North Of Cote Research Articles

Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of kernels oil from four mangoes varieties (Mangifera indica) (Kent, Brooks, Keitt and Amelie) harvested, processed in North of Cote d’Ivoire

Mango seeds are discarded as waste after the extraction of mango juice. This study aims to valorise the kernels oils of mango (Mangifera indica). In this study, the kernel of four mango varieties (Amelie, Brooks, Kent and Keitt) that are grown and processing in north of Cote d’Ivoire investigated were used. The oils of these kernels were extracted by Soxhlet at 80 °C. Their physicochemical properties were determinate using standard methods. Physicochemical properties of the kernels oil were: specific gravity, 0.80±0.08 to 0.93±0.01; refractive index (50 °C), 1.43±0.07 to 1.47 ± 0.10; iodine value, 44.84 ± 0.05 to 59.41 ± 0.03 g I2 /100 g; peroxide value, 0.50 ± 0.00 to 1.90 ± 0.00 meq.O2/kg; acid value, 2.00 ± 0.00 to 7.65 ± 0.01 mg of KOH/g and saponification value, 167.53 ± 0.04 to 188.44 ± 0.04 mg KOH/g. Results revealed that these kernels oil contained a significant presence of oleic (31.14 ± 0.27 to 37.19c ± 0.23) and stearic (20.11 ± 0.12 to 40.43 ± 0.03) fatty acids. All these interesting characteristics confirm their usefulness for different nutritional and industrial applications.

Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of kernels oil from four mangoes varieties (Mangifera indica) (Kent, Brooks, Keitt and Amelie) harvested, processed in North of Cote d'Ivoire

Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of kernels oil from four mangoes varieties (Mangifera indica) (Kent, Brooks, Keitt and Amelie) harvested, processed in North of Cote d'Ivoire

CHEMICAL SOIL FERTILITY DIAGNOSIS FOR COTTON CROPPING IN NORTHERN COTE D'IVOIRE

The work was conducted in the north of Cote d’Ivoire, central pivot cotton production savannah area, to make the diagnosis of soil fertility for cotton cropping. Cotton cropping, the mainstay of the savannah's economy, suffered from low productivity in relation to the soils chemical properties. Prior cultivation, soils samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 30 cm, collecting 32 simple samples to generate a complete sample. The samples were sent to the soil laboratory to measure the pH unities, CEC, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese contents. In order to facilitate the interpretation of analysis results, the nutrients critical level recommended for optimum production of cotton were used. Results showed that soils had pH ranging from 4.4 to 6.4. On the other hand, the need to add nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus to the soils and to augment the low carbon, calcium and potassium content. There is the need to search for fertilizer formulations with nitrogen, magnesium phosphorus and calcium for the Cote d'Ivoire cotton belt.

Mango Peel and Almond Flour (Mangifera indica var Amelie,Kent, Keitt, Brooks) harvested, Processed in North of Cote d’Ivoire: Biochemical Parameters and Mineral Content

Mango almond and peel flours are a potential source of nutriment. In this study, the proximate composition and mineral element profile of four varieties of mango flour that are grown and processing in north of Cote d’Ivoire investigated. The data can be used as a reference when these flours are used for further processing in a variety of products. The peels and almonds were harvested fresh, dried in an oven at 50°C for 72 hours, ground and analysed according to standard procedures. Results showed carbohydrate, crude protein, total lipid, crude fibre, ash contents and vitamin C of the couple “peel – almond” flours were found to be 83.83-76.16%, 2.48-6.54%, 2.79-13.45%, 9.97-7.67%, 4.25-3.10% and a considerable amount of vitamin C of 307.67–304.85 mg/100g, respectively. They also contained important minerals such as calcium at 1204.45-1064.82 mg/100g, magnesium at 257.46-243.81 mg/100g, and potassium was the major at 1883.65-1617.66 mg/100g, regarding peels and almonds flours, respectively. Mangoes varieties such as Amelie, Kent, Keitt and Brooks have the potential to be a good source of nutrition for humans and animals. Mangoes varieties, peels, almonds, biochemical parameters, minerals.

Forest Resources Depletion: An Ecological Model for Biodiversity Preservation and Conservation in Cote D’Ivoire

The biodiversity-rich primary forest of Cote d’Ivoire has been substantially converted into a mosaic of secondary forests, cash and lumber plantations, food crops, and timber plantations, food crops, and wasteland. Deforestation started even before independence but has increased dramatically in the last three decades, resulting in the loss of most of the country’s biodiversity. It is essential to have information about the condition of the country’s natural resources following many human pressures. This research aimed to examine the Cote d’Ivoire Phytogeographical zones to understand the state of the wood’s ad wildlife in 2020 about the anthropic pressure on the whole Ivorian land. The Land-Use Planner approach has been used as a tool for creating a model for preserving biodiversity. There are 15 endangered tree species recognized, five each phytogeographical zone. Buffaloes are seen and distributed in the West and north of Cote d’Ivoire, duikers are observed in nearly all phytogeographical zones, elephants are observed in the West and North. At the same time, harnessed guibs are observed and dispersed across the nation, according to the findings. In terms of endangered tree species, the most frequent endangered trees species in the country’s south are Strombosia pustulata (6.2%), Diospyros mannii (5.1%), Protomegabaria stapfiana (3.7%), Musanga cecropiodes (3.6%), and Xylopia quintasii (3.2%). In the Middle Tectona grandis accounts for (11.8%), Nesogordonia papaverifera accounts for (4.2%), Cedrela odorata accounts for (3.7%), and Gmelia Arborea accounts for (2.8%). In the North, Isoberlinia doka accounts for (10.3%), Upaca togoenisis accounts for 8.9%, Anogeisssus leicarpa accounts for (5.1%), Pterocarpus erinaceus accounts for (4.6%), and Pericopsis laxiflora accounts for (3.9%). In reforested woods, the volume of merchantable wood timber of the P1, P2, and P3 categories per hectare is more significant than in wild forests. We find that biodiversity is severely endangered. Endemic species have decreased due to human activities like agriculture and logging, which are the root causes of deforestation and animal and plant biodiversity loss.

Effects of Stone Barriers on Soil Physicochemical Characteristics under Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.) Cropping Fields Northern of Côte d’Ivoire

In the north of Cote d’Ivoire, the rural economy is heavily dependent on cotton cultivation which is characterized by low yield. One of the main causes of low productivity is low level of soil fertility caused by erosion. The stone barriers technique is used to fight against erosion and to improve soil fertility. This work was carried out to assess the effects during 1-year-old stone barriers on selected soil physicochemical properties on two geographical locations where soil samples from 0 to 30 cm depth were selected. A total of 60 composite soil samples (30 × 2) were collected. One year after installing the stone bunds in cotton cultivation, the soil was sampled under the same conditions. The soil samples were analyzed for pH (H2O), organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av.P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchange bases (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and particle size (clay, coarse silt and sand) contents. The results show that the stone bunds significantly increased the water pH, the soil levels of calcium, magnesium, silt and coarse sand. On the other hand, they significantly lowered the levels of assimilable phosphorus, clay and fine sand in soils. CEC and soil carbon, nitrogen, potassium, sodium and fine silt content did not vary significantly. This study must be repeated in the years to come in order to determine the impact of stone barriers in the medium and long term on soil fertility in the north of Côte d’Ivoire.

Traditional medicine in the treatment of bovine diseases in Northern Côte d'Ivoire

Traditional practices involved in veterinary care are common, but are gradually disappearing because they are not being passed on to the younger generation. The present study aims to safeguard and enhance, through documentation, the knowledge as well as the ethno-medicinal veterinary practices rich in recipes, which tend to be lost or even disappear. Thus, an ethnoveterinary survey, conducted in the North of Cote d'Ivoire among 50 livestock breeders in three sub-prefectures of the Ferkessedougou department, reveals 34 types of recipes using 25 species of plants divided into 17 families and 21 genera. The most dominant families are the Meliaceae (23.53%). Among the organs of all the listed plants, the leaves are the most used (32.43%), and the majority of the remedies are obtained by decoction (56.67%). Most of the diseases treated are diarrhoea and malaria, with a rate of 17.07%; stomach aches, rum, foot and mouth disease and intestinal worms, each representing 7.31%. The oral route is the most commonly used method of administration (93%). The results obtained may constitute a database for further research that could reveal the efficacy of these plants.

Morphological characteristics and distribution of colletotrichum isolates morphotypes infecting mango (Mangifera indica L.) in the north of Côte d’Ivoire

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is the most important field and postharvest disease infecting mango worldwide. A survey was conducted in the seven mango producing districts in the north of Cote d'Ivoire to identify and characterize Colletotrichum species isolates associated with mango leaves necrosis and fruit rots. A total of 70 isolates were identified based on morphological and cultural characters. Most of isolate colour were grey or grey whitish (36%), cottony (71%) with cylindrical conidia (97%) rounded on both ends (57%). Three texture types were observed in colonies of the seventy isolates. Most of the isolates were cottony (71%) followed by abundant aspect (23%) and closely appressed (6%). According to conidia shape, two species of Colletotrichum; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (97%) and C. acutatum(3%) were identified in the seventy isolates. Conidia length and width varied respectively from 15.4to 19.7μm and 4.8 to 5.2 μm. The Average Linear Growth Rate (ALGR) 7 days after culture varied from 0.76 to 0.91 cm day-1. Multivariate analysis grouped the 70 isolates into four morphotypes containing, respectively: 5 (7%), 7 (10%), 17 (24%) and 41 (59%) isolates. Isolates of morphotype 1 were characterized by whitish obverse and reverse colour with an abundant mycelia aerial aspect. The second morphotypes were represented by isolates with obverse and reverse brownish grey colour and contained both conidia with two rounded ends, and one rounded and one sharped ends. The third morphotype consisted of isolates with obverse and reverse grey whitish colour. The fourth morphotype consisted of isolates with obverse and reverse respectively dark grey and grey or vice versa. Conidial length and width of morphotypes varied, respectively, from 14.5 to 17.2 μm and 4.6 to 5.2 μm. ALGR of morphotypes varied from 0.84 to 0.87 μm day-1. The present study highlighted that morphological variation of Colletotrichum species existed among the different isolates and the districts surveyed. However, to overcome the inadequacies of this traditional morphological identification, sequence analyses are needed to be carried out to confirm the identity of these Colletotrichum species isolates.

NUTRITIVE POTENTIAL OF THE PULP OF THREE WILD FRUIT SPECIES COMMONLY CONSUMED IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Baobab (Adansonia digitata), Tomi (Tamarindus indica) and Nere (Parkia biglobosa) are trees whose fruits are highly appreciated in Cote d’Ivoire but are threatened with extinction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional properties of these fruits for their valorization. For this purpose, a physicochemical characterization of the pulp of these fruits collected in a north of Cote d’Ivoire was carried out. Data showed that fruits pulp was mainly characterized by low water (8.66–19.90%), fat (0.64–1.42%), protein (2.53–4.50%) and ash (1.36–5.06%) content while high levels of total carbohydrate (71.50–81.93%), total sugars (30.35–71.66 %), total fiber (22.65–41.14 %) and energy (309.72–353.90 Kcal/100g) are noticed. Pulps acidity varied from 12 meq.g/ Kg to 160 meq.g/Kg with richness in tannin (518.75-1020.90 mg/100 g) and total phenol (430.55–1226.19 mg/100 g).

Change in termite communities along a chronosequence of mango tree orchards in the north of Côte d’Ivoire

Termites constitute the major component of the macrofauna of the soil, and influence the structure of the soil, in tropical regions. This study aimed to estimate their assemblages in a chronosequence of mango tree orchards in the north of Cote d’Ivoire and compare them with those in unmanaged savanna. Using a standardized method of rapid biodiversity estimation, termites were collected in seven age classes of mango tree orchards (class 1: <5 years; class 2: 5–9 years; class 3: 10–14 years; class 4: 15–19 years; class 5: 20–24 years; class 6: 25–29 years; class 7: 30 years and over) and compared with termites collected from the savanna. Results show that the species richness was lowest in the young orchards of class 1 (9 species), and increased with the age of the orchards to reach its maximum in the old orchards of class 7 (28 species); these latter were comparable in richness with the savanna (26 species). The Shannon index (H’) and the evenness (E) follow the same trend as the species richness. The orchards of classes 1 and 2 were more dissimilar to the savanna. In contrast, termites were well represented in the savanna and in the old orchard of classes 6 and 7. Rhinotermitinae and Cubitermitinae subfamilies, absent in the young orchards of classes 1 and 2, were very abundant in the old orchards (classes 6 and 7). Overall, the findings of this study show that only the old mango orchards sustain termite diversity that comes close to that of the savanna. In this region, the cessation of agricultural activities in mango orchards favors the reconstitution of termite communities and presumably the restoration of the ecosystem services provided by termites. Thus it would be possible to combine agriculture and the conservation soil biodiversity.

Variability of production out of fruits of Shea trees

Vitellaria paradoxa, generally known under the name of shea tree is an endemic fruit tree of sudanese zone of Africa. This tree provides to local populations, tasty fruits, medical products, wood resisting and especially butter, the shea butter, universally known. The activities of research concentrated on the lightening of the constraints of treatment of butter. Thus, in spite of its many uses and its economic importance, the shea tree remains still an entirely wild resource. Its production out of fruits is irregular from one year to another. The irregularity of the production out of fruits makes difficult the industrial exploitation of the plant. The causes of this interannual variability of the production out of fruits were not explained yet. The present study, carried out in the North of Cote d'Ivoire, is an attempt at explanation of the interannual variability of the production out of fruits of the species. It made it possible to highlight, of trees with good regular production beside others with irregular production. The presence of producing good trees in the settlements of shea tree shows that the genetic improvement of the species is possible.

Valeur nutritive comparée de deux paturages mixtes (savane + &lt;i&gt;Stylosanthes hamata&lt;/i&gt; et &lt;i&gt;Panicum C1 + S.hamata&lt;/i&gt;) exploités très tardivement en saison sèche au nord de la Cote d'Ivoire

Nutritive value of two mixte pastures (Savannah + Stylosanthes hamata and Panicum C1 + S.hamata ) harvested late during the dry season in the North of Cote d'Ivoire

Evidence of the Presence of Two Serotypes of Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus in Côte d'Ivoire

Serological variability of isolates of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) collected in Cote d'Ivoire was assessed by immunological tests with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Two serotypes (named S1 and S2) were distinguished. The S1 isolates had common epitopes which were absent in S2 isolates, whereas they lacked epitopes shared by S2 isolates. There was no evidence of S1 and S2 mixtures, although S1 and S2 isolates were sometimes found in nearby sites. Serotype S2 was more prevalent in Cote d'Ivoire than S1, and was in a large majority in the centre and the south of the country. By contrast, S1 occurred more widely in the north. S1 isolates were also found in neighbouring countries at the north of Cote d'Ivoire. In tests with monoclonal antibodies, three additional serotypes were found, one in West-Africa and two in East-Africa. Using the primers developed against an S2 isolate from Cote d'Ivoire, all S2 but not the S1 isolates were transcribed and amplified by RT-PCR, and another set of primers was developed to amplify S1 isolates. S1 and S2 have different biological properties, and competition between isolates of the two strains was apparent resulting in S2 dominance over S1. This was assessed using S1 and S2 strain specific MAbs, and it occurred whatever the pattern of inoculation or the rice variety tested. Differences in pathogenicity and virus titre did not account for strain competition, as there was no relation between symptom severity, virus content and serotype of the isolates in Oryza sativa indica cultivars.

Evolution des systèmes agraires dans le nord de la Côte d'Ivoire : les débats "Boserup versus Malthus" et "Compétition versus complémentaire" revisités

Une analyse socio-economique sur les exploitations agricoles dans quatre villages de la region de Dikodougou (nord de la Cote d'Ivoire) permet de nuancer deux debats sur l'evolution des systemes agraires en Afrique subsaharienne. Premierement, les deux points de vue de la controverse «Boserup versus Malthus» se completent plus qu'elles s'opposent. Dans une premiere phase, l'accroissement demographique enclenche bien des mecanismes malthusiens (enherbement, degradation du milieu biophysique, de la fertilite globale et de la rentabilite du systeme de production traditionnel) creant ainsi des conditions propices a l'adoption de la traction animale. Dans une deuxieme phase, le changement du systeme de production illustre bien la reponse boserupienne a une situation ou le systeme traditionnel ne repond plus aux nouvelles conditions socioeconomiques. Deuxiemement, l'analyse economique propose a nuancer le debat «competition versus complementarite» entre le coton et les cultures vivrieres. La these de competition semble seulement valable pour les exploitations non mecanisees, ou le coton rentre en competition avec les cultures vivrieres quant a la force de travail. Cependant, la deuxieme phase de l'evolution des systemes de production (utilisation d'intrants, passage de la culture manuelle vers la culture attelee) est possible grâce aux conditions favorables (acces aux intrants, aux credits et au savoir-faire) creees par la CIDT (Compagnie Ivoirienne de Developpement des Textiles). (Resume d'auteur)

Aspects off the epidemiology of okra leaf curl virus in Côte d'lvoire

Abstract Transmission of okra leaf curl virus by seed or by mechanical inoculation was not demonstrated. Transmission by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci Genn. from okra to okra was successful but not from okra to cassava or N. benthamiana. The disease was more prevalent in the savannah area in the north of Cote d'lvoire than in the forest area to the south. The spatial distribution of infected plants and the whitefly vector led to gradients downwind from sources of infection.