese culture, and has died with all his might. And he opened up a new path for Chinese culture in the world."This article mainly expounds the background, function and significance of Xu Yuanchong's "Three Beauties Theory", and through case analysis, compares Xu Yuanchong's specific application of the "Three Beauties Theory" in Chinese poetry translation with other translators, and analyzes its embodiment in the "Three Beauties Theory".

Semi-Automated Rock Classification for Permeability Estimation Using High-Resolution Computed Tomography Scan Images, Core Photos, and Well Logs

Summary Reliable estimation of petrophysical properties can be challenging, especially in geological formations with rapid variation in the spatial distribution of rock components. The spatial distribution of rock components, also known as rock fabric, is often not captured by conventional well logs that are typically used for the estimation of petrophysical properties. The aforementioned challenge is rooted in the limited vertical resolution of conventional well logging tools. Alternatively, specialized tools and techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and computed tomography (CT) scan images, can provide information on the variation in the rock fabric of geological formations. The objectives of this paper are (a) to use 2D CT scan images and core photos, conventional well logs, NMR logs, and core-measured properties for semi-automated rock classification, (b) to develop class-based rock physics models for enhanced petrophysical properties estimation, and (c) to provide a method to expedite the detection of quantitative image-based rock classes in cored wells. First, we conducted conventional formation evaluation (CFE) for the initial assessment of petrophysical properties. Then, we implemented three different rock classification techniques for class-based estimation of petrophysical properties. The first of the rock classification techniques uses routine core analysis (RCA) data to define hydraulic units. The second rock classification technique uses NMR data to characterize the changes in pore-size distribution of the evaluated formation. The last rock classification technique integrates quantitative image-based features from CT scan images and core photos with NMR data. Finally, the obtained rock classes from the abovementioned rock classification techniques are used to derive class-based permeability models. We applied the proposed workflow to a pilot well drilled in a saline water aquifer formation that will be used for CO2 injection and storage in the Northern Lights carbon capture and storage (CCS) project. The extracted image-based rock fabric features were in agreement with the visual aspect of the evaluated depth intervals. The detected rock classes captured the fluid-flow behavior using a permeability-based cost function in two of the implemented rock classification techniques, the variation in petrophysical and compositional properties through well logs, and quantitative rock fabric of the evaluated depth interval through the core image data. Finally, the use of class-based rock physics models improved permeability estimates, decreasing the mean relative error by up to 37% compared with formation-based permeability estimates from a conventional method (formation-based porosity-permeability correlations). One of the key contributions of the proposed workflow is that it integrates conventional well logs, core-measured properties, NMR logs, and high-resolution image data. As a result, the obtained integrated rock classes capture key petrophysical and geological parameters of the evaluated depth intervals that are typically not included in rock classification efforts. The obtained integrated rock classes can potentially improve the development of accurate geological models, which are used in simulation efforts as a screening tool for the selection of geological formations for CO2 storage as well as for storage capacity, selection of CO2 injection intervals, and containment forecasting.

Juno's Multi‐Instruments Observations During the Flybys of Auroral Bright Spots in Jupiter's Polar Aurorae

AbstractJuno's arrival at Jupiter in 2016 revealed unprecedented details about Jupiter's ultraviolet aurorae thanks to its unique suite of remote sensing and in situ instruments. Here we present results from in situ observations during Juno flybys above specific bright auroral spots in Jupiter's polar aurora. We compare data observed by Juno‐UVS, JEDI, JADE, Waves, and MAG instruments when Juno was magnetically connected to bright polar auroral spots (or their immediate vicinity) during perijove 3 (PJ3), PJ15, and PJ33. The highly energetic particles observed by JEDI show enhancements dominated by upward electrons, which suggests that the particle acceleration region takes place below the spacecraft. Moreover, brightness and upward particle flux were higher for the northern bright spot in PJ3 than the southern spots found in PJ15 and PJ33. In addition, we notice the intensification of whistler‐mode waves at the time of the particle enhancements, suggesting that wave‐particle interactions contribute to the acceleration of particles that cause the UV aurorae. The MAG data reveal magnetic perturbations during the PJ3 spot detection by Juno, which suggests the presence of significant field‐aligned electric currents. While the stable positions of the bright spots in System III suggest that the phenomenon is fixed to the planet's rotation, the presence of field‐aligned currents leaves the possibility of an origin rooted much farther in the magnetosphere.

Extracts from Acta Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Upsaliensis Ab Anno DMCCXLIV Ad MDCCL

The file is a facsimile of extracts from the Acta Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Upsaliensis for the years 1744 to 1750 (printed 1751), comprising the Title Page, Editor's Preface, Table of Contents and an article on the aurora borealis by Olof Peter Hiorter. For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Per Pippin Aspaas.

Extracts from Acta Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Upsaliensis Ad Annum MDCCXL

The file is a facsimile of extracts from the Acta Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Upsaliensis for the year 1740 (printed 1744), comprising the Title Page, Table of Contents and an article on the aurora borealis by Anders Celsius. For a detailed summary of contents, see the introduction by Per Pippin Aspaas.

Textual Microfields WINTER and MAN in Short Stories by Soviet Writer Yuri Shamshurin

The research addresses to the anthropocentric aspect of a literary text and mental representations of the Arctics in the author's image of the world. The relevance of this study is defined by the demand for humanitarian knowledge and culture of the inhabitants of the Arctic regions in connection with the technological development of the Arctics. The goal of this article is to design a model of textual associative semantic micro-fields WINTER and MAN in the Arctic discourse of Soviet-era author Yuri Shamshurin and identify the points where these micro-fields meet or cross each other. The study is focused on those lexical items which participate in building the secodary reality in Shamshurin’s short stories. The novelty of the study lies in applying congnitive-discursive approach to the study of the Arctic fictional discourse. The key methods of analysis used in this study are field analysis, lexical-and-semantic analysis, contextual analysis and cognitive interpretation method. As a result of the study, the nuclear lexical-and-thematic groups of the microfields MAN and WINTER were identified, such as CRAFT and WIND, as well as the intersection points of lexical-and-thematic groups for both microfields. The main attributes of winter identified in the mental representation of the Arctic discourse in Shamshurin’s short stories are wind and cold, being the phenomena which a man encounters first and foremost during his daily activities. The northern lights, which have no intersections with the microfield MAN but represent a unique natural phenomenon, are also one of the main attributes. In addition, it has been revealed that when lexical-and-thematic groups intersect their boundaries become mobile, which can lead to the creation of a new lexical-and-thematic subgroup within the microfield. An issue has been revealed that is connected with defining the lexical-andthematic groups containing lexical items that perform an artistic function in a particular story, such as a plot-forming or symbolic function. In this case, they are not representative of their group in a given microfield.

Introduction

The seventeenth volume in the series presents articles on the aurora borealis published in the journal of the Swedish Societas Regia Literaria et Scientiarum (now Kungl. Vetenskaps-Societeten i Uppsala) covering the years 1740 to 1750. In this period, the Acta of the society were edited by the natural historian Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), who showed less interest in the aurora than his predecessors. One article on the aurora by Anders Celsius and another by his assistant Olof Peter Hiorter were however published. They are presented here along with the obituaries for three central auroral researchers from early eighteenth-century Sweden – Erik Johan Burman, Conrad Quensel and Celsius. In the Introduction, neo-Latinist and historian of science Per Pippin Aspaas summarizes these texts and provides a short history of the society in the period.