Normative Motivation Research Articles

Iran as a ‘pariah’ nuclear aspirant

This article demonstrates that Iran conforms to Richard K. Betts' model of a ‘pariah’ nuclear aspirant, as its nuclear program is driven by a potent combination of security, normative and domestic political motivations. The regime's commitment to its nuclear program is influenced by Iran's long-standing sense of vulnerability to both regional and international adversaries, and an enduring sense of national humiliation at the hands of foreign powers, in parallel with a powerful belief in the superiority of Persian civilisation. This has resulted in the development of a narrative of ‘hyper-independence’ in Iran's foreign policy that simultaneously rejects political, cultural or economic dependence and emphasises ‘self-reliance’. The presumed security benefits that a nuclear weapons option provides are seen as ensuring Iranian ‘self-reliance’ and ‘independence’. This suggests that current strategies that focus exclusively on Iran's security motivations or on a heightened regime of sanctions are fundamentally flawed, as they fail to recognise the mutually reinforcing dynamic between Iran's security and normative/status-derived nuclear motivations.

학대받은 아동과 일반 아동의 정서지능과 정서조절 비교연구

The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotional ability between abused children and general children by comparing their emotional intelligence and emotional control. Participants were 17 abused children who had been separated from their abusers and 17 general children, all elementary school students. The answers to the questionnaire items on emotional intelligence and situations of emotional motivation were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U as a study tool. The results of this study were as follows: First, the difference of emotional intelligence between abused children and general children was statistically significant. Abused children received lower scores than general children when it came to their emotional recognition, emotional expression, empathy, and emotional regulation as a subordinate scope of emotional intelligence. Second, the difference of emotional regulation strategy between abused children and general children was statistically significant. Abused children presented negative responses and less frequently used positive strategy, inhibitory avoidance strategy and alternative strategy than general children. Third, the difference of emotional regulation motivation between abused children and general children was statistically significant. Abused children presented less prosocial motivation, motivation of self-preservation and normative motivation than general children.

Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Jasa Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan di Taman Air Panas Darajat Pass

This research was made to understandand analyze how big is the influence of marketing mix service toward customer loyalty using tourist service Taman Air Panas Drajat Pass. A method used in this research about the influence of marketing mix service toward customer loyalty arefield observation method, interview, questionnaire, and literature study using liker scale. In samle determination, the writer usedaccidental sampling method for about 90 samles whereas the approximation method used in data analysis methodis Linearregression method which has the function to know the relationship between independent variable, that is marketing mix (X) with dependent variable, that is customer loyalty (Y). The research showed us that marketing mix consist of: product (X1), price (X2), place (X3), promotion (X4), physical evidance (X5), people (X6),and (x7) simultaneously has a significant. Effect toward customer loyalty (Y). But partially, the one who has a significant effect toward customer loyalty is variableprocess with the significantlevel that is 0,017. This marketing mix can expalin that customer loyalty of Taman Air Panas Darajat Pass is 0,356 or 35,6% while the rest of it, that is 64,4% is the customer loyalty that has not been explained by customer’s attitude, purchasing conviction variable, evaluation variable normative conviction variable and motivation variable.

Ḥadīth Commentary in the Presence of Students, Patrons, and Rivals: Ibn Ḥajar and Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī in Mamluk Cairo

The following essay shows how commentaries on Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī in the Mamluk period were deeply embedded in the ethics and culture of live performance and vice versa. By focusing on the figure of Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 852/1449) and the composition of his Fatḥ al-bārī, the primary objective is to make visible the complex web of institutional, political, economic, personal, and normative motivations that determined how the Ṣaḥīḥ was commented on, and who had the authority to comment in the first place. Parts one through three of this four-part essay examine the formulation of Fatḥ al-bārī in the presence of students, patrons, and rivals respectively. Part four is a case study that compares a chronicle account of Ibn Ḥajar’s commentary on a ḥadīth in the garden of the sulṭān on a summer afternoon with a section of Fatḥ al-bārī concerning the same ḥadīth. While previous investigations of medieval reading and commentarial practices have often been limited to manuscript and printed commentaries or glosses as source material, this study draws on evidence from Mamluk era chronicles, biographical dictionaries and commentarial prolegomena to offer a “thick” history of the local times, spaces, and stakes of live and written commentary on the Ṣaḥīḥ.

Fitting-Attitude Analyses: The Dual-Reason Analysis Revisited

Classical fitting-attitude analyses understand value in terms of its being fitting, or more generally, there being a reason to favour the bearer of value. Recently, such analyses have been interpreted as referring to two reason-notions rather than to only one. The idea is that the properties of the object provide reason not only for a certain kind of favouring(s) vis-a-vis the object, but the very same properties should also figure in the intentional content of the favouring; the agent should favour the object on account of those properties that provide reason for favouring the object in the first place. While this expansion of the original proposal might seem intuitive given that favourings are discerning attitudes, it is nonetheless argued that proponents of the fitting-attitude analysis are in fact not served by such an expansion of the classical analysis. The objections raised here are relevant not only for advocates and critics of fitting-attitude analyses, but for anyone interested in the relation between normative reasons and motivation.

A Comparison Between the Conventional Stated Preference Technique and an Inferred Valuation Approach

AbstractContrary to conventional stated preference valuation techniques that employ a direct questioning approach, the inferred valuation method utilises indirect questioning where respondents are asked for their belief regarding others’ values for a good or service. In this study, using choice experiments, we compare the results obtained through the two valuation techniques for environmental features of the Burren landscape in western Ireland. Consistent with previous studies, stated values using the conventional approach are found to be significantly higher than those obtained through the inferred valuation approach. In particular, this study highlights the dissimilarities in relative preferences observed between the two landscape attributes (rocky limestone pavements and orchid‐rich grasslands) from the two questioning formats. While respondents were indifferent between the two habitats, they believed the ‘average other’ to be significantly more concerned about the conservation of the rocky limestone pavements. We attribute this divergence in preferences to be a consequence of additional normative motives perceived by respondents with regard to the conservation of orchid‐rich grasslands.

Mixed Motives: Economic, Social, and Normative Motivations in Business Compliance

This article develops theoretical understanding of the motives of business firms and their managers for compliance. First, we develop a typology to conceptualize and measure business motives relevant to compliance behavior. We distinguish between three categories of motives: economic, social, and normative. We hypothesize, however, that business firms and their managers do not divide into types motivated exclusively by singular priorities. We expect each firm to hold a constellation of plural motives. Moreover, we expect that economic and social motives are more alike between regulatees within the same regulatory regime than normative motives. Second, we conduct a preliminary test of the plausibility of our typology of motives and our theory of constellations of plural motives using data from a survey of the thousand biggest companies in Australia. Finally, we conclude that the path from fundamental interests or motives to behavior is filled with constraints and contingent factors at the individual, organizational, and structural levels.

Preference reversals in Contingent and Inferred valuation methods

We examine inconsistencies in preference orderings (Alevy et al. 2011) using the Contingent valuation (CV) as well as the Inferred valuation (IV) method (Lusk and Norwood 2009a,b). We find that when moving in the context of a food market we only observe weak effects of inconsistencies. In addition, we find that the IV method is more susceptible to inconsistent preference orderings than the CV method. We also find that the IV method generates higher valuations than CV in case of consumers with high commitment costs but successfully mitigates social desirability bias in case of low commitment costs and high normative motivations.

Motivation for compliance with environmental regulations related to forest health

This study extends previous research on motivations for compliance with environmental regulations. It addresses contexts where regulatees have primarily sporadic short term interests, where costs of compliance are modest, and where costs of non-compliance are low. The behavior studied is the movement of firewood for camping, a principal cause for the spread of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), one of several invasive species plaguing the eastern United States. Based on a three-wave mail survey that produced 495 usable returns (64% response rate), findings suggest that motivations are influential in these contexts. Calculated motivations exert the greatest influence—especially when related to firewood price and convenience, while normative motivations (civic duty based) exert less influence, as does ability to comply. These findings have important implications, not only for controlling the spread of forest diseases and invasive pests, but also for regulating natural resources in general. They suggest that national, state, and local governments can manage natural resources to encourage user compliance with environmental rules, and develop communication strategies that leverage pro-environment norms.

Volunteering and Mutual Aid in Health and Social Care in the Czech Republic as an Example of Active Citizenship

This article informs about recent research findings on voluntary and mutual aid in the Czech Republic with a special attention paid to formal volunteering in health and social care. The data suggest that public involvement is comparable to middle-frequency experienced in European countries. In this respect, volunteering is higher in the Czech Republic than in other former Eastern European countries and is an evidence of a successful and rapid restoration of the civic sector. New patterns of volunteering featured by planning, coordination, and contracting have spread out being strongly supported by national and EU policy measures. Managerial patterns of volunteering are dominating in health and social care institutions. Volunteering in health and social care is firmly motivated by emotional altruism; however, reciprocal (instrumental) and normative motivations are also present, though to a lesser extent compared to other sectors of volunteer activities. In the managerial pattern of volunteering altruism is balanced with personal gains and benefits for those who volunteer. Volunteering is deeply embedded in a civic, humanitarian paradigm instead of a religious faith and duty.

Consumers’ pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations: A comparison between household and hotel settings

The present study made a comparison of pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations between household and hotel settings. Results of a survey research among 1185 participants showed a behavioral inconsistency between the two settings – participants reported a significantly higher level of pro-environmental behavior in a household setting. Furthermore, the study revealed that while normative motives are the dominant determinant of pro-environmental behavior in a household setting, hedonic motives are the strongest predictor of such behavior in a hotel setting. Theoretical and managerial implications of the inconsistencies in pro-environmental behavior and underlying motivations between the two settings are discussed.

Modeling Participation Intention of Adults in Continuing Education - A Behavioral Approach

The study examined how attitudes and subjective norms could be used to predict participation intention of adults in continuing education. In this research, attitudes comprised the two variables of positive attitude and negative attitude and subjective norms included normative belief and motivation to comply. Structural equation modeling using a maximum likelihood estimator was used to test the data collected from 752 adult respondents in Hong Kong, China. The results indicated that the relationships between positive attitude, negative attitude, normative belief and participation intention were significant. The relationship between motivation to comply and participation intention was found insignificant. However the strong relationship between motivation to comply and positive attitude revealed the indirect influence of motivation to comply on participation intention through positive attitude. The result also disclosed the phenomenon that normative belief was a better predictor of participation intention in continuing education than positive and negative attitudes in this context. The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) was used as the basis of reference in developing the conceptual framework of this study. The revised attitudes towards continuing education scales (Blunt, 2002) were shown to have validity in terms of the direct association with the various attitudes of adults towards continuing education. It was concluded that positive attitude, negative attitude, normative belief and motivation to comply with perceived social influence provided meaningful indicators of the respondents in the sample as well as reliable predictive variables to participation intention in continuing education.

New Sanctions and Increased Enforcement Activity in Australian Corporate Law: Impact and Implications

This paper is concerned with calculated motivations for compliance and in particular the deterrent effect of the introduction of new sanctions and/or the use of those sanctions by a regulator. It is concerned with normative and social motivations for compliance and examines the impact of the introduction and use of new sanctions on the perceptions and behaviour of corporate compliance officers. These questions are addressed in the context of the continuous disclosure requirements imposed on Australian listed corporations.

Effects of Organizational Motives on Relationship Continuity: The Moderating Role of Corporate Cultural Similarity

This study was aimed to disaggregate the relationship commitment construct into organizational motives component and relationship continuity component and investigate the effects of the motives on relationship continuity. These motives were based on the three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment, which included affective, structural, and normative motives. Constructs associated with affective motives were relationship value and trustworthiness, whereas constructs related to structural motives were switching costs and comparison level of the alternatives. Corporate cultural similarity was proposed to be the key construct associated with normative motives. The results showed that all five constructs associated with the three groups of motives had significant effects on relationship continuity. Trustworthiness was found to have the strongest effect on relationship continuity, followed by relationship value, switching costs, comparison level of the alternatives, and corporate cultural similarity. In addition, corporate cultural similarity was found to moderate the effect of switching costs on relationship continuity.

Bureau Bashing and Public Service Motivation: A Case for the Civil Service of Bangladesh

This paper explains the negative impacts of bureau-bashing on the Public Service Motivation (PSM) of civil servants. It differentiates between policy bashing and rhetoric bashing and argues that while policy bashing may be constructive in nature, rhetoric bashing often de‐motivates bureaucrats in terms of their rational, normative and affective motives (Perry and Wise, 1990Perry, 1996) In Bangladesh context, in critiquing public service, the previous attempts aimed to analyze the structural problems and recent attacks are directed towards the bureaucrats themselves. However, there are few empirical studies to measure the performance of bureaucrats by analyzing the initiatives they take and the problems they face in carrying out their responsibilities. Based on Perry & Wise's (1990) PSM model, we argue that in Bangladesh, bureau bashing is mostly rhetoric and thus it might have created a negative impact on PSM amongst bureaucrats, contributing to the poor state of governance.

Legal Liability when Individuals Have Moral Concerns

We incorporate normative motivations into the unilateral precaution model of tort. Individuals have moral concerns about causing harm and would like others to believe that they do. In the absence of legal liability, causing harm suggests low concerns and is therefore damaging to one's social image, which feeds back into incentives to take precautions. These nevertheless remain suboptimal when informal motivations are not strong enough for injurers to willingly compensate victims ex post. By contrast, perfectly enforced legal liability crowds out informal motivations completely (e.g., tortfeasors suffer no disesteem) but precautions are then efficient. Under imperfect enforcement, informal motivations and legal sanctions complement one another. With strict liability, individuals held liable suffer disesteem, there is some motivational crowding-out but no net crowding-out with respect to overall incentives. Under the negligence rule, there is motivational crowding-in when image concerns induce bunching on the legal due care standard. The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Yale University. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.

Towards a unified theory of reciprocity

In a unified theory of human reciprocity, the strong and weak forms are similar because neither is biologically altruistic and both require normative motivation to support cooperation. However, strong reciprocity is necessary to support cooperation in public goods games. It involves inflicting costs on defectors; and though the costs for punishers are recouped, recouping costs requires complex institutions that would not have emerged if weak reciprocity had been enough.

Education, Civic Patriotism, and Democratic Citizenship: Unpacking the Education Effect on Political Involvement1

Previous research argues that political involvement not only reflects instrumental concern with political outcomes, but also involves normative motivations such as commitment to collective ideals. Consistent with this view, Americans with a strong sense of “patriotism” have been found to exhibit higher rates of participation than those with weaker attachment to their country (Huddy and Khatib, 2007). However, citizens with high levels of formal education seem to be an exception. Despite scoring lower on conventional measures of “patriotism,” well‐educated Americans are among the most politically active segments of the population. In this article, it is hypothesized that formal education fosters an alternative, civic form of patriotism that conventional measures are unlikely to capture. Rather than reflecting attachment to a particular nation, civic patriotism is rooted in values and beliefs associated with democratic citizenship. Using data from the 2004 General Social Survey, it is found that civic patriotism helps mediate the education effect on two types of political engagement: grass‐roots activism and voting in elections.

Explaining preferences for redistribution: A unified framework to account for institutional approaches and economic self‐interest for the case of monetary transfers for families and children

AbstractExplanations of different patterns of preferences for redistribution either highlight the role of the institutional framework in a country or highlight the importance of self‐interest and rational expectations. The study introduces a unified approach to explain differences in preferences for redistributive measures for the case of intergenerational monetary transfers for families and children. Both explanatory approaches are integrated into the action‐based Model of Frame Selection that incorporates normative motives and economic self‐interest into the process of decision making. Using a large sample that deals with questions on the approval of public policies for families and accounts for the normative importance of children and family life in Germany, evidence is provided that both approaches are valid in explaining preferences for government transfers.

Declared versus actual organizational culture as indicated by an organization's performance appraisal

This study examines the incompatible aspects of the declared and actual organizational norms as cultural aspects. Data were drawn from a performance evaluation conducted in a large multinational pharmaceutical organization. The selected evaluation dimensions are based on the publicly articulated behavioral norms stated by top level management. The empirical model partially supported the hypothesis. Two predictors, intrinsic normative motivation dimensions and professional behaviors, showed some overlap between the declared and the actual evaluative behavior norms. One implication of this study is that organizations should make a substantial effort to instil their desired vision and norms among their members.