Normal Factor Research Articles

SpikeFlow: automated and flexible analysis of ChIP-Seq data with spike-in control.

ChIP with reference exogenous genome (ChIP-Rx) is widely used to study histone modification changes across different biological conditions. A key step in the bioinformatics analysis of this data is calculating the normalization factors, which vary from the standard ChIP-seq pipelines. Choosing and applying the appropriate normalization method is crucial for interpreting the biological results. However, a comprehensive pipeline for complete ChIP-Rx data analysis is lacking. To address these challenges, we introduce SpikeFlow, an integrated Snakemake workflow that combines features from various existing tools to streamline ChIP-Rx data processing and enhance usability. SpikeFlow automates spike-in data scaling and provides multiple normalization options. It also performs peak calling and differential analysis with distinct modalities, enabling the detection of enrichment regions for histone modifications and transcription factor binding. Our workflow runs in-depth quality control at all the processing steps and generates an analysis report with tables and graphs to facilitate results interpretation. We validated the pipeline by performing a comparative analysis with DiffBind and SpikChIP, demonstrating robust performances in various biological models. By combining diverse functionalities into a single platform, SpikeFlow aims to simplify ChIP-Rx data analysis for the research community.

Multi-factor normalisation of viral counts from wastewater improves the detection accuracy of viral disease in the community

The detection of viruses (e.g. SARS-CoV-2, norovirus) in wastewater represents an effective way to monitor the prevalence of these pathogens circulating within the community. However, accurate quantification of viral concentrations in wastewater, proportional to human input, is constrained by a range of uncertainties, including (i) dilution within the sewer network, (ii) degradation of viral RNA during wastewater transit, (iii) catchment population and facility use, (iv) efficiency of viral concentration and extraction from wastewater, and (v) inhibition of amplification during the RT-qPCR step. Here, we address these uncertainties by investigating several potential normalisation factors including the concentration of ammonium and orthophosphate. A faecal indicator virus (crAssphage), and the recovery of the process-control viruses (murine norovirus and bacteriophage Phi6), used for quality control during the RT-qPCR step, were also considered. We found that multi-factor normalisation of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR data was optimal using a combination of crAssphage, process-control virus recovery, and concentration efficiency to improve prediction accuracy relative to clinical test data. Using multi-normalised SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR data, we found a lasso regression model with random forest modelled residuals lowers the prediction error of positives by 46 %, compared to a single linear regression using raw data. This multi-normalised approach enables more accurate wastewater-based predictions of clinical cases up to five days in advance of clinical data, identifying trends in disease prevalence before clinical testing, and demonstrates the potential to improve viral pathogen detection for a range of currently monitored and emerging diseases.

Study on Formability Improvement of Zr-4 Sheets Based on Texture Optimization

A positioning grid is a key clamping structure for fixing the transverse and axial positions of fuel assemblies in nuclear reactors, and it is generally prepared by the transverse stamping of a Zr-4 sheet. However, the texture formed in the processing process of Zr-4 sheets can affect formability, resulting in cracking in the stamping process. Therefore, the relationship between the formability of Zr-4 sheets and the normal Kearns factor (Fn) of basal texture was studied in this paper. The results showed that the Zr-4 sheet with an Fn equaling 0.720, prepared by an isobaric reduction rolling process, would crack in the stamping process. To avoid the cracking during stamping, the formability improvement of Zr-4 sheets based on texture optimization was discussed. By using the finite element model (FEM) and a visco plastic self-consistent (VPSC) model coupled simulation, the relationship between the initial textures and formabilities of Zr-4 sheet is established. It is found that the hardening exponents (n) decreased with increasing Fns in VPSC simulations. Meanwhile, as the Fn increases, cracks are prone to occur at the bottom corner of the stamped sheet in finite element simulation. Given the results from FEM and VPSC simulations, it is proposed that the Fn should be controlled to be less than 0.7 for preventing cracks in the sheet during stamping. Additionally, a new rolling process named non-isobaric reduction rolling was designed in which the Fn of the Zr-4 sheet is successfully reduced to 0.690. The stamping results indicate that the sheet is free of cracks under an Fn of 0.690. Therefore, texture optimization with the proposed rolling process can improve the formability of Zr-4 sheets, which effectively solves the cracking problem of Zr-4 sheets.

Assessment of a Simplified Methodology for Preliminary Blast-Resistant Design of Insulated Precast Concrete Wall Panels

Abstract A Blast loading history can be represented by the peak pressure value and the impulse. Combinations of pressure and impulse of various blast loading scenarios can be collected to draw a pressure-impulse (P-I) curve that corresponds to a level of damage of a blast-resistant structural component. The P-I curve is typically used for a preliminary design or assessment of blast resistance structural components. Generating a P I curve for a given structural component and level of protection requires repeatedly ru nning a single degree of freedom system (SDOF) model, which can be tedious for early design stages. Hence, a simplified approach (i.e., the normalization approach) was utilized to promptly generate the P- I curve for insulated precast concrete wall panels, which relies on shifting a control P I curve using normalization factors. The generated P-I curves using the normalization approach are validated with the traditional SDOF approach curves; 95% of the examined insulted panel configurations have an error between +/-7%. As a result of the reached low error percentages, a spreadsheet- design tool was developed using this approach. The tool can further enable rapid evaluation of the performance of insulated precast concrete panels under blast loading during the preliminary design phase.

Normal range and risk factors for deviating body temperatures during the first 24 hours in term-born infants under standardised care: an observational study

ObjectiveBody temperature for a known ambient temperature is not known for infants born at term. We aimed to determine the normal range and the incidences of hypothermia and hyperthermia during...

Probing the Bardeen–Kiselev black hole with the cosmological constant caused by Einstein equations coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics using quasinormal modes and greybody bounds

In this work, we investigate a static and spherically symmetric Bardeen–Kiselev black hole (BH) with the cosmological constant, which is a solution of the Einstein-non-linear Maxwell field equations. We compute the quasinormal frequencies for the Bardeen–Kiselev BH with the cosmological constant due to electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations. By varying the BH parameters, we discuss the behavior of both real and imaginary parts of the BH quasinormal frequencies and compare these frequencies with the Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter BH surrounded by quintessence (RN-dSQ). Interestingly, it is shown that the responses of the Bardeen–Kiselev BH with the cosmological constant and the RN-dSQ under electromagnetic perturbations are different when the charge parameter q, the state parameter w and the normalization factor c are varied; however, for the gravitational perturbations, the responses of the Bardeen–Kiselev BH with the cosmological constant and the RN-dSQ are different only when the charge parameter q is varied. Therefore, compared with the gravitational perturbations, the electromagnetic perturbations can be used to understand nonlinear and linear electromagnetic fields in curved spacetime separately. Another interesting observation is that, due to the presence of Kiselev quintessence, the electromagnetic perturbations around the Bardeen–Kiselev BH with the cosmological constant damps faster and oscillates slowly; for the gravitational perturbations, the quasinormal mode decays slowly and oscillates slowly. We also study the reflection and transmission coefficients along with the absorption cross section in the Bardeen–Kiselev BH with the cosmological constant; it is shown that the transmission coefficients will increase due to the presence of Kiselev quintessence.

The pH effects on thermal amyloid fibrillation kinetics of hen egg‐white lysozyme using new normalization factor for Raman spectroscopy

AbstractAmyloid fibrillation kinetics of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases has been extensively studied using Raman spectroscopy. The normalization factor for the spectra is crucial for obtaining correct kinetics of Raman indicators, especially vibrational band intensities. Here, we compared the concentration dependences between the absorption at 280 nm in UV–vis spectroscopy and the phenylalanine (Phe) Raman band intensity at 1003 cm−1 in amyloid fibrillation kinetics of lysozyme. The former exhibits better performance as normalization factor. Using this new normalization factor, the effect of pH value on the transformation of hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEWL) tertiary and secondary structures was studied subsequently. With increasing acidity, the unfolding of tertiary structures and the transformation of secondary structures are significantly accelerated. Notably, the populations of various secondary structures in the final state remain in the pH < 2.0 solutions, indicating that the branching ratios of “on‐pathway” to amyloid fibrils and “off‐pathway” to gel‐like aggregates are independent on the pH value in the range of 1.1–1.9.

A Comparison of Alanine Aminotransferase Normalization between Pemafibrate and Bezafibrate in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Objective Pemafibrate is a recently developed selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator that can improve alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the effectiveness of ALT normalization with pemafibrate and bezafibrate, a traditional fibrate, has not been compared. Methods In this retrospective study, we compared the effects of pemafibrate and bezafibrate on ALT normalization in patients with NAFLD. The primary endpoint was the ALT normalization rate at 12 months after administration. Patients Twenty and 14 patients with NAFLD receiving pemafibrate and bezafibrate, respectively, were included in this retrospective analysis. All patients had elevated ALT levels and dyslipidemia at entry. Results The ALT normalization rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 40%, 55%, and 60% for pemafibrate and 14.3%, 28.6%, and 14.3% for bezafibrate, respectively. The ALT normalization rate at 12 months was significantly higher in patients treated with pemafibrate than in those treated with bezafibrate (p=0.01). Pemafibrate, when compared with bezafibrate, was shown to be a significant factor for ALT normalization in a multivariable analysis with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 13.8 (1.6-115, p=0.01). Conclusion Pemafibrate is effective in ALT normalization in patients with NAFLD and may be used as a treatment for NAFLD.

Identification of cholesterol in different media by using the FT-IR, FT-Raman and UV–visible spectra combined with DFT calculations

In this investigation, the experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of cholesterol in the solid phase and in ethanol solution have been combined with the B3LYP/6–311++G** calculations and the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology, normal internal coordinates and transferable scaling factors to obtain the complete vibrational assignments of 216 vibration modes expected. Hence, complete vibrational assignments for that steroid of greatest biological importance are reported for first time in gas phase and ethanol solution together with its scaled force constants. Changes in the positions of some bands and in force constants values are observed in the different media due to the predicted intra-molecular interactions between CH3/CH3, CH3/CH2 and CH2/CH2 groups by atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations. The 1H- and 13C NMR chemical shifts of normal and deuterated cholesterol in aqueous solution confirm that the H atom of OH group is involved in the formation of H bonds in solution. Studies of experimental electronic spectra of cholesterol in different concentrations of ethanol revealed that the positions of peaks maxima increase conform increase the solution concentration. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses reveal that the polar OH group and the four fused rings play important roles in the stability and properties of cholesterol than the large hydrophobic moiety. Frontier orbitals predicted low reactivity of cholesterol in ethanol probably due to its high ω value in this medium.

Comments on the double cone wormhole

In this paper we revisit the double cone wormhole introduced by Saad, Shenker and Stanford (SSS), which was shown to reproduce the ramp in the spectral form factor. As a first approximation we can say that this solution computes Tr[e−iKT], a trace of the “evolution” operator that generates Schwarzschild time translations on the two sided wormhole geometry. This point of view leads to a simple way to compute the normalization factor of the wormhole. When we have bulk matter fields, SSS suggested using a modified evolution \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\widetilde{K}$$\\end{document} which involves a slightly complex geometry, so that we are really computing \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\ ext{Tr}}\\left[{e}^{-i\\widetilde{K}T}\\right]$$\\end{document}. We argue that, for general black holes, the spectrum of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\widetilde{K}$$\\end{document} is given by quasinormal mode frequencies. We explain that this reproduces various features that were previously predicted from the spectral form factor on hydrodynamics grounds. We also give a general algebraic construction of the modified boost in terms of operators constructed from half sided modular inclusions. For the special case of JT gravity, we work out the backreaction of matter on the geometry of the double cone and find that it deforms the geometry in an undesirable direction. We finally give some comments on the possible physical interpretation of \\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\widetilde{K}$$\\end{document}.

Strongly Correlated Detections of Independent Photons Eliminate Entangled Photons

Published experimental results and analytic developments indicate the possibility of achieving stronger correlations of physical events with independent photons rather than with entangled ones. The probability of coincident detections of quantum events should not be confused with the correlation of mixed states. The theoretical requirements for implementing the quantum nonlocality theory are not present in the experimental configurations purporting to prove Bohr’s or Bell’s nonlocality because of the quantum Rayleigh scattering of single photons. By means of a normalization factor corresponding to the total number of initiated events, the detection probabilities obtained experimentally are too small to enable any violation of a Bell inequality. Correlations between independent states of qubits can easily outperform those calculated with entangled photons. Additionally, the quantum joint probability for a Bell state can be factorized enabling a local detection of the alleged quantum nonlocality, if it existed

Competitive sorption experiments reveal new regression models to predict PhACs sorption on carbonaceous materials

Sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants onto thermally altered carbonaceous materials (TACM) constitutes a widely used technology for remediation of polluted waters. This process is typically described by sorption isotherms, with one of the most used models, the Polanyi-Dubinin-Manes (PDM) equation, including water solubility (Sw) as a normalizing factor. In case of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), Sw depends on the pH of the environment due to the ionic/ionizable behavior of these chemicals, a fact frequently ignored in sorption studies of PhACs. In this work, we set the theoretical framework to include the variation of Sw with pH in the definition of the PDM model, and we applied this approach to describe the effect of ambient pH in the competitive sorption of three commonly detected PhACs (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole) onto three carbonaceous sorbents (biochar, powder activated carbon, and colloidal activated carbon). Changes in the ambient pH and hence in the hydrophobicity of the compounds could explain the strong variations observed in single-solute sorption and also in competitive sorption. Furthermore, Sw was used as a parameter for the linear regression model of sorption coefficients of our experiments, suggesting the incorporation of this variable as an improvement to existing approaches for prediction of PhACs sorption onto TACM.

A hybrid nonparametric multivariate density estimator with applications to risk management

. Multivariate density estimation is plagued by the curse of dimensionality in theory and practice. We propose a hybrid density estimator of a multivariate density f that combines the strengths of the kernel estimator and the exponential series estimator. This estimator refines a preliminary kernel estimate f ̂ 0 with a multiplicative correction that estimates the ratio r = f / f ̂ 0 with an exponential series estimator. Thanks to the consistency of the pilot estimate, the coefficients of the series expansion tend to approach zero asymptotically. Accordingly, we design a thresholding method for basis function selection. A major obstacle of multivariate exponential series estimator is the calculation of its normalization factor. We resolve this difficulty with Monte Carlo integration, using the pilot kernel estimate as the trial density for importance sampling. This approach greatly enhances the practicality of the hybrid estimator. Numerical simulations demonstrate the good finite sample performance of the hybrid estimator. We present one empirical application in financial risk management.

Self fuzzy-genetic approach for boosting photovoltaic efficiency

The generation of power in Photovoltaic systems is reduced when they operate far from their maximum power point. For optimal operation, it is essential to continuously track the maximum power point of the PV solar array. However, identifying the maximum power point is a challenge due to the nonlinear relationship of electrical characteristics of PV panels with external factors. To address this issue, we present a novel design approach for a self-organizing, self-tuning fuzzy logic controller, applied to the problem of maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems. We outline the basic structure of the fuzzy logic controller and address the design problems typically associated with conventional trial-and-error schemes. We also discuss the suitability of the genetic algorithm optimization technique for determining and optimizing the fuzzy logic controller design. In our proposed approach, we translate the normalization factors, membership function parameters, and controller policy into bit-strings, which are then processed by the genetic algorithm to find a near-optimal solution. To achieve high dynamic performance, we choose a particular objective function as a performance index. We compare our approach with two variants of the maximum power point algorithm, one based on genetic algorithms and the other based on fuzzy logic, as well as with the methods described in references [34] and [35], in order to evaluate its effectiveness.

[C ii] Emission in a Self-regulated Interstellar Medium

The [C ii] 157.74 μm fine-structure transition is one of the brightest and most well-studied emission lines in the far-infrared, produced in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies. We study its properties in subparsec-resolution hydrodynamical simulations for an ISM patch with gas surface density of Σ g = 10 M ⊙ pc−2, coupled with time-dependent chemistry, far-ultraviolet dust and gas shielding, star formation, photoionization and supernova feedback, and full line radiative transfer. We find a [C ii]-to-H2 conversion factor that scales weakly with metallicity X[CII]=6.31×1019Z′0.17cm−2(Kkms−1)−1 , where Z′ is the normalized metallicity relative to solar. The majority of [C ii] originates from atomic gas with hydrogen number density n ∼ 10 cm−3. The [C ii] line intensity positively correlates with the star formation rate (SFR), with a normalization factor that scales linearly with metallicity. We find that this is broadly consistent with z ∼ 0 observations. As such, [C ii] is a good SFR tracer even in metal-poor environments where molecular lines might be undetectable. Resolving the clumpy structure of the dense (n = 10−103 cm−3) ISM is important, as it dominates [C ii] 157.74 μm emission. We compare our full radiative transfer computation with the optically thin limit and find that the [C ii] line becomes marginally optically thick only at supersolar metallicity for our assumed gas surface density.

A Bayesian probabilistic analysis of the use of English modal verbs in L2 writing: Focusing on L1 influence and topic effects

Modal verbs, with their multifaceted semantic nuances and varied grammatical configurations, present notable challenges for L2 learners and regularly intrigue L2 researchers. This study attempts to investigate and compare how English modal verbs are used by L2 learners from different L1 backgrounds. By exploring the Turkish and Chinese learners’ subcorpora of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), this work scrutizes the overall frequencies of nine core English modal verbs as grouped into three major semantic classes along with the influential lexico-syntatic variables that are semantic classes of collocated verbs, grammatical patterns and subject pronominality. The results of a Bayesian probabilistic analysis show that both the Turkish and Chinese learners primed similar modal verbs and constructional preferences without topic as the normalizing factor. While the broader analysis reveals no statistically significant divergences between these two learner groups in English modal verb preferences, a pronounced contextual influence is evident when the dataset narrows to essays on a unified theme. This nuanced shift underscores the intricate relationship between essay topics and linguistic structures, thus emphasizing the pivotal role of context in modal verb usage.

Abstract 1399: The role of CCN5 in regulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells

Abstract TNBC accounts for about 15-20 percent of all breast cancer cases, with a high incidence in young and African-American women. TNBC lacks the expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and normal human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) copy number with expression. Thus, TNBC is not sensitive to endocrine and targeted molecular therapies. Therefore, surgery and systemic chemotherapy are the primary treatment methods for TNBC. The adjuvant therapy regimen includes anthracycline, paclitaxel, or both in (Neo-) early TNBC. However, this treatment is often ineffective after recurrence or metastasis. Therefore, continuously searching for new targeted therapies and immunotherapies becomes a focus in TNBC treatment in patients with diverse communities. The studies showed that TNBC is more immunogenic than other subtypes of breast cancers with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in its microenvironment. More importantly, Cytotoxic CD8+ TILs of the adaptive immune system are the most potent effectors in the anticancer immune response and constitute the backbone of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, a high number of CD8+TILs in TNBC patients' tumors are considered a better prognosis following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Hence, increasing and activating CD8+ TILs could be an exciting and appropriate approach to treating TNBC. Blocking immune checkpoints can inverse the microenvironment immunosuppressive state and enhance the function of tumor cell clearance. One of the major immune checkpoint therapies has involved a monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), expressed in various tumor cells, including TNBC and immune cells. The studies found that PD-1/PD-L1 negatively regulates CD8+ TILs in cancers, and blockade of PD-1 can induce CD8+ TILs responses in advanced melanoma. Interestingly, PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy has also progressed in suppressing TNBC growth and progression. However, the currently available immune checkpoint therapies have therapeutic limitations with the toxicity of the drugs. Thus, new therapeutic options are urgently needed. Our studies found that the expression of CCN5, an anti-invasive gene, correlates with the number of cytotoxic CD8+ TILs in ER+ and HER-2 positive breast cancer samples. Furthermore, we also observed that PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), which was found to have high and low expression in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1, respectively, was suppressed in MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 TNBC cell lines by CCN5 recombinant protein treatment for 48 h. These findings might provide a novel immune checkpoint mechanistic explanation of CCN5 that mediates TNBC growth and progression suppression. Citation Format: Upasana Biswas, Anjali Kambhampati, Noor Haideri, Archana De, Sunil Upadhyay, Snigdha Banerjee, Sushanta Banerjee. The role of CCN5 in regulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILS) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1399.

Assessment of microbial water treatment by direct solar radiation disinfection approach

Abstract The solar sterilization treatment innovation method can be implemented within households to address water pollution, especially those contaminants caused by microorganisms that may lead to waterborne illnesses. During review, water sources in the local area were assessed for turbidity and microbial quality. It was found that river water had turbidity levels of less than 30 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) during the dry season and typically up to 50 NTU during the wet season. This review aimed to understand the impact of these findings on the local area and its technological context. This study researched the utilization of sun-based radiation to clean the microbial mass tracked down in untreated water. Temperature and length of the openness are the two normal factors that were distinguished. The first water with a microbial heap of 40–55 (CFU) was presented to solar radiation at a temperature of above 44.5 °C outcome 0 (CFU) at the openness season of 6 h. The size and kind of materials utilized for this process were PET bottles of 1.5 L capacity with a half-dark tone. The factual examination at a 95% certainty information stretch has a p-value of <0.0001.

Preparation and properties of a non-Gaussian state by quantum catalysis with thermal state input

We theoretically introduce a new kind of non-Gaussian state, namely, the mixture of multiphoton added thermal states, achieved through multiphoton measurements at one output port of the beam splitter (termed multiphoton catalysis) for thermal state input. We discuss the success probabilities of detection (the normalization factors). Furthermore, we investigate their nonclassical properties based on the nonclassical depth, photon number distribution, and photocount distribution. It is shown that the multiphoton catalysis presents a better nonclassical performance by controlling the thermal parameter, catalyzed photon number and the transmissivity of the beam splitter. In addition, the nonclassicality is further examined through the partial negativity of the Wigner function, which reveals that multiphoton catalysis operation can prepare highly nonclassical quantum states. These results indicate that the preparation of a non-Gaussian states may have potential applications in the realms of quantum information processing and quantum metrology.

TARGET ONCOGENIC RECEPTORS IN TUMOURS, FROM ITS INITIAL CLINICAL BREAKTHROUGHS TO CURRENT CLINICAL STANDARD THERAPY

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a polypeptide hormone originally isolated from mouse submaxillary gland, which is a potent mitogen for a wide variety of culture cells of both epithelial and mesenchymal origin, and its important role in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural and glial precursor cells. The physiological effects of EGF are mediated by an EGF receptor with tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. The traditionally accepted view is that normal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is no tumorigenic, whereas mutated EGFR such as an oncogenic receptor EGFRvIII is oncogenic. In recent, it has been implicated that EGF could be beneficial for burn, wound healing, diabetic foot ulcer, and show an attractive perspective. In addition, cosmetic containing EGF would be effective in improving the plasticity of skin, helps in anti-aging and whitening, and controls the amount of erythema and sebum in the skin. In our team we have successfully prepared a series of 350 bottles of Shampoo liquid and 26 bottles of recombinant human EGF (rhEGF) spray, and 4 bottles of EGF-Silvadence ointment. The initial results indicated that prepared rhEGF is safe and available in clinical use. On the other hand, progress on the interaction of EGF with its altered oncogenic receptor signaling through its downstream molecules such Ras/Raf/MAPK (see figure in the full text, George Zhu,1991) and/or PI3k/akt pathway in the development of some cancers such as A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells, brain glioblastoma, breast, pancreas and lung cancers. In addition to a series of gefitinib, erlotinib, osimertinib and the CIMA vax-EGF vaccine, an antioncogenic receptor antibody based fusion protein [for example Cetuximab-based IL-10 fusion protein, CmAb-(IL10)2] provide a potential strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy. Peer Review History: Received 1 December 2023; Revised 26 January 2024; Accepted 2 March; Available online 15 March 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com