North Indian Adults Research Articles

Dietary Calcium Intake and Association with Serum Calcium in Healthy Urban North Indian Adults: The Calcium-Chandigarh Urban Bone Epidemiological Study

Abstract Introduction: Data on dietary calcium intake (DCI) from healthy North Indian adults are limited. Hence, the present study aims to assess DCI in healthy community-dwelling adults residing in an affluent North Indian city and correlate with serum biochemical parameters. Methods: Healthy men and women were recruited from the community by door-to-door surveys. Serum total calcium, phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and iPTH were estimated. DCI was assessed by recalling the diet consumed in the previous 7 days. Results: A total of 291 participants were included (mean age = 39.4 ± 12.9 years). The mean (± standard deviation) and median (inter-quartile range) DCI were 392.6 ± 169.1 mg/day and 391 (274-518) mg/day, respectively. DCI was higher in men compared with women. Only 21.3% of participants had DCI more than RDA (600 mg/day). Serum calcium was found to be significantly higher across each quartile of DCI. On multiple linear regression analysis, DCI emerged as an independent positive predictor of serum total calcium. Conclusion: DCI is low in urban Indians. Promotion of consumption of dairy products and fortification of commonly consumed foods with calcium is needed.

Normative Data for Motor Free Visual Perception Test- 4 in Indian Population Between 50-60 Years in Normal Healthy Individuals

Visual perceptual skills are critical for performing various tasks, making them a key focus in Occupational Therapy, particularly across different diagnoses. The Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-4) is a standardized tool used to evaluate visual perception independent of motor abilities in individuals aged 4 to 80+. Although MVPT-4 has been widely used across diverse populations, normative data for adults, especially in the Indian population, is limited. This study aims to establish normative data for healthy North Indian adults aged 50-60. A total of 100 individuals (50 males, 50 females) were assessed using MVPT-4. Test scores were recorded, and statistical analysis was performed. Results indicated an average score of 27.2 (SD = 7.31) in females and 29.32 (SD = 7.45) in males. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of visual perceptual abilities in the Indian population and provide normative data for future research and clinical practice in the region.

Kidney Dimensions and its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters in Healthy North Indian Adults

Background: Knowledge of kidney size is important in the assessment of kidney function. Changes in kidney size can occur in various kidney diseases due to different causes, hence knowledge of normal kidney dimensions in a population is crucial for diagnosis, follow-up and prognostication. While data from other parts of the world does not apply to the Indian population due to differences in ethnicity, diet and body sizes, and there is also a lack of standardized data on normal kidney sizes in healthy Indian adults. Materials and Methods: Kidney dimensions from 600 healthy adult volunteers ranging between 20 and 70 years of age were measured with sonography by a single radiologist. Differences in dimensions between men and women, and right and left kidney were analyzed. Finally, kidney sizes were correlated with anthropometric variables such as weight, age, body surface area (BSA), height and body mass index. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was correlated with kidney length and renal parenchymal volume (RPV). Results: The mean kidney length of the whole cohort, irrespective of gender was found to be 9.6 ± 0.7 cm on the right and 9.9 ± 0.7 cm on the left. Mean kidney length in males was significantly more as compared to females on both sides. Both the kidney length and RPV were significantly associated with BSA, weight and height (in that order) in females, whereas in males, kidney length and RPV best correlated with height, BSA and weight (in that order). In both sexes, there was a significant negative correlation between age and kidney length, RPV. eGFR had a significant positive correlation with kidney length and RPV in the cohort. Conclusion: Normal sonographic mean kidney length was 9.6±0.7 cm and 9.9±0.7 cm on the right and left sides respectively in healthy North Indian population, with the left kidney being larger than the right in all dimensions (length, width, thickness and RPV). Kidney sizes in males were found to be larger than females. Correlation with anthropometric parameters in our study, emphasizes the need to give due consideration to normal variations in kidney sizes with age, gender, height, weight and BSA to differentiate between a normal and a pathologically small or large kidney.

Three-dimensional prediction of the nose for facial reconstruction: A preliminary study on North Indian adults

Forensic facial reconstruction is the last recourse to establish the identity of an unknown skull. The facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) is required to reconstruct various facial features on a skull. Unlike other facial features, the nose is made of cartilaginous tissue except for a small nasal bone. A large cavity (pyriform aperture) exists on the skull in place of the nose, which makes it a challenging job for reconstruction. The nose is a vital feature for the recognition of a face. Any change in the shape or size of the nose can alter the original aesthetic of the face. The present study proposes angles and regression functions on the bony structure to predict the various parts of the soft nose. A sample of computed tomography (CT) images of 100 males and 100 females aged between 18 and 45 years were included in the study. Apart from measuring fourteen linear parameters with three angles, simple linear regression models were derived for five pairs of parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficients for most of the parameters ranging between 0.221 and 0.872 were found to be significant at p ≤ 0.05 level. FSTT at three anatomical landmarks of the nose was also measured. A morphological observation study was undertaken to find the most frequent direction of the bony anterior nasal spine (ans) and its relation with the position of the pronasale (prn) on the soft nose. The devised parameters proposed in the study may also prove useful for reconstructing the nose in other populations.

ACE I/D polymorphism in cognitive impairment and depression among North Indian adults: a pilot study

BackgroundCognitive impairment and depression are two common mental health conditions affecting millions worldwide. CI and depression both have complex etiology and multiple genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in their onset and progression. Further, CI and depression often occur as comorbidities, indicating an overlap in their etiologies. The likelihood of developing major depressive illness and CI, the prognosis in response to treatments, and the possibility of adverse reactions to antidepressant medicines are all significantly influenced by genetics. Looking at the limited literature on the role of ACE I/D polymorphism in CI and depression among Indian populations, the present population-based pilot study was conducted with the aim to understand the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with CI and depression among North Indian adults.ResultsThe present study was conducted among 195 individuals aged 30 years and above. The results of the present study show that the distributions of some of the studied sociodemographic variables, viz., gender, educational status, and employment status, were significantly different between those with and without CI, where a higher percentage of females, nonliterate and unemployed participants were in CI group than in the without CI group (p value < 0.05). For cognitive impairment, none of the models showed a statistically significant association with ACE I/D genotypes or alleles. For depression, two of the models showed a statistically significant association with ACE I/D genotypes or alleles. The ID + DD (D allele) and DD genotypes of ACE I/D polymorphism, with II as a reference, were found to pose a significantly reduced risk for depression (p value < 0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that the D allele of ACE I/D gene polymorphism poses a potentially reduced risk of depression among North Indian adults. In the case of cognitive impairment, the findings suggest that gender, educational status, and employment status may be important factors to consider when assessing the risk of cognitive impairment. However, more research is needed to better understand the complex interplay between sociodemographic and genetic factors and cognitive impairment and depression.

Comparison of facial attractiveness with golden proportion anthropometrically in young North Indian females

The purpose of this anthropometric study was to assess the facial attractiveness by directly measuring various facial proportions and comparing them to golden ratio in a sample of young adult North Indian females. 120 female sample subjects were assessed for facial attractiveness. Frontal facial photographs of these females were obtained and subjected to score evaluation for grouping into 3 groups viz group I unpleasant face group, group II acceptable face group, group III pleasant face group, by a group of 6 evaluators individually. Anthropometric measurements were taken on the subject’s face in frontal view by marking various landmarks. Various facial proportions were measured and recorded using calibrated calipers and then compared with golden proportion.In group I, facial indices ratio Al-Al/ Ch-Ch (0.697) shows a comparable ratio to the golden proportion. Group II showed no relationship with golden proportion for any facial ratios. In group III, facial ratio Al-Al/ N-Sn (0.685) shows a comparable ratio to the golden proportion. There was no statistically significant difference found in the golden proportion among the three groups viz unpleasant face group, acceptable face group and pleasant face group. Ideal golden proportions may partially govern the standards of beauty, but they were not analogous to the beauty or facial esthetics of the attractive females in the present study. This may be the result because beauty perception is subjective &amp; depends on a variety of factors.

Global DNA Methylation Levels Viz-a-Viz Genetic and Biochemical Variations in One Carbon Metabolic Pathway: An Exploratory Study from North India.

Despite the importance of one carbon metabolic pathway (OCMP) in modulating the DNA methylation process, only a few population-based studies have explored their relationship among healthy individuals. This study aimed to understand the variations in global DNA methylation levels with respect to selected genetic (CBS 844ins68, MTRR A66G, MTR A2756G, and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms) and biochemical (folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine) markers associated with OCMP among healthy North Indian adults. The study has been conducted among 1095 individuals of either sex (69.5% females), aged 30-75 years. A sample of 5 mL of blood was collected from each participant. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels were determined using the chemiluminescence technique. Restriction digestion was performed for genotyping MTRR A66G, MTR A2756G, and MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and allele-specific PCR amplification for CBS 844ins68 polymorphism. Global DNA methylation levels were analyzed using ELISA-based colorimetric technique. Of the selected genetic and biochemical markers, the mutant MTRR A66G allele was positively associated with global DNA methylation levels. Further, advanced age was inversely associated with methylation levels. MTRR 66GG genotype group was hypermethylated than other genotypes in folate replete and vitamin B12 deficient group (a condition prevalent among vegetarians), suggesting that the G allele may be more efficient than the wild-type allele in such conditions. Global DNA methylation levels appeared to be more influenced by genetic than biochemical factors. MTRR 66G allele may have a selective advantage in vitamin B12 deficient conditions. Further research should be undertaken to understand how genetics affects epigenetic processes.

Correlation of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness with One-hour Postload Plasma Glucose (1h-PPG) in Overweight and Obese North Indian Adults

Background: Cardiovascular morbidities like arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis have a negative association with insulin resistance, which can be identified by carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) measurement. One-hour postload plasma glucose (1 h-PPG) is a novel marker for early identification of insulin resistance, but very few studies are available on its relationship with CIMT. Objective: To identify the correlation of CIMT with 1 h-PPG in overweight and obese adults without diabetes. Methods: Individuals not having known diabetes or other chronic illnesses were identified and subjected to the initial anthropometric analysis for body mass index (BMI) calculation. A standard oral glucose tolerance test was performed on individuals with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 for 1 h-PPG values, and a B-mode ultrasound scan of the neck was used for CIMT measurement. A Pearson’s correlation statistical test was applied for correlation identification. Results: A total of 94 nondiabetic individuals participated, of whom 55 (58.5%) were women. Mean age, BMI, and CIMT values of the study population were 38.8 (±8.09) years, 29.6 (±3.22) kg/m2, and 0.72 (±0.10) mm, respectively. Average 1 h-PPG levels were 150.7 (±21.11) mg/dl, and the Pearson’s coefficient ( r) value with CIMT was 0.5792 ( P &lt; 0.05). Further, correlation analysis demonstrated an r-value of −0.0029 for BMI, −0.1293 for waist-hip ratio, −0.0047 for waist-height ratio, 0.3862 for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and −0.2930 for 2 h-PPG. Conclusion: In euglycemic adults, the early insulin resistance defining parameter, i.e., 1 h-PPG levels had a consistent positive correlation with CIMT, which is a marker of the initial stages of atherosclerosis.

Development and evaluation of food photograph series software for portion size estimation among urban North Indian adults

BACKGROUND: Accurate population specific aids are needed for food portion size estimation in diet assessment. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a food photograph series software for accurate portion size estimation among urban North Indian adults. METHODS: A preliminary food consumption survey was conducted on 60 adults (25–60 years, male = female = 30) selected purposively from urban Delhi. A range of portion sizes of commonly consumed food items were standardized and photographed at 45 degree angle. An online portion size estimation tool was developed comprising data on 368 recipes and photographs for 313 food items. Real time (part A) and recalled estimation after 24 hours (part B) was done for pre-weighed food portions by participants (n = 30, 25–60 years, male = female = 15) using the software. RESULTS: The % mean relative error in estimation of 24 pre-weighed food portions was –5±22.61% and 13.07±53.22% for parts A and B respectively. Significant correlation between actual and estimated food portions was observed (r &gt; 0.90, p &lt; 0.0001). Correct picture was selected by participants in≥60% estimations while correct or adjacent picture was selected in≥89% estimations. CONCLUSIONS: The software is a useful aid for dietitians and other nutrition professionals for accurate portion size estimation among urban North Indian adults.

THE STUDY OF QUADRICEPS ANGLE WITH CORRELATION OF BODY HEIGHT IN NORTH INDIAN ADULT HUMAN POPULATION

Title- The study of Quadriceps angle with correlation of Height in North Indian Adult Human Population.&#x0D; Objective- The objective of the study is to establish the bilateral inconsistency in the mean Q- angle (Quadriceps angle) value in both male and female. This study is to examine the correlation between Q- angle (quadriceps angle) values and the Body height.&#x0D; Background- Before taking the measurement, the persons were positioned such that the hips and knees were in extension, the quadriceps muscles were relaxed, and the legs and ankles were neutral. Following mark­ing, one of the arms of the manual goniometric was placed such that the ASIS and the patellar middle point were combined, and the other arm was placed so that the tuberose as tibia and the patellar centre were collective. The measurement value was recorded after the manual goniometry was placed.&#x0D; Subjects- The present study was done on 500 adult subjects (300 male and 200 female) of north Indian origin.&#x0D; Methods- The Q angle is measured with a full circle universal manual goniometry which is made of clear steel with the subject standing in the erect weight-bearing position.&#x0D; Result- The dimension of Quadriceps angle values in males from right side (mean 13.25) and from left side (mean 13.41) , the Q- angle values in females from right side (mean 16.97) and from left side (mean 16.35) (P&lt;0.0001). The result shows that the Q- angle was more prominent in females than in males. The variation of Q-angle with dominant side revealed that left side of Q- angle (both males and females) was more often greater than right side.&#x0D; Conclusion and Discussion- The Quadriceps angle value of both males and females decreases with increases in body height which shows a positive correlation with body height. Positive correlation exists between Quadriceps angle and Body height.

Correlation between visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in adult north Indian population from Gurugram region with glaucoma suspect

: To find the correlation between visual field and retinal nerve layer thickness in adult North Indian population from Gurugram region with glaucoma suspect. Correlative and quantitative study was carried between the visual field and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of 400 adult eyes. The age of subjects participating in the study ranged between 18 to 80 years with mean age 45 ± 14years. The standard automated perimetry was acquired by Humphrey visual field analyser using 24-2 SITA standard strategy. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured by Spectral Domain OCT (3D OCT2000FA). Visual field was performed on the same day or within ± three months of OCT acquisition. Statistical analysis was performed using MS Excel, SPSS (ver.20) and other descriptive statistical tools.: The mean MD and PSD were -2.79 dB ±2.21 and 2.52 dB ±1.49, respectively. The average thickness of RNFL of the four quadrants calculated was 98.40 µm±10.70. RNFL thickness in an inferior and superior quadrant was 122.49µm ± 16.71 and 118.86 µm ±15.21 respectively. The mean cup to disc area ratio (CDAR) in the glaucoma suspect subject was 0.60± 0.10, and the vertical cup to disc ratio (VCDR) was 0.74± 0.074. Correlation of the average RNFL thickness, Inferior RNFL thickness and superior RNFL thickness with GHT was 0.245(P=0.011), 0.19 (P=0.094) and 0.27, (P=0.004), respectively. Superior RNFL thickness showed a more significant Correlation (r= 0.193, P&amp;#60;0.01) with mean deviation (MD) of the visual field. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness demonstrated a weak to mild and statistically significant correlation with the visual field. The correlation of average RNFL thickness with Visual field global indices and parameters were significant but weaker. Correlation between superior RNFL thicknesses was highest with GHT in adult North India Gurugram subjects with glaucoma suspect. Superior RNFL thickness showed a higher Correlation with Mean deviation (MD) and VFI of the visual field

HLA and Non-HLA gene polymorphisms in autoimmune hepatitis patients of North Indian adults.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic and progressive disease of the liver. This is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with both environmental factors and genetic factors playing a role in its pathogenesis. Certain environmental agents like viruses, drugs, etc., can trigger the disease in a genetically susceptible individual. The present study was aimed to explore the distribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1, Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) polymorphisms in North Indian adult AIH patients and their associations with clinical and pathological characteristics associated with the disease. A total of 147 subjects with 47 cases and 100 healthy controls were enrolled. Diagnosis of AIH was made by Revised International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group scoring system. HLA-DRB1 Typing was done by Luminex-based reverse Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide Probing (SSOP). Single nucleotide variant (SNV) genotyping for CTLA-4 and PTPN22 was done by simple probe-based SNP arrays. Results indicated SLA positive AIH patients are poor responders to therapy. A significant predispositional association of HLA-DRB1*03 was observed in AIH patients from the North Indian population (p= 0.0001, OR=4.83 (2.30-10.15). The frequency of the GG genotype of CTLA-4 CT 60 was significantly increased in AIH patients compared to controls. Multinomial analysis showed that CTLA-4 CT 60 is an independent predictor for cases.

Correlation of Sagittal Abdominal Diameter and Other Anthropometric Parameters with Serum Leptin Levels in Young AdultsA Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Leptin is secreted in concentrations proportional to body fat mass. The anthropometric parameter among Sagittal Abdominal Diameter (SAD), Body Mass Index (BMI), Hip Circumference (HC), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-Height Ratio (WHtR) that correlates maximally with serum leptin levels could be used preferably to assess adiposity. Aim: The present study aims to correlate serum leptin levels with SAD, BMI, HC, WC, WHR and WHtR in young and healthy North Indian adults. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted jointly in the Department of Physiology and Biochemistry at the King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from September 2015 to August 2016 and it included apparently healthy individuals, aged 18-25 years, native to North India, after obtaining an informed consent. A convenient sample size of 100 was taken. One investigator took all anthropometric measurements. (SAD, BMI, HC, WC, WHR and WHtR) RayBio human leptin ELISA kit was used for the estimation of leptin level. For statistical analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. P&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study involved 55 males and 45 aged 21.4±1.5 years with BMI 22.7±2.7 kg/m2 , HC 91.5±6.9 cm, WC 81.9±7.9 cm, WHR 0.9±0.1, WHtR 0.50±0.04, SAD 20.8±3.1 cm and serum leptin level 389.6±102.7 pg. Serum leptin level correlated significantly with HC (r=0.23, p=0.02), WC (r=0.29, p=0.003), WHtR (r=0.36, p&lt;0.001), and SAD (r=0.56, p&lt;0.001). A non significant correlation was obtained with BMI (r=0.15, p=0.12) and WHR (r=0.11, p=0.26). Conclusion: SAD is a better predictor of body fat and hence, cardiometabolic health than other anthropometric parameters in the present study, as it correlated most strongly with serum leptin levels.

Estimation of Stature from Foot Length in Sub - Adult North Indian Population

Estimation of Stature from Foot Length in Sub - Adult North Indian Population

Efficacy and safety of various oral regimens (three oral doses) and schedules (daily v. monthly) of cholecalciferol in North Indian adults with low vitamin D status: evidence from a randomised controlled trial.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency (serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration of < 20 ng/ml), in endemic proportions, demands a supplementation strategy with optimal dosing regimens. A randomised parallel-group, active-controlled trial was conducted among apparently healthy, VD-deficient subjects, aged 18-60 years who received 600 μg/d (Group A), 1000 μg/d (Group B), 2000 μg/d (Group C) and 60000 μg/month (Group D) of oral cholecalciferol. The intervention was carried in two phases (I and II) of 12 weeks each, with same dose, separated by a washout phase of 12 weeks. Serum 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormones (iPTH), Ca, phosphorous (PO4), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and spot urine Ca/Cr were measured at baseline, 12, 24 and 36 weeks following the intervention, and adverse events were recorded at each occurrence and at 12, 24 and 36 weeks. A statistically significant time-group interaction was found in serum 25(OH)D concentration (P < 0·05). Serum 25(OH)D concentration increased significantly from baseline to 12 weeks (P < 0·05) in all the groups with no change at 24 weeks but further increase at 36 weeks (P < 0·05). At the end of the study, Group C had maximum increment in serum 25(OH)D concentration, while as Groups C and D (95 %, and 90 %) had higher proportion of subjects VD sufficient than Groups A and B (65 % and 78 %) (P < 0·05). No significant time-dose interactions were observed in serum iPTH, Ca, PO4 and ALP or urine Ca/Cr ratio. Three subjects (two in Group C and one in Group D) developed transient hypercalciuria. Supplementation with daily 2000 μg or monthly 60000 μg of oral cholecalciferol among adults seems optimal and safe.

Renal Volume Nomogram on Computed Tomography in North Indian Population Correlated with Age, Gender and Height

Introduction: Assessment of renal size is a difficult task in view of the complex shape of kidney. Among different imaging modalities Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) owing to their 3 Dimensional reconstructional ability are quite helpful in assessment of kidney size. A relationship between renal size and anthropometric parameters is an issue of interest. Aim: To assess kidney size in North Indian adult population using CT and to assess its relationship with age, sex and height. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done over a period of two years (January 2018 to December 2019) in which a total of 300 adults aged between 20-90 years with normal renal function were enrolled. Age and sex of subjects was noted and their heights were measured. All the subjects underwent computed tomographic assessment for kidney size using 384 Slice Somatom Force, Seimens Corp. Multidetected CT machine. Contrast enhanced abdominal CT was performed to visualise the kidneys. Linear renal dimensions (length, lateral diameter, anteriorposterior diameter) were measured and renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid volume formula. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 software. Independent samples t-test, paired t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson coefficient constants were calculated. Results: A total of 300 subjects were included, with the mean age of subjects were 41.12 years. Exactly half (50%) were males. Mean kidney size was 94.62 (95% CI: 90.27-98.97) cm3 for right side and 119.84 (95% CI=113.40-126.29) cm3 for left side. Average kidney size was 107.23 (95% CI=102.66-111.80) cm3. For both the sides, males had significantly larger kidney as compared to that of females (p-value &lt;0.01). With increasing age, a significant decline in kidney size was observed (p-value &lt;0.001). With increasing height, a significant increase in kidney size was observed (p-value &lt;0.001). Height showed a significant positive correlation with both right and left side of kidney size (r=0.588, p-value &lt;0.05). Conclusion: The present study provided the normal range for kidney size among North Indian adults using CT. The findings showed an age, gender and height dependence of kidney size in present study population.

Patatin like phospholipase domain - containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) gene polymorphism is associated with increased risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in North-Indian adults

Background and Aim: There is no data from North-India on role of apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) and PNPLA3 gene polymorphisms in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Aim of the present study was to determine the correlation of APOC3 and PNPLA3 gene polymorphisms with presence and severity of NAFLD in a North-Indian cohort.

Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes and its relationship with type 2 diabetes mellitus in North Indian adults

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) also referred as metabolic as metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause in progression of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of the present study is to assess the activity of liver enzymes in T2DM in North Indian population. MethodThis was a cross-sectional descriptive study clinic-based study in patients with T2DM. A total of 612 participants (226 healthy controls and 386 T2DM) were recruited. Body mass index (BMI), activity of liver enzymes including alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST) along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) along with total protein (TP) and albumin were also measured. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± SD, while qualitative variables as frequencies (%). Pearson/Spearman correlation test, unpaired t-test, Chi-squared test was used to assess the correlation, association and significant differences between study groups respectively. A P-value of < .05 was set as statistically significant. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ® Statistics, version 23 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) was used to for analysis of data. ResultsThe study was conducted on 386 T2DM patients, and out of 386 patients, 139 (36.01%) were male (P < .000) and 247 (63.98%) were female. The mean age of the T2DM patients was 46.4 ± 13.6 years, while healthy individuals have mean age of 39.2 ± 12.0 years (P < .000). It was observed that the activity of AST in T2DM is comparable with the healthy persons (P = .060). While the level of ALT, total bilirubin and ALP in T2DM is significantly higher compared to healthy control (P < .000). On average, 62.53% of T2DM subjects and 32% of participants of healthy subjects had abnormal liver enzymes activity. ConclusionThe present study has revealed widely co-existent derangements in liver function tests (LFTs) in the diabetic population of North India. A detailed workup in such patients may be helpful in timely diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, early detection and management of abnormal liver parameters in T2DM would help minimize liver-related morbidity and mortality.

Changes in corneal curvature and visual acuity in North Indian adults after pterygium excision with modified sutureless, glueless limbal-conjunctival autograft.

Purpose:To identify the exact time point during after following pterygium excision with a modified technique of sutureless, glueless limbal-conjunctival autograft, when stabilization of the change in corneal curvature is achieved; correlate size of pterygium with uncorrected visual acuity and astigmatism at baseline, and assess changes in these parameters postoperatively over time.Methods:This prospective study longitudinally assessed 30 eyes of 30 north Indian adults with primary pterygium encroaching upon ≥1 mm of the cornea pre- and postoperatively at 1 week and then monthly for 4 months, recording uncorrected (UCVA) and best-corrected logMAR visual acuity, astigmatism and keratometry. Results were analyzed using ANOVA, Mauchly’s test of sphericity with Greenhouse–Geisser correction, and post-hoc test using Bonferroni correction. Pearson’s correlation coefficient r > 0.5 was considered clinically significant, and P < 0.05 statistically significant.Results:Pterygium size was well correlated with pre-operative astigmatism (r = 0.867, P < 0.001) and pre-operative UCVA (r = 0.856, P < 0.001). There was mean improvement of 0.43 logMAR units of visual acuity (P < 0.00001), a mean increase of 0.79D of keratometric value for the flatter meridian (P < 0.00001) and a mean reduction of 2.00D of astigmatism (P < 0.00001). At 2-month follow-up, the keratometric value for the flatter meridian approached the final keratometric reading at 4 months such that the difference was not significant (t = 1.185, P = 0.245). There were no significant complications or recurrence during the follow-up period.Conclusion:Pterygium excision with modified autograft reduced corneal astigmatism and improved visual acuity comparable to classical technique. Alteration in corneal curvature stabilizes 2 months after surgery, when spectacle correction can be given to patients.

Occurrence of internal root resorption defects in anterior teeth with a history of concussion injury: A cross-sectional study among select adult North Indian dental patients

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of internal resorption (IR) defects in select adult North Indian population with a history of concussion injury to their anterior teeth. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of patients reporting with a history of concussion injury to their anterior teeth. At least two intraoral periapical radiographs, one at central and other at a 20° horizontal angulation, were taken for each of the affected teeth to check for any IR defect. The radiographs were inspected after placing them over a viewing box using magnifying glasses. Percentage of IR defects and their occurrence on the basis of tooth type, duration of trauma, gender, and side was assessed. Results: A total of 1507 patients reported with a history of a traumatic dental injury (TDI) to their anterior teeth. About 37.1% (560/1507) patients and 602 teeth with TDI had a history concussion injury. The percentage of patients with concussion injuries resulting in IR defect was 3.3% (19/560), and the percentage of teeth with IR defect was 3.16% (19/602). About 68.42% (13/19) were in males, and 31.58% (6/19) were in females; however, the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 1.05, P = 0.590). Most of the patients reported with a history of TDI within 0–5 years back, and the median age at the time of presentation was 20 years. Maxillary left central incisor was most affected, 4.84% (9/186) followed by maxillary right central incisor 3.5% (7/200) mandibular left lateral incisor 3.85% (1/26), mandibular left central incisor 3.57% (1/28), and maxillary lateral incisor 1.52% (1/66). Out of the 19 IR defects, 15 (78.9%) were located in the root, four were located coronally (21.05%), out of which 2 had a pink-colored crown. Conclusion: Silent injuries such as concussion and subsequent IR can potentially weaken the tooth; therefore, follow-up of patients with a history of TDIs is vital to rule out any developing but obscure resorptive defects.