Normative Rules Research Articles

Hybrids Before Nonprofits: Key Challenges, Institutional Logics, and Normative Rules of Behavior of News Media Dedicated to Social Welfare

This article proposes comparing nonprofit news organizations that prioritize social welfare goals with the hybrid organizational form that mixes the institutional logics of charities and business enterprises: the Social Enterprise. The institutional logic comprises organizing templates, patterns of actions and values. These Social News Enterprises (SNEs) are analyzed as hybrids mixing the institutional logics of commercial, public, and alternative news media. Financed by donations and the revenue from services, SNEs engage in public, investigative, and explanatory journalism. Normative behavioral principles of SNEs are used to compare the impact-based model of ProPublica with the growth-focused model of The Texas Tribune.

Impact of romantic Facebook “crush pages” on the Egyptian youth

Purpose Like many social media trends, the romantic craze charms Egyptian youth. Romantic Facebook crush pages popped up locally in the past few years among university students particularly. They expressed a new aspect of online social interaction that has raised red flags with some adults, while thought to be a new healthy way to pour youth’s hearts out anonymously in a so-called a conservative society for others. Some crush pages, in particular, drew concerns of several parents for they are more vulgar and aggressive submissions. Laying between the two arguments, this study aims to examine the extent to which Facebook users make use of it to pursue romance, if Facebook’s characteristics and social context reflected in users’ perceptions of romantic relationships, the implications of being in a romantic relationship on Facebook and if such FB practices could pose a state of moral panic or a public concern. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 200 Facebook users between 18 and 25 years was gathered. Furthermore, a content analysis of three Egyptian universities’ “crush pages” posts was applied. Findings The study highlighted the conflicting ideals of today’s Egyptian youth moral lives. Ultimately, there is an evidence that practices of using Facebook online crush pages have been creating new contested but delightful moral normative rules around love. Originality/value Crushes pages have been sweeping across Egyptian colleges and faculties; however, almost no Arabic study was done to figure out its impact. Furthermore, the study takes into account the socio-cultural background of the Egyptian society.

Queerness of Hallyu 2.0: Negotiating Non-normative Identities in K-pop Music Videos

This paper discusses the visual encodings of non-normativities in the selected K-pop music videos and seeks to establish them within the aesthetic of gendered desirability that deviates from what is considered a social norm in South Korean culture. The first part presents a short history and current boundaries of Korean pop music and the construct of gender and its (inter)relation with sex and rhetoric of desire are discussed. The next section maps out the changes in the understanding of normativity and the concept of queerness. The final part of the paper relates the theories and practices of non-normative identities to the visualities from post-2007 K-pop music videos, using examples to illustrate and contextualize them. The authors focus on the representations of masculinities and show how selected texts can be read as spaces of liminality defying normative cultural and social rules.

El método de la prueba indiciaria, aplicable para la valoración de indicios y la prueba directa en las sentencias sobre delitos de concusión (colusión), peculado y corrupción de funcionarios (cohecho)

Luego de culminado el juicio oral, en los delitos de concusión (colusión), peculado y corrupción de funcionarios (cohecho) frecuentemente no existe prueba directa. La «prueba indiciaria» debe valorarse utilizando el «principio de sana crítica», desarrollando los elementos de esta: a) la lógica, con sus principios de identidad, contradicción, razón suficiente, tercero excluido; b) las máximas de la experiencia (criterios normativos o reglas no jurídicas); c) conocimientos científicamente aceptados.El método de valoración de la prueba indiciaria implica utilizar la «inferencia deductiva», lo cual es adecuado. Este «método de valoración de la prueba indiciaria» debe aplicarse a la valoración de la «prueba directa», por ser más eficaz, para acercarnos a la verdad.

Managing experience co-creation practices: Direct and indirect inducement in pop-up food tourism events

Consumers performing the role of value-creators in experience co-creation introduces idiosyncrasies that challenge experiential consistency. Taking ‘pop-up’ dining events as its empirical focus, and drawing on semi-structured interviews with participants, this study examines how organisations and consumers interact to negotiate ambiguity, variability and consistency. The paper questions how organisers try to prescribe normative rules governing events. It considers how consumers invest in preparing for events, and engage in socialised performances to create unique experiences. The data are also used to show how peer surveillance shapes consumer expectations, behaviours and interpretations. Consequently, this study contributes to knowledge on the practical management of co-creation by conceptualising different pathways through which organisations and consumers attempt to orchestrate behaviours. Moreover, in theorising from the data, this paper distinguishes between direct and indirect modes of inducement used to achieve experiential outcomes, identifying how ‘value-signalling’ practices engage event stakeholders and shape their co-creation.

PRESCHOOLERS’ REGULATORY FUNCTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF A NORMATIVE SITUATION

Methodology. The development of a child’s self-regulation at preschool age is conditioned by the peculiarities of a cultural situation, which is represented by a set of invariant normative rules. Mastering the invariant cultural rules is understood as shaping the child’s cultural congruence and reflects the child’s development as an agent of his/her culture. To investigate the cognitive aspect of self-regulation, A. Miyake’s model of the “regulatory functions” was used. Within this model three interrelated and simultaneously independent factors were determined: working memory, the ability to shift attention and constraint control. The study purpose was to find out how the assimilation of the cultural rules of a “normative situation” (N. E. Veraksa) influenced the regulatory functions of preschool age children of different genders. Methods and research scheme. 113 children of 5–6 years old (58 boys and 55 girls) who attended the senior groups of the nursery schools of Sloviansk, Donetsk region and Pereiaslav,  Kyiv region and 113 mothers (from 24 to 44 years old) participated in the study. Cultural congruence was assessed using the questionnaire for parents that contained the invariant rules for children of 5–6 years old and allowed assessing the extent to which their children could comply with these rules. The regulatory functions was examined using the set of techniques which included the subscales of the testing battery NEPSY-II (Korkman et al., 2007) and the technique DCCS (Zelazo, 2006). Results. The verbal memory of the boys with higher cultural congruence was developed better, and the boys with the low congruency were able to shift their attention better from one task to another and better retain visual images. As for the girls, the development of their regulatory functions did not depend on their cultural congruence. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the gender specificity of the influence of cultural congruence on the children’s regulatory functions, which makes it possible to refine and compare the results with other studies. &nbsp

Can cognitive biases be good for entrepreneurs?

PurposeWhile some studies have found that cognitive biases are detrimental to entrepreneurial performance, others have conjectured that cognitive biases may stimulate entrepreneurial action. This study uses a typology of availability and representative heuristics to examine how two patterns of biases affect entrepreneurial performance. Drawing on ideas from cognitive science, this study predicts that various levels of biases in each pattern stimulate entrepreneurial behavior and performance.Design/methodology/approachA profile-deviation approach was employed to analyze data from 253 entrepreneurs and zero-truncated Poisson regression and the zero-truncated negative binomial regression to test hypotheses.FindingsThis study finds some positive associations between a particular level of cognitive biases in each of the two patterns and entrepreneurial behavior and performance. Results show that the patterns of biases often stimulate and never hurt entrepreneurial behavior and performance. The opposite holds for a lack of cognitive biases, which hurts and never stimulates entrepreneurial behavior and performance.Originality/valueThis study examines patterns of cognitive biases of entrepreneurs instead of single biases. The study broadens the perspective on the heuristics and cognitive biases of entrepreneurs by examining patterns of biases emanating from the availability and the representativeness heuristic that make a difference for entrepreneurial behavior and performance. The study also brings the “great rationality debate” closer to the entrepreneurship field by showing that a normative rule based on statistics and probability theory does not benefit entrepreneurial behavior and performance.

Strategi Penguatan Sintesa Partisipasi Masyarakat dan Manajemen Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah di Kabupaten Blora

The implementation of the musrenbang is a formal means of community participation even though it has met normative rules but has not been optimal in its participation. This study aims to describe how the Blora community participates in the making of the RKPD based on the categories of urban, rural, and samin communities and how the efforts to synthesize the culture of participation and management of RKPD making. This study applies a qualitative approach . The results of this study prove there are differences in the culture of participation between urban, rural and samin communities. A number of factors that support community participation include legislation; the existence of SIPPD; and the enthusiasm of the local government and the community to advance their region. A number of inhibiting factors still occur including the low capacity of the community; domination of local elites; the absence of a verification and guarantee mechanism for the proposed results of the musrenbang; and the uneven capacity of planners on every line of planning.

INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION AND THE EMERGING MARKETS

The models o f portfolio selection developed by Harıy Markowitz and James Tobin provide normative rules for the diversification of risky assets. These models have been extended and empirically tested after their first presentation; later, intemational diversification has been added to them. Both institutional and individual investors are increasingly attempting to diversify risk by spreading their portfolios across different national stock markets. This article reviews the argument for intemational investment, discusses the risk reduction effect of correlations between securities and concludes that emerging markets have an important role to play for asset aîlocation.

The ethical debate over child priority in post-mortem organ allocation: A scoping review and practical-ethical outlook

Organ allocation guidelines in many countries give children relative priority, but the normative justification of child priority is seldom articulated. We conducted a scoping review of the recent international literature (2013-2019) to identify moral positions and normative frameworks to justify or criticize pediatric priority in all kind of organ allocation. We identified 11 relevant papers. Our analysis revealed a complex juxtaposition of pro and contra argumentations along three main normative lines: a) equal treatment of each individual, b) individual benefit, and c) social benefit and the public good. The general type of argument can be found independent of the organ allocated. For each of these three lines we identified and categorized two types of argumentations: those in favor and those critical of the priority rule. Additionally, we discuss a problematic issue that has not yet been mentioned in the literature, namely the effects of age thresholds related to child-priority rules in organ allocation. We illustrate this problem with an analysis of selected German data with allocated postmortal kidneys and livers. These data show non-normal distributions of organ transplantations and waiting times for patients between the ages of 16 and 19. Our overview serves as a matrix to reconsider existing guideline policy. The review can assist policy makers or experts on organ allocation committees in increasing the transparency of child priority rules, in explaining their justifications, and in reforming existing guidelines.

The Cooperation Between Frontex and Third Countries in Information Sharing: Practices, Law and Challenges in Externalizing Border Control Functions

The aim of this article is to investigate whether the cooperation of Frontex with third countries in information sharing is in compliance with EU’s constitutional normative rules and values. Since more than a decade, border control and surveillance have been developed as policies instrumental to migration control. The shift towards risk management in many areas of public governance has implied that EU’s action at the external borders is built upon a combination of policies of securitization of migration and externalization of border management. Against this theoretical background, the article focuses on the external competences or powers of Frontex, mapping in particular practices of information sharing with third country authorities, which are functional to risk analysis, one of the core tasks of Frontex. It analyses working arrangements, intelligence sharing communities and cooperation taking place within the context of technical assistance. The article further discusses the legal challenges these types of cooperation brings to the EU, as a governance system based on the rule of law. These are indicated in transparency and accountability, respect for fundamental rights and privacy challenges. Frontex, external relations, information-sharing, cooperation with third countries, transparency and accountability, fundamental rights, data protection

Analysis of Risk Factors Occurrence of Juvenile Delinquency Behavior

Now a days juvenile delinquency is increasing in terms of number and type. Delinquency and criminality among teenagers are generally categorized as deviant behavior in society and can be interpreted as a form of teenage resistance to normative rules and values that apply in society. Many risk factors are related to deviant behavior. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the risk factors that influence the occurrence of juvenile delinquency. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design and a simple random sampling technique. The calculation results involved 295 samples. The independent variables were individuals, families, school environments, peer groups, coping mechanisms, lifestyles, and technologies. The dependent variable was juvenile delinquency. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The analysis used a multiple linear regression test with a significance level of α≤0.05. Results: Of the seven variables, six of them significantly influence juvenile delinquency. Technology is the variable that has the greatest influence on the occurrence of teenager wear. Conclusion : Technology is the most influential factor. These results indicate a significant shift in the causes of juvenile delinquency from family and peer factors to technological factors. This is quite reasonable because technology is a major need and is a trend for teenagers at this time.

Evaluating the Presidency of the Council of the EU: towards a comprehensive evidence-based framework for performance assessment

ABSTRACT Despite the substantial academic tradition of studies of the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union, so far there have been few research efforts towards developing a comprehensive, methodologically sound framework for evaluating the performance and achievements of the Presidency of the Council of the EU, based on objective indicators. The paper aims to contribute towards this under-researched area by proposing a framework of indicators for empirical analysis and evaluation of the performance of the Presidency. The set of indicators is elaborated on the basis of examination of existing normative framework and procedural rules of the Council of the EU and on an in-depth review of the programmes, activities and results of the Trio Presidencies Estonia-Bulgaria-Austria (1 July 2017–31 December 2018). The paper concludes with a discussion and suggestions for further research. The proposed methodological framework can be implemented through the elaboration of indexes for measuring and quantifying the Presidency performance, which is a step towards overcoming the descriptive bias in many of the existing assessments of the Council of the EU.

Aktuelne pravne i kriminalističke mogućnosti u sprovođenju postupka prepoznavanja od strane svedoka - komparativna analiza standarda u Nemačkoj i Srbiji

The topic of the paper is comparative scientific research analyzing the possibilities in eyewitness identification procedures in the Federal Republic of Germany and Republic of Serbia, because of the fact that identification is one of the proving actions used in both states. In this paper, what will be considered is the advantages and disadvantages of identification procedures in these states, in order to propose an optimal procedure that would be equally objective and effective both for the witnesses and the suspect. Beside similarities in the implementation of the identification procedure in both states, there are some differences that are essentially based on normative rules, which regulate whether the police have the original authority to carry out this action or whether the authorization of a public prosecutor is required. Also, there are differences in forming the identification lineup and photo array, especially in terms of the number of people or photographs that should be presented to the eyewitness along with the suspect. The scientific justification of this paper is reflected in the fact that eyewitness identification requires clear standards for implementation, so there is a need to create adequate preconditions for using this proving action in criminal proceedings, especially in cases where there is a lack of material evidence.

CUSTOMARY LAW IMPACT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIA’S CRIMINAL CODE

This research aims to understand the position of customary law as a source of national law from a dynamic process of Indonesia’s law development, especially criminal law. The research’s review focuses on literature methodology in correlation with the research. Customary law’s formation is considered as a unity of society’s behaviour for a long time and is taken as norms and guidance in manners. The term of Ubi Societes, Ibi Ius (where there is a society, there is the law) is true. Appointing custom law as one of the sources of law is a marking of Indonesia law renewal is very necessary since aspects of human lives are evolving. The result of research concludes that custom law is in stages of being forgotten in the system of national law. There is a strong perception of grounds that customary law deserves to be a part of the renewal of Indonesia’s criminal law because customary law is considered as an order of normative rules and has a flexible nature which later on these rules could be created and accepted by all layers of society.

Avoidance the Norms of Legislation as Manifestation of the Deviant Behavior of Participants of Civil Relations

Under conditions of the market relations’ development, the growth of social standards, the legislature’s active work, the level of regulation of social relations has increased. In spite of the high level of regulation of the outlined aspects, the participants of civil relations do not always follow the normative rules. Such deviant behavior is caused by various factors. The purpose of this scholarly article is to study the issues of avoidance the norms of law as a manifestation of deviant behavior of participants in civil relations, as well as to develop proposals to prevent its further manifestation. This study has focused on the delinquent type of deviant behavior in social relations. It has been concluded that the deviant behavior of civil relations participants, which is aimed at avoidance the legislative regulation, can be divided into two types: behavior that contains indirect violations of regulations and behavior that does not contain formal violations of regulations. For a better understanding of the causes and factors that cause the phenomena under study, such concepts as ‘legal conscience’ and ‘legal culture’ have been analyzed.

RETRACTED: Analysis of Risk Factors Occurrence of Juvenile Delinquency Behavior

Background: Nowadays juvenile delinquency is increasing in terms of number and type. Delinquency and criminality among teenagers are generally categorized as deviant behavior in society and can be interpreted as a form of teenage resistance to normative rules and values that apply in society. Many risk factors are related to deviant behavior. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors that influence the occurrence of juvenile delinquency.Method: This study used a cross-sectional design and a simple random sampling technique. The calculation results involved 295 samples. The independent variables were individuals, families, school environments, peer groups, coping mechanisms, lifestyles, and technologies. The dependent variable was juvenile delinquency. The data was collected using a questionnaire. The analysis used a multiple linear regression test with a significance level of α≤0.05.Results: Of the seven variables, six of them significantly influence juvenile delinquency. Technology is the variable that has the greatest influence on the occurrence of teenager wear.Conclusion: Technology is the most influential factor. These results indicate a significant shift in the causes of juvenile delinquency from family and peer factors to technological factors. This is quite reasonable because technology is a major need and is a trend for teenagers at this time.

Transitions in agriculture: Three frameworks highlighting coexistence between a new agroecological configuration and an old, organic and conventional configuration of vegetable production in Wallonia (Belgium)

The contribution of the multi-level perspective (MLP) to study transition dynamics is widely recognized. MLP involves examining interactions between three socio-technical levels: niche, regime and landscape. Empirical analysis of niche-regime interactions when applying this framework to agricultural transitions to sustainability remains challenging, however. The diversity of historical farming systems within a region can make niches and regimes highly heterogeneous. In addition, agricultural transitions to sustainability may be driven as much by technological changes as by institutional features, including normative rules and cultural cognitive rules that are less adequately addressed by MLP. To tackle these two challenges, we combined MLP with two additional frameworks to describe transition processes: the comparative agriculture framework, drawn from agro-economic, geographic and historical analyses of agricultural crises, and the justification of practices framework, drawn from pragmatic sociology. In this paper, we apply these three frameworks to the fresh vegetable production sector in Wallonia (Belgium) and discuss visions of transition through the lens of the agroecological paradigm. This leads us to predict a situation of coexistence between two socio-technical configurations of production: an old, organic and conventional configuration reoriented toward more commercial autonomy for the producers, and a new configuration oriented toward agroecology. The study contributes to a major debate discussing the extent to which the agroecological paradigm is being co-opted by the regime or remains faithful to its original principles and opens up perspectives for public policy development in the context of increasing governmental attention to the agroecological paradigm.

The Tacit Dimensions of Normative Rules

All rules are normative. Using Polanyi’s tacit integration, this article shows that all rules have tacit dimensions in their creation by recognition of regularities, application and modification, all of which cannot be made wholly explicit. J. Searle holds that some regular actions are not the following of unconscious rules, but ignores the fact that they have been tacitly formed by recognising of regularities. Tacitly known and practised rules are transmitted by apprentices observing the actions and judgements of masters, and then across generations by tradition. Thus knowledge and belief cannot be neither clearly distinguished nor separated. Justificatory, critical and foundational philosophies are to be replaced by a fiduciary and fallible one.

Neurocognitive processes underlying heuristic and normative probability judgments

Judging two events in combination (A&B) as more probable than one of the events (A) is known as a conjunction fallacy. According to dual-process explanations of human judgment and decision making, the fallacy is due to the application of a heuristic, associative cognitive process. Avoiding the fallacy has been suggested to require the recruitment of a separate process that can apply normative rules. We investigated these assumptions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during conjunction tasks. Judgments, whether correct or not, engaged a network of brain regions identical to that engaged during similarity judgments. Avoidance of the conjunction fallacy additionally, and uniquely, involved a fronto-parietal network previously linked to supervisory, analytic control processes. The results lend credibility to the idea that incorrect probability judgments are the result of a representativeness heuristic that requires additional neurocognitive resources to avoid.