Normative Motivation Research Articles

Conformity decreases throughout middle childhood among ni-Vanuatu children: An intracultural comparison.

Multiple studies have shown that children conform to majorities in perceptual judgment tasks against their better knowledge. However, these studies report contradictory results about how conformity develops over age. Here, we study variation in conformity over the course of middle childhood: we examined potential informational and normative motivations underlying conformity, as well as intracultural variability in their age patterns. We measured conformity in both a public and a private setting among 5- to 11-year-olds from eight different communities in Vanuatu (n = 125, 59 boys), a highly diverse society in the South Pacific. We also explored whether selected sociodemographic variables help to explain individual variation in children's conformity. Conformity is lower in both public and private settings the older ni-Vanuatu children are, with conformity in public settings being subject to more developmental and intracultural variation. We infer that normative conformity is more variable than informational conformity. Moreover, we find that children in higher school classes conform less. Our study combines a developmental perspective with an intracultural comparison, and demonstrates that both the publicness of the experimental situation and intracultural variability are important for the understanding of the age patterns of conformity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Incorporating Indigenous Nations into International Political Economy

This comment elaborates on and extends the roundtable’s discussion by turning to the context of Indigenous peoples. Even setting aside normative motivations, expanded study of Indigenous peoples provides clear opportunities for theory development in international political economy and international relations more broadly. For example, the legal status of American Indian Nations’ 326 unique political jurisdictions can inform the political economy of marginalized identity groups in a non-Westphalian but nonetheless international context.

Institutions and individual values motivating corporate social responsibility activities in large farms and agroholdings

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have been shown to derive from external and internal motivations of a company. Little attention has been given to motivations of managers in large farms and agroholdings to undertake CSR activities thanks to individual values and pressure from institutions. We therefore investigate the types of CSR activities conducted by 18 managers in large farms and agroholdings in Argentina. We underline their perception of social issues and their motivations to do CSR activities. The framework developed in this paper shows that given the lack of pressure from national-level formal and other informal institutions, individual values (informal institutions) and international institutions (certification schemes-formal institutions) carry more weight in managers’ decision to do CSR activities. While some of these motivations have an instrumental background, they overlap with normative motivations that underlie the business activity.

Normative beliefs and values that shape care-seeking behaviours for skilled birth attendance (SBA) during birthing by mothers in Africa: a scoping review protocol

BackgroundSkilled birth attendance (SBA) during delivery has been associated with improved maternal health outcome. However, low utilisation of SBA during childbirth has continued in many developing countries including Zambia. The proposed scoping review aims to map literature on beliefs and values and how mothers are influenced by relational normative motivations in utilisation of SBAs in health facilities.MethodsWe designed and registered a study protocol for a scoping review. Literature searches will be conducted in multiple electronic databases (from January 2000 onwards), including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. Grey literature will be identified through searching dissertation databases, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost and ResearchGate. Keyword searches will be used to identify articles. Only articles published in English, related on beliefs and values surrounding childbirth, and on perceptions towards facility delivery or skilled health care providers will be considered eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen eligible titles, abstracts and full articles with a third reviewer to help resolve any disputes. The study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. We will employ NVIVO version 10 software package to extract the relevant outcomes from the included articles using content thematic analysis. This protocol is registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/9gn76).DiscussionUnderstanding how individual mother’s health seeking behaviours for SBA and those close to them are influenced by their beliefs and values is critical to informing health systems on the possible ‘hidden’ barriers and facilitators to utilisation of SBA in public health facilities. The review will complement evidence base on normative beliefs and values shaping care-seeking behaviours for skilled birth attendance by mothers in Africa.

The Influences of COVID-19 on Korean Fashion Consumption

The outbreak of corona-virus infections has not only adversely affected human health, but also disrupted all trade and economic activities. There are also similar problems with production stoppages due to global isolation and self-awareness isolation. To maintain a competitive edge, an entity should anticipate consumer behavior during this global crisis. In particular, the survey of online purchasing behavior of South Korean consumers is highly relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates how COVID-19 affects South Korean consumers by dividing them into consumption patterns, behaviors, perceived values, and purchase intentions. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between entertainment and pleasure and normative motivation, and between the purchase intentions of South Korean consumers.
 
 The expected results of this study may help marketers and companies in analyzing the pattern, behavior, perceived values, and intention of purchasing South Korean consumers who have changed to COVID-19. Besides, we provide e-commerce companies with recommendations on how to address consumers' purchasing motivations and strategically utilize them in South Korea.

Personal Savings for Those on Lower Incomes: Towards a New Framework for Assessing the Role of the State in Relation to Savings Schemes

This article explores the role of the state in helping households to save. Using the UK as an example of challenges faced in other developed countries, it develops a framework for comparing saving schemes along two dimensions: apparent normative motivation for the scheme and likely impact on savers of varying income levels. Using this framework, our analysis suggests that there is much greater state support for high-income savers than low-income savers, even after the recent introduction of the ‘Help to Save’ scheme. So, while this scheme has provided some support for this group, we propose ways to expand it through providing initial seed funding to each account and greater marketing and accessibility. We note, however, that an important way to help those on low incomes to save is to increase their incomes so they have more capacity to do so.

Exploring the evolving motives underlying corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures in developing countries: the case of “political CSR” reporting

PurposeThis paper seeks to investigate to what extent (and why) CSR reporting in developing countries reflect instrumental and/or “political CSR” motivations and the types of organisational legitimacy sought in these circumstances.Design/methodology/approachWe adopt a theoretical framework based on neo-institutional theory, “political CSR” framework and types of organisational legitimacy. This interpretive research is set in the Egyptian context post-2011 revolution. We first carry out a content analysis of web disclosures for 40 banks in 2013 and 2016 to ascertain the nature of CSR activities and any changes over time. Second, we draw on 21 interviews to tease out the implications of the change in societal expectations due to the revolution and to deepen our understanding of the organisational motivations underlying CSR reporting.FindingsFollowing the 2011 revolution, the banks’ CSR reporting practices have gradually shifted from a largely instrumental “business-case” perspective towards a more substantive recognition of a wider set of societal challenges consistent with a political CSR perspective. Overall, the maintaining/gaining of legitimacy is gradually bound to the communication of accounts about the multi-faceted socially valued consequences or structures performed by banks. Our interview data shows that participants reflected on the legitimation challenges brought by the revolution and the limits of transactional strategies involving traditional constituents, with a preference for pursuing consequential and structural forms of moral legitimacy.Research limitations/implicationsThis study demonstrates a constructive shift by businesses towards engaging with the new social rules in response to sociopolitical changes and the need to achieve moral legitimacy. Hence, policymakers and stakeholders could consider engaging with different economic sectors to foster more transparent, accountable, and impactful CSR practices.Originality/valueWe highlight the implications of Scherer and Palazzo’s political CSR approach for accountability and CSR reporting. CSR reporting in some developing countries has typically been seen as peripheral or a symbolic exercise primarily concerned with placating stakeholders and/or promoting shareholders’ interests. We suggest that researchers need to be instead attuned to the possibility of a blend of instrumental and normative motivations.

The comparative effects of supervisor helping motives on newcomer adjustment and socialization outcomes.

The preponderance of organizational socialization research has focused on the perceptions and interests of newcomers. Yet, insiders-particularly immediate supervisors-are central to newcomers' adjustment, primarily in providing newcomers help. To facilitate such behavior, however, it is necessary to understand supervisors' helping motivations. Beginning from a new theoretically grounded taxonomy, we examined how supervisor reports of their own self-oriented, other-oriented, and normative motives predicted newcomer-rated received help and subsequent adjustment/socialization outcomes. We also examined the moderating role of newcomer motive perceptions on whether help was reciprocated to supervisors. Our model was tested with multiwave data from newcomers and supervisors during the first 3 months of starting a job. Newcomers reported receiving greater help from supervisors who described themselves as being motivated by self-oriented tangible gains and other-orientation, whereas supervisors who described themselves as being motivated by self-oriented enhancement were seen as less helpful. Further, when newcomers perceived that supervisors were more motivated by other-orientation and less by self-oriented tangible gains, newcomers reciprocated more help to the supervisor later on. Our results advance theory about the role of interpersonal helping during socialization, revealing that not all provided help is interpreted similarly by newcomers, and that differing supervisor motivations should also be factored into account. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Normative Motivation in Whistleblowing Decision Making

Normative Motivation in Whistleblowing Decision Making

Tourists’ water conservation behavior in hotels: the role of gender

Hotels and destination managers are increasingly expressing concern about the impacts of climate change and sustainable water use, especially in crowded and water-scarce destinations. The aim of this study is to examine gender differences in hotel guests’ reported water conservation behavior (WCB) when on vacation. The study examines several factors that can potentially affect these gender differences, namely attitudes toward water conservation, normative and hedonic motives, destination problem awareness, and destination attachment. Data from a sample of 680 hotel guests reveal significant gender differences, with specific factors affecting the WCB of guests of each gender. Attitudes exert a positive influence on guests’ WCB. This influence is greater for women than for men. Normative motives also positively influence attitudes, although this effect is greater for men than for women. Conversely, hedonic motives negatively influence water conservation attitudes, and this effect is greater for women than for men. Lastly, destination problem awareness positively influences normative motives, while destination attachment negatively influences hedonic motives. No gender effect is found for these relationships. The implications for research and practice in sustainable tourism and pro-environmental behavior are presented.

“Leviathan”, or an essay on the doctrine of the state by T. Hobbes

The study focuses on individual episodes of the biography, the most notable ideas and main socio-political views of the outstanding English scientist, social philosopher, theorist of the origin of the state – T. Hobbes. On the basis of the classic work “Leviathan”, his backbone thoughts on the processes of state building, the development of a balanced normative and legislative system and specific motives for striving for power are highlighted. In particular, attention is focused on the search by the researcher of the optimal balance between freedom and the duties of a citizen. The aspiration of the classic to a comprehensive study of the most effective mechanism, optimal forms of public administration, primarily for the establishment of stable social order and safety, is noted. The scientist emphasized that an authoritative, sovereign, legitimate state is able to effective cope with the tasks set. In which those in power are obliged to be guided by norms of morality and law. Characterized, according to the researcher, the socio-psychological traits of both average citizens and sovereigns for the full life support of the country.Highlighted his heuristic principles of anthropomorphism, which more metaphorically, expressively detail the likely destructive diseases of the state, among which he considered the lack of frugality and the processes of oligarchization of the socio-political system to be especially unsafe. Scientists emphasized the absolute rejection of corruption, lack of social justice, abuse of power. Thus, the advantages and disadvantages of various forms of government were highlighted, in particular, monarchical, aristocratic, democratic. The scientists himself was an active supporter of absolute monarchy and the unshakable authority of the state. At the same time, he focused not so much on the duties of citizens to the state, as on the duties of state representatives to their citizens, the implementation of which can state structure effective, authoritative and legitimate. At the same time, the contribution of T. Hobbes to the development of the philosophy of law is highlighted. In general, it was emphasized that the English scientist comprehensively substantiated his own thought about the immutability of human nature in the form of manifestations of selfishness, individualism, insatiable appetites, unrestrained passions, and the desire for social change. According to the philosopher, only a just, sovereign, authoritative state is capable of curbing the negative manifestations of human nature. In addition, attention focused on the state-forming nature of his philosophy and the scientist’s significant contribution to the development of the theory of the social contract or the contractual origin of the state is highlighted.

Understanding in-room water conservation behavior: The role of personal normative motives and hedonic motives in a mass tourism destination

Water is a key resource in tourism destination management, especially in areas where water is scarce. Tourists' water consumption in hotels, especially in-room water use, is particularly relevant because of its magnitude and because it can be controlled by the tourists themselves. The present study therefore examines the underlying motives of tourists' in-room water conservation behavior using a sample of actual hotel guests at four-star hotels (n = 681) in the Spanish sun, sand, sea, and leisure tourist destination of Benidorm. Benidorm is one of the most important tourist destinations in the Mediterranean and is of great interest for studies of water consumption because it is located in an area of water scarcity. Building on goal-framing theory, this study shows that hedonic motives are more important than personal normative motives in relation to in-room water conservation behavior. The results also show that personal norms might be able to reduce the negative influence of hedonic motives on responsible water behavior. Furthermore, guests' outcome efficacy and local problem awareness are important factors in the norm activation process. The paper concludes by highlighting implications for the design of social marketing programs to reduce guests’ water consumption and discussing directions for future research in a hotel setting.

Environmentally Friendly Business Practices among Low-Income Households in Rural Peninsular Malaysia

The purpose of the study is to predict the intention and behavior towards environmentally friendly businesses (EFB) among low-income families in rural Peninsular Malaysia within the framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Data were collected from 420 low-income household heads through structured interviews. The results reveal a significant impact of environmental concern (EC) and eco-literacy (EL) on the attitude towards the environment (ATE); normative belief (NB) and motivation (MO) on subjective norms (SUN); and skills and knowledge (SK) on perceived behavioral control (PBC). Additionally, there was a positive and statistically significant effect of ATE, SUN, and PBC on the intention towards environmentally friendly business (ITEFB) and the ITEFB on environmentally friendly business adoption behavior (EFBAB). This study provides empirical evidence with a proposed research model to address the environmental issues through improving the socioeconomic condition of low-earner families. The Malaysian government and relevant agencies should focus on improving EL, EC, MO towards EFB, and the SK regarding EFB among the low-income households.

The Underlying Drivers of Underprivileged Households’ Intention and Behavior towards Community Forestry Management: A Study Using Structural Equation Modelling and Artificial Neural Network Approach

In acknowledging the significant role of forestry on the environmental, social, and economic sustainability of local communities, this study focused on examining how different factors affect the intentional behavior towards community forestry among the poor households in Malaysia. Employing theory of planned behavior (TPB) in an expanded model, this study collected data from 420 underprivileged households from 10 states in Malaysia using a survey questionnaire. Final analysis is performed using two methods, one being the well-established, conventional way of partial least square–structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM); the other being a frontier technology of computing using artificial neural network (ANN), which is generated through a deep learning algorithm to achieve the maximum possible accuracy for each of the five scenarios aforementioned. The study found that perceived benefits (PB) and eco-literacy (EL) have a significant positive effect on the attitude towards environment (ATE) while normative belief (NB) and motivation (MO) have a significant positive effect on subjective norms (SUN). Perceived control (PC) has a significant positive effect on perceived behavioral control (PBC). ATE, SUN, and PBC have a significant positive effect on the intention towards community forestry (ITCF), whereas the ITCF has a significant positive effect on community forestry adoption behavior (CFAB). When formulating and enforcing carbon reduction and poverty elevating programs through community forestry, the Malaysian government should consider the perceptions of poor families and the prerogative from their special reference groups to enhance the perceived ability of the vulnerable groups for positive and effective pro-environmental behavior that can lead to sustainable forestry management.

An extension of the goal-framing theory to predict consumer’s sustainable behavior for home appliances

This study aims to investigate the extended role of goal-framing theory (GFT) on the energy-saving air conditioners called inverter air conditioners (IACs) in the context of the developing market (Pakistan). The GFT has three constructs, gain motivations, hedonic motivations, and normative motivations, which affect consumers’ sustainable behavior. The study is based on a survey of IAC users with the final sample size of 418 and using PLS-SEM. The empirical findings highlight the importance of all the three motivational factors and the negative moderation of perceived behavior control (PBC). There is a substantial direct effect of normative motivations, whereas the direct effect of gain motivations on sustainable intentions is insignificant. Implications for the marketing professionals and policymakers suggested the use of a mix-motivational approach to get sustainable results while promoting sustainable products like IACs. Avenues for further exploration into this area have also been recommended to future researchers.

Does Socioeconomic Status Predict Affective Motivation to Lead, and Why?

What motivates people to want to become leaders? In the first study, the results of an experimental vignette study show that HR professionals use information gleaned about applicants’ affective motivation to lead (but not normative motivation to lead) when making leadership selection decisions. In a second study using a socioeconomically heterogeneous sample of young Canadians (N = 466, M age = 19.02 years; 66% females), we isolate four distal factors (namely parenting quality, socioeconomic status, extraversion and neuroticism) that indirectly predict affective motivation to lead through two separate proximal factors (viz. sociometric status and self-esteem). Practical (e.g., enhancing the leadership selection process) and conceptual (e.g., understanding the process underlying why people want to become leaders) implications are discussed.

The Roles of Strategic Human Resource Management and Person–Environment Fit On Nonprofit Public Service Motivation

This study examines the relationship between public service motivation (i.e., intrinsically and voluntarily driven attitudes and dispositions), strategic human resource management, and person–environment fit in Korean nonprofit organizations in order to determine the ways by which both the motivation of employees and the performance of these organizations can be enhanced. This was done using data from a survey on Korean nonprofit organizations employees conducted in 2013. The results show a direct, positive, and significant association between strategic human resource management and person–environment fit, a direct and positive association between person–environment fit and the affective and normative nonprofit public service motivation aspects of nonprofit public service motivation, and a mediating role of person–environment fit in the relationship between strategic human resource management and affective and normative nonprofit public service motivation.

Child marriage, human rights and international norms: the case of legislative reform in Trinidad and Tobago

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child entered into force in 1990. It condemns child marriage, violence and discrimination against children and enjoins tutelage for their education and health. Implementing such principles in national legislation sometimes conflicts with local norms relating to respect for cultural and religious traditions. This was the case of Trinidad and Tobago, a multicultural and multi-religious society that legally sanctioned child marriage until 2017. The paper makes two unique contributions to the literature. First, using the literature on child marriage and the obligations under international conventions, the paper creates a child marriage conceptual framework with the main normative positions on child marriage. Second, using the framework, it explores the normative motivations underlying the domestic legal reform debates held in parliament between 2015–2017. The paper uses the conceptual framework to explain the transformations in the traditional positions of local religious and ethnic groups, provides evidence of norm penetration from the international to a local multicultural setting and furthers the literature on international human rights norm penetration and contestation.

‘Perfectly individualized and constantly visible’? Lateral tightness in a prison holding men convicted of sex offences

Late-modern penal power has been described as ‘tight’. Through the increasing use of indeterminate sentences and psychological assessment, and the growing insistence that prisoners engage in self-government, the prison monitors and seeks to change those it holds. This tight and disciplinarian power is often described as contributing to the increasing fragmentation and atomisation of the prisoner community. However, this article, which is based on research conducted in a English medium-security prison for men convicted of sex offences, argues that tightness can operate through the prisoner community, in a process which it terms ‘lateral regulation’. It shows that prisoners spend a lot of time observing, categorising and policing their peers, in ways which replicate and often uphold the more formal systems of power. However, the relationship between these two systems of power is complex, and prisoners’ collective self-regulation can conflict with and challenge the demands of the penal institution, in a way which reveals some of the weaknesses in the institution’s disciplinary gaze, and indicates the normative motivations underlying this regulation.

Egzystencjalno-religijny model przywództwa biznesowego. Perspektywa holistyczna

The main aim of the paper is to show an existential religious model of business leadership. We want to defend the thesis that leaders, who consider existing norms and regulations, have the greatest influence on how organisational aims are achieved. Thus, based on the concept of Kierkegaard’s modes of existence, we show that the individual values and motives of leaders’ behaviour influence the shape of the leadership itself as well as the management of an organisation. On the basis of a literature review, we propose the following connections: an aesthetic mode with instrumental motives which result in the shareholder perspective; an ethical mode of existence with normative motives which lead to the stakeholder perspective; and the spiritual mode of existence with transcendental motives which enable leaders to introduce a holistic perspective of management. However, we cannot link certain motives with a particular type of leadership, as leaders with different modes of existence might practice the same type of leadership (i.e., leadership based on values, authentic leadership) and combine various types of leadership in their actions. The paper might provide a theoretical basis for empirical research on leadership and managerial behaviour.