Northwestern Provinces Research Articles

Domestic Space, Access Analysis, and Social Transformations: Houses in Iron Age and Roman Mediterranean Gaul

Studies investigating changes in domestic architecture from the Iron Age to the Roman period in the northwestern provinces of the Roman empire have often suggested an important degree of continuity in domestic social relations, although the province of Mediterranean Gaul, Gallia Narbonensis, has been underrepresented in these studies. This article employs access analysis to compare domestic space in Mediterranean Gaul at three preconquest Iron Age settlements (ca. 500–50 BCE) and five Roman-period houses from the first–second centuries CE. This analysis suggests that many Roman houses in Gallia Narbonensis helped structure quite different forms of daily social interactions and encounters through important changes in the physical organization of domestic space. In particular, the communitarian organization of domestic space for the Iron Age settlements seems to have encouraged daily encounters within and between domestic groups through shared, communal spaces, rather than separating social units into coherent sets of rooms that in a modern setting we would consider “houses.” By contrast, in the Roman period internally organized domestic spaces emphasized specialization and internal divisions, structuring socioeconomic distinctions, and in doing so, signaled an important social rupture that contrasts with other provinces of Gaul.1

Themed Section: Hadrian's Progress through the North-Western Provinces in a.d. 121–122

Themed Section: Hadrian's Progress through the North-Western Provinces in <scp>a.d</scp>. 121–122

Material Flow analysis of plastics from provincial household appliances in China: 1978–2016

China has the highest level of plastic production and consumption in the world. The plastic waste ban has resulted in a lack of raw materials for plastic reprocessing, while household appliance-related plastic (HAP), as a high-value and high-quality plastic waste source, receives great attention to fill such a gap. As HAP is scattered and has been rapidly increasing, a better understanding of the spatial-temporal patterns of HAP waste is critical. For the first time, this study quantifies the stocks and flows of plastics contained in five categories of household appliances (refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner, TV, and computer) in China over 1978–2016 and maps their province-specific distribution through a dynamic stock-driven material flow analysis model. We find that (i) the HAP stocks are growing rapidly to reach around 25.4 million tonnes (MT) in 2016 and the HAP waste generated in 2016 is over 2 MT while the dismantling capacity is failing to catch up; (ii) the HAP waste in southeastern provinces is notably more than in northwestern provinces by approximately 11 times; (iii) washing machines (37%) and refrigerators (24%) are the major types of household appliances that contribute most to HAP waste generation; (iv) PP (38%) and PS (34%) are the major plastic types in HAP waste. These findings can provide quantitative references for the government to arrange waste management facilities, improve recycling capacities of dismantling companies, and promote coordinated efforts from multiple stakeholders to achieve efficient waste management of HAP.

Cattle husbandry in the Iron Age and Roman Netherlands: chronological developments and regional differences in cattle frequencies, management, size and shape

Abstract Cattle are the dominant species in most archaeological sites in the Netherlands during the Iron Age and Roman period. However, there are differences in the relative importance of cattle and in how cattle were managed. The aim of this paper is to find out which changes in cattle husbandry occurred between the Iron Age and Roman period, and whether these changes are related to introduced Roman practices. For this study, the Netherlands was divided into four regions, of which the northern region lies outside the Roman Empire. This allows a comparison of regions within and outside the Roman Empire and the potential identification of differential economic developments. First, we looked at diachronic changes and regional differences in the relative proportion of cattle compared to the other main domestic species. Second, data on slaughter ages were used to draw conclusions about the main product cattle were kept for: milk, meat or traction. Next, biometric data were used to investigate sex ratios of cattle, which – combined with mortality profiles – inform about management practices. Finally, biometric data were analysed using the log size index method to trace diachronic changes and regional differences in cattle size. A size increase and the growing role of cattle for traction and as meat providers in towns is also seen in other parts of the northwestern provinces. These changes can directly be related to the Roman occupation and the demand for meat and other animal products.

Characterization of fungal pathogens and germplasm screening for disease resistance in the main production area of the common bean in Argentina.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important grain legume in the human diet, mainly in Africa and Latin America. Argentina is one of the five major producers of the common bean in the world, and the main cultivation areas are concentrated in the northwestern provinces of this country. Crop production of the common bean is often affected by biotic factors like some endemic fungal diseases, which exert a major economic impact on the region. The most important fungal diseases affecting the common bean in Argentina are white mold caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, angular leaf spot caused by Pseudocercospora griseola, web blight and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani, which can cause production losses of up to 100% in the region. At the present, the most effective strategy for controlling these diseases is the use of genetic resistance. In this sense, population study and characterization of fungal pathogens are essential for developing cultivars with durable resistance. In this review we report diversity studies carried out on these three fungal pathogens affecting the common bean in northwestern Argentina, analyzing more than 200 isolates by means of molecular, morphological and pathogenic approaches. Also, the screening of physiological resistance in several common bean commercial lines and wild native germplasm is reviewed. This review contributes to the development of sustainable management strategies and cultural practices in bean production aimed to minimize yield losses due to fungal diseases in the common bean.

Destinations in Mind: Portraying Places on the Roman Empire’s Souvenirs By Kimberly Cassibry. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2021. Pp. xvii + 278. $99. ISBN 9780190921897 (cloth).

<i>Destinations in Mind: Portraying Places on the Roman Empire’s Souvenirs</i> By Kimberly Cassibry. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2021. Pp. xvii + 278. $99. ISBN 9780190921897 (cloth).

Scenario of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission peaking and reduction path implication in five northwestern provinces of China by the low emissions analysis platform (LEAP) model

Achieving global peaking of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as early as possible is a common goal for all countries. However, CO2 emissions in the northwest China still show a rapid growth trend. Thus, we used the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model to build three scenarios to investigate the peak of CO2 emissions and reduction pathways in five northwestern provinces of China. The results show that: 1) the CO2 emissions of five northwestern provinces under the baseline, the policy, and the green scenarios will peak in 2035 (1663.46 × 106 tonnes), 2031 (1405.00 × 106 tonnes), and 2027 (1273.96 × 106 tonnes), respectively. 2) The CO2 emissions of all provinces, except Qinghai, will not peak before 2030 in the baseline scenario. Under the policy and green scenarios, each province will achieve the peak of CO2 emissions by 2030. 3) The CO2 emissions from agriculture, transportation, and other sectors will peak before 2030 under the baseline scenario. The CO2 emissions from construction will peak before 2030 in policy scenario. The industry and commerce will peak before 2030 in green scenario. 4) The emission reduction effect indicates that CO2 emissions from 2020 to 2040 will be reduced by 4137.70 × 106 tonnes in the policy scenario and 7201.46 × 106 tonnes in the green scenario. The industrial coal and thermal power are the sectors with the greatest potential to reduce CO2 emissions. Accelerating the restructuring of industries and energy structures and improving technologies to reduce energy intensity can promote the achievement of the peak in CO2 emissions by 2030.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Chicken Meat and Edible Poultry Organs Collected from Retail Shops and Supermarkets of North Western Province in Sri Lanka

Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium that lives in human and animal intestines. Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli STECs are responsible for most food-related E. coli infections. Pathogenic E. coli transmits to human bodies due to the consumption of contaminated, raw, or undercooked food. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence of E. coli contamination in edible poultry meat and meat organs in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. A total of 250 samples consisting of chicken meat (n = 144) and edible organs (n = 106) were collected from retail shops (n = 181) and supermarkets (n = 69), in both Kurunegala and Puttlam districts. The prevalence of E. coli from 250 chicken meat samples was 66.80% (167/250); E. coli prevalence at retail shops (66.85%) was higher than that at supermarkets (66.67%) and was not statistically significant. E. coli prevalence in chicken meat and edible organs was 65.73% and 69.16%, respectively. Molecular confirmation for the positive samples was done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously designed primers. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI using nine antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Most isolates were resistant to erythromycin (80.84%) and amoxicillin (76.05%), while the least resistance was observed for gentamicin (4.79%). This study indicates the potential public health risk associated with chicken sold at retail and supermarket levels in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka.

Analysis of Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) projected future rainfall in Northwestern, Western and Southern provinces of Sri Lanka

Ruhuna Journal of Science (RJS) is a multidisciplinary Science Journal published by the Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna. It welcomes articles resulting from original research work covering many areas in Pure and Applied Sciences, and Technology, and scientific articles with interdisciplinary focus.Ruhuna Journal of Science is indexed in Web of Science (Master Journal List/ Zoological Records), and included on DOAJ and World Catalogue of Scientific Journals (WCOSJ).To submit your manuscript please go to http://rjs.ruh.ac.lk/index.php/rjs/indexCover Page ImageYala (යාල) National Park is the most visited and second largest national park in Sri Lanka, bordering the Indian Ocean. It is situated in the southeast region of the country with 124 km distance towards east from University of Ruhuna. Including Sri Lankan elephant, 44 species of mammals are resident in Yala National Park, and it has one of the highest leopard densities in the world. Shown in the cover image is the Patanangala, a rock outcrop in the Yala beach.Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yala_National_Park

High-quality Development Effectiveness of Provincial Regions in China: Data-driven Evaluation and Spatio-temporal Characteristics

: Healthy and sustainable high-quality development needs to rely on scientific planning and design of assessment system, enabling high-quality assessment to become an important tool to lead and drive high-quality development in China. A high-quality development evaluation index system is proposed, consisting of six dimensions: economic operation, innovation-driven, coordinated development, green ecology, open development, and sharing and harmony, and the temporal and spatial Differentiation in China's inter-provincial high-quality development levels are discussed after being measured using the entropy weight method. The results show that from the time dimension, China's overall high quality development level shows a fluctuating upward trend with an obvious growth rate, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai maintained a high level of high-quality development during this period. From the spatial dimension, it is found that China's high-quality development level has a significant positive spatial correlation between regions from 2014 to 2020, with a stable "high-high" agglomeration in the eastern coastal areas and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the "low-high" agglomeration is mainly distributed in the central plains, and the "low-low" agglomeration effect in the western provinces and regions has spread on a larger scale after 2015, with significant performance in the north-western provinces and regions.

Anticancer Potential and Other Pharmacological Properties of Prunus armeniaca L.: An Updated Overview.

Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae)-syn. Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Dumort., Armeniaca armeniaca (L.) Huth, Armeniaca vulgaris Lam is commonly known as the apricot tree. The plant is thought to originate from the northern, north-western, and north-eastern provinces of China, although some data show that it may also come from Korea or Japan. The apricot fruit is used medicinally to treat a variety of ailments, including use as an antipyretic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, emetic, and ophthalmic remedy. The Chinese and Korean pharmacopeias describe the apricot seed as an herbal medicinal product. Various parts of the apricot plant are used worldwide for their anticancer properties, either as a primary remedy in traditional medicine or as a complementary or alternative medicine. The purpose of this review was to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information on ethnobotanical data, bioactive phytochemicals, anticancer potential, pharmacological applications, and toxicology of the genus Prunus armeniaca, thus providing new perspectives on future research directions. Included data were obtained from online databases such as PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Science direct, and Wiley Online Library. Multiple anticancer mechanisms have been identified in in vitro and in vivo studies, the most important mechanisms being apoptosis, antiproliferation, and cytotoxicity. The anticancer properties are probably mediated by the contained bioactive compounds, which can activate various anticancer mechanisms and signaling pathways such as tumor suppressor proteins that reduce the proliferation of tumor cells. Other pharmacological properties resulting from the analysis of experimental studies include neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, immunostimulatory, antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. In addition, data were provided on the toxicity of amygdalin, a compound found in apricot kernel seeds, which limits the long-term use of complementary/alternative products derived from P. armeniaca. This updated review showed that bioactive compounds derived from P. armeniaca are promising compounds for future research due to their important pharmacological properties, especially anticancer. A detailed analysis of the chemical structure of these compounds and their cytotoxicity should be carried out in future research. In addition, translational pharmacological studies are required for the correct determination of pharmacologically active doses in humans.

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Water Resource Utilization and Economic Development in the Arid Region of China: A “Matching-Constraint” Perspective

Water resources are the most important guarantees for sustainable socioeconomic development in arid regions. However, serious water scarcity puts great pressure on the sustainable development of the northwest arid region of China. Based on the “matching-constraint” perspective, this study used the Gini coefficient, imbalance index, and growth drag model of water resources to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of water resource utilization (WRU) and economic development (ED) in the northwest arid region from 2009 to 2019. The results showed the following: (1) The matching degree of WRU and ED in Gansu and Xinjiang from 2009 to 2019 was poorer than that in Ningxia, Shaanxi, and Qinghai. Cities with the high matching type of WRU and ED were dominant, with a proportion of 60.78%. (2) During the study period, the growth drag of water resources showed an “N-shaped” change of “rising–declining–rising” and a spatial pattern of “decreasing from inland to coastal” in the northwest arid region. The average growth drag coefficients for the five northwestern provinces were as follows: Xinjiang (2.22%), Gansu (1.61%), Ningxia (1.41%), Qinghai (1.01%), and Shaanxi (0.84%). The total percentage of low and medium constraint type cities was 74.51%. (3) Based on the urban “matching-constraint” types, the WRU status was divided into four zone types: Zones I and IV had relatively well-allocated water resources; however, zone IV had more significant water resource constraints, with the growth drag coefficient ranging from 1.10% to 2.30%. An imbalance between WRU and ED existed in Zones II and III; moreover, the water resource constraints of these two zones were also significant, with growth drag coefficients ranging from 0.12% to 1.47% and 1.03% to 2.90%, respectively. Additionally, we explored the driving mechanisms of WRU and sustainable ED in the northwest arid region. Policy recommendations are proposed for the optimal use of water resources, capital, and labor for different types of cities.

Study the silica content of paddy husks from different varieties of paddy cultivated in North Western Province, Sri Lanka

Rice husk is one of the main agricultural waste available in Sri Lanka. They are the outer covering of rice grains. Once the paddy is separated from rice grain, the husk is removed from rest of the grain. This study show depending on rice husk variety moisture content, average bulk density, amount of precipitated silica varies. Further EDX analysis show depending on variety percentage of Oxygen, Silicon and other contaminants are varied. Eight different rice husk varieties available in North Western Province is studied in this research. Moisture Content (MC), average bulk density and silica content in each variety were initially calculated. Moisture content varies between 10.42% to 12.84%. Average bulk density varies between 214.42 to 268.57 . Highest amount of silica was obtained as 98.2% from Murugakanayan rice variety. Lowest amount of silica was obtained as 74% from BG 360 rice variety. A typical XRD, SEM patterns and EDX was done to silica samples obtained from rice husk ash. Amorphous nature of the obtained silica was confirmed from XRD spectra. There is a broad peak with maximum intensity at 2Ө = 22 ͦ in XRD spectra. SEM images have shown that these silica particles were aggregated as irregular rod shape clusters. EDX images confirm high amount of sample weight contain silicon and oxygen. Yet very less amount of sodium is available in the sample.

The impact of the opening of the high-speed railway in the Silk Road economic belt on the regional economy based on the double difference method (PSM-DID)

Based on the perspective of the transportation economic belt, this paper studies the impact of the opening of the high-speed rail in the Silk Road Economic Belt on the regional economy. Taking the panel data of 74 cities in the five northwestern provinces and four southwestern provinces in the Silk Road Economic Belt from 2003 to 2018 as a sample, using propensity score matching and double difference method (PSM-DID) to conduct empirical research, the research found that: Firstly, in the urban agglomeration of the Silk Road Economic Belt, whether from the perspective of significance or robustness, the opening of high-speed rail has a significant positive impact on the regional economic effect, and there is a certain lag. Secondly, there is obvious heterogeneity in the impact of high-speed rail effect. In terms of city size, small and medium-sized cities are more affected by the opening of high-speed rail than large cities. From the administrative level, general cities are more susceptible to the opening of high-speed rail than key cities, and their economic development is better under the influence of high-speed rail effect. Thirdly, in terms of transmission mechanism, it is found that the opening of high-speed railway can promote urban economic development by improving the optimization of industrial structure, promoting labor mobility and reducing pollution emissions.

Successful surgery and institutional incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in Teaching Hospital, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka: 3-year results from a tertiary care centre in North-Western province of Sri Lanka

Introduction: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a potentially blinding condition if not treated. Major proportion of RRDs in Teaching Hospital were complex RRDs.Objectives: To assess the surgical success (reattachment) and other characteristics of RRD repairs and to determine the yearly institutional incidence of RRDs in Teaching Hospital, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka.Methods: Observational study of retrospective case review of RRDs operated by single vitreoretinal surgeon from 30.09.2018 to 30.09.2021. Retinal reattachment is the primary outcome measure. Modalities of treatment were either pars planar vitrectomy (TPPV) or scleral buckling (SB). Perfluoropropane or Silicone oil 1000cst was used as tamponading agent indicated by the complexity of RRD. All the cases were performed without endolaser, or a wideangle viewing system and cryopexy used for primary sealing of tears. When indicated TPPV was combined with SB. Failed SBs reoperated with TPPV and tamponade.Results: Study involved 309 eyes of 306 patients where 248 (80.26%) eyes of 246 offered TPPV and 61 (19.74%) eyes out of 60 offered SB. Mean age was 51.32y (7-80y) and 198 (65%) males and 108 (35%) females. Mean number of surgical interventions 1.608 (1-6). Overall surgical success over 3 years in TPPV group was 87.096% (216/248) and in SB group 77.049% (47/61) and average surgical success in both groups was 82.072% (263/309). Steady rise in surgical success in TPPV group observed over years achieving 93.55% in 2021. Average institutional incidence of RRDs was 1.346 per 100 eye admissions to eye unit.Conclusion: In a low facility setup for vitreoretinal services high success rate achieved has helped to prevent blindness due to RRD.

Region-wise comparative analysis of multi-dimensional poverty in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

While there is no specific definition of poverty, it is now increasingly being considered as a multi-dimensional phenomenon instead of a unidimensional concept such as lack of income. This study delves into a region-wise comparative analysis of poverty in the northwestern province of Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which borders Afghanistan and has been witnessing drastic implications of the war against terrorism in Afghanistan. PSLM/HIES 2018-19 data from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics has been used in the study which has a sample size of 4464 households from the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study incorporates ten key dimensions of poverty into the construction of multi-dimensional poverty index as per the Alkire-Foster methodology. The findings of the study reveal that the average poverty rate in the province is about 50 percent. The divisions of Bannu, Malakand, and D. I. Khan are the poorest regions in the province, whereas, as expected, the divisions of Peshawar and Mardan are the least poor. Our results also indicate that rural areas of the province have more severe poverty as compared to urban areas of the province.

Spatiotemporal distribution and driving forces of ecological service value in the Chinese section of the “Silk Road Economic Belt”

Understanding the spatial distribution characteristics and drivers of ecological service value (ESV) in the six northwestern provinces, which are the main components of the Chinese section of the “Silk Road Economic Belt”, is crucial to the sustainable social and economic development of the six northwestern provinces and the countries along the economic belt and informs regional environmental protection policies. Based on the land use data of the six northwestern provinces from 2000 to 2018, the spatial distribution of ESV was determined using the modified equivalent factor method to calculate their ecological service values, and the Geodetector was used to determine the main factors affecting the distribution of ESV. The results show that (1) the total number of ESV in the six northwestern provinces is increasing year by year. (2) The spatial distribution of ESV in the six northwestern provinces varied significantly. (3) The single-factor drivers affecting the spatial distribution of ESV were normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and precipitation, and the multi-factor interactions were NDVI ∩ temperature and NDVI ∩ precipitation, with the above factors contributing most to the spatial distribution of ESV in the six northwestern provinces. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to provide a scientific basis for ecological protection and optimal land management, as well as to propose an applicable methodology for assessing regional ESV for similar regions.

Air pollution rebound and different recovery modes during the period of easing COVID-19 restrictions

Although COVID-19 lockdown policies have improved air quality in numerous countries, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the extent to which recovery has resulted in air pollution rebound, and the differences and similarities among regions' recovery modes during the period of easing COVID-19 restrictions. Here, we used daily air quality data and the recovery index constructed by a city-pair inflow index for 119 cities in China to quantify the impact of recovery on air pollution from March 2 to October 30, 2020. Findings show that recovery has significantly increased air pollution. When the recovery level increased by 10 %, the concentration of PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 respectively deteriorated by 1.10, 0.33, 1.25 μg/m3, and the average growth rates of three air pollutants were about 3 %–6 %. Moreover, we used the counterfactual framework and time series clustering with wavelet transform to cluster the rebound trajectory of air pollution for 17 provinces into five recovery modes. Results show that COVID-19 has further intensified regional differentiations in economic development ability and green recovery trend. Three northwestern provinces dependent on their resource endowments belong to energy-intensive recovery mode, which have experienced a sharp rebound of air pollution for two months, thereby making green recovery more challenging to achieve. Three regions with a diversified industrial structure are in industrial-restructuring recovery mode, which has effectively returned to a normal level through adjusting industrial structure and technological innovation. Owing to local policies and the outbreak of COVID-19 in other countries, six provinces in policy-oriented and international trade-oriented recovery modes have not fully recovered to the level without COVID-19 until October 2020. The result highlights the importance of diversifying industrial structure, technological innovation, policy flexibility and industrial upgrading for different recovery modes to achieve long-term green recovery in the future.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health care waste management among Zambian health care workers.

Poor management of health care waste poses a serious threat to the health of health care workers, patients and communities. In developing countries, adequate health care waste management (HCWM) is often a challenge. To address this, the Zambian Health Services Improvement Project with HCWM as a component, was implemented in five Zambian provinces (Luapula, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western and Western Provinces), under which this cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health care workers on HCWM. Fifty government hospitals and health posts from five provinces in Zambia were included in the study. Data was collected using a mixed-methods approach, which included surveys with health care workers (n = 394), in-depth interviews (n = 47) with health officials at the provincial, district, and facility levels, and observational checklists (n = 86). Overall, knowledge of proper waste segregation was average (mean knowledge score 4.7/ 7). HCWM knowledge varied significantly by job position (p = 0.02) and not by facility level, years of service, nor prior training. Only 37.3% of respondents recalled having received any sort of HCWM training. Poor waste segregation practice was found as only 56.9% of the facilities used an infectious waste bag (yellow, red or orange bin liner) and a black bag for general waste. This study revealed that only 43% of facilities had a functional incinerator on site for infectious waste treatment. Needle sticks were alarmingly high with 31.3% of all respondents reporting a prior needle stick. The system of HCWM remains below national and international standards in health facilities in Zambia. It is imperative that all health care workers undergo comprehensive HCWM training and sufficient health care waste commodities are supplied to all health facility levels in Zambia.

Pattern of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the west and northwest of Iran: a meta-analysis.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (Tb) is a major public health issue across the world. Therefore, it is crucial to determine its pattern in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of drug resistant TB in the west and northwest of Iran. A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies (2010 to 2021) in Google Scholar, PubMed, Thomson Reuters, Scientific Information Database (SID), Cochrane Library, and Medical Library (MedLib) databases. The patterns of any drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); resistance to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), streptomycin (SMP), ethambutol (EMB), and multiple drug resistance (MDR) were reviewed in tuberculosis in the west and northwest of Iran. In this review, 7 studies met the eligibility criteria for a meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of any drug resistant TB was 13% (CI 95%: 9.0, 17.0) (43.0% in re-treatment group). The pooled prevalence of any drug resistant TB was more than 1.5 times higher in men compared to women (15% vs. 9.0%). The pooled prevalence (%) of resistance to INH, RMP, SMP, EMB and MDR-TB was 11.0%, 12.0%, 13.0%, 6.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. Kermanshah Province (a province in the west of Iran) showed a high prevalence of any type of drug resistance and MDR-TB (15.9% and 20.0%, respectively). It seems that the western provinces of Iran have a different pattern of drug resistance compared to the northwestern provinces. Considering the extent of Iran and the neighboring countries, it is recommended that the pattern of tuberculosis drug resistance be reviewed separately in different provinces or regions of Iran. Drug resistance in the re-treatment group was more than three times that of all patients with TB drug resistance. The burden of drug resistance reduces significantly with better control and management of TB drug treatment and preventing re-infection.