Normal Transition Research Articles

Clean mucosal area detection of gastroenterologists versus artificial intelligence in small bowel capsule endoscopy.

Studies comparing the detection of clean mucosal areas in capsule endoscopy (CE) using human judgment versus artificial intelligence (AI) are rare. This study statistically analyzed gastroenterologist judgments and AI results. Three hundred CE video clips (100 patients) were prepared. Five gastroenterologists classified the video clips into 3 groups (≥75% [high], 50%-75% [middle], and < 50% [low]) according to their subjective judgment of cleanliness. Visualization scores were calculated using an AI algorithm based on the predicted visible area, and the 5 gastroenterologists' judgments and AI results were compared. The 5 gastroenterologists evaluated CE clip video quality as "high" in 10.7% to 36.7% and as "low" in 28.7% to 60.3% and 29.7% of cases, respectively. The AI evaluated CE clip video quality as "high" in 27.7% and as "low" in 29.7% of cases. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in the 6 evaluation indicators (5 gastroenterologists and 1 AI) (P < .001). Among the 300 judgments, 90 (30%) were consistent with 5 gastroenterologists' judgments, and 82 (91.1%) agreed with the AI judgments. The "high" and "low" judgments of the gastroenterologists and AI agreed in 95.0% and 94.9% of cases, respectively. Bonferroni's multiple comparison test showed no significant difference between 3 gastroenterologists and AI (P = .0961, P = 1.0000, and P = .0676, respectively) but a significant difference between the other 2 with AI (P < .0001). When evaluating CE images for cleanliness, the judgments of 5 gastroenterologists were relatively diverse. The AI produced a relatively universal judgment that was consistent with the gastroenterologists' judgements.

Sexual assault facilitated by the reduced response to sensory stimuli during sleep

The reports of women who wake during non-consensual penile-vaginal penetration often indicate that a male has entered the room and moved her clothing before she wakes. Sleep involves reduced sensitivity to sensory stimuli including touch, light, sound, and pain1,2 and the operation of a gating system which filters stimuli not recognised as meaningful. In a sexual assault involving forced awakening, this reduced sensitivity is additive to the effect of sleep inertia: the performance impairment and confusional state characteristic of the normal transition phase from sleep to waking. In a retrospective study of 305 adult females (median age 26, range 18–68), who presented for a forensic examination at the RPA Sexual Assault service,1 38/305 (12%) (median age 27, range 18–51) woke to find sexual acts already in progress including 25/305 (8%) who woke to find penile-vaginal penetration already occurring. 9/38 (24% of those who woke) were non-intoxicated prior to going to sleep. In 4/38 the only recall was of non-penetrative touching despite other indicators of penetration (vaginal injury, DNA evidence). Another 68/305 women (22%) had no memory of waking during an alleged or suspected sexual assault and may have slept throughout.

Two-particle transfer processes as a signature of shape phase transition in Zirconium isotopes

We explore two-particle transfer reactions as a crucial probe of the occurrence of shape coexistence in shape phase transitions. The (t,p) reactions to the ground state and to excited 0+ states are calculated for the isotope chain of even-even Zirconium isotopes starting from stable nuclei up to beyond current experimental limits. Two-particle spectroscopic factors derived from Monte Carlo Shell Model calculations are used, together with the sequential description of the two-particle transfer reaction mechanism. The calculation shows a clear signature for a shape phase transition between 98Zr and 100Zr, which displays coexistence of a deformed ground state with an excited spherical 0+ state. Furthermore, we show that there is a qualitative difference with respect to the case of a normal shape phase transition that can be discriminated with two-neutron transfer reactions.

Parasympathetic control of gastrointestinal motility and cross-branch actions of parasympathetic neuromodulation.

Parasympathetic control of gastrointestinal motility and cross-branch actions of parasympathetic neuromodulation.

Dyssynergic Defecation in Chronically Constipated Children in Korea.

Dyssynergic defecation (DSD) is one of the important causes of chronic constipation in children. We aimed to analyze the clinical features, diagnostic test results, and treatments for DSD in children. Children diagnosed with DSD using fluoroscopic defecography were enrolled in this study. Clinical data, including the results of colon transit time (CTT) test and biofeedback (BF) therapy, were collected from medical records retrospectively. Nineteen children were enrolled. The median age was 9 years (6-18 years), the median frequency of bowel movement was 1/7 days (1-10 days), the median duration of constipation was 7.0 years (2-18 years), the median age of onset of constipation was 2.5 years (1-11 years). In the CTT test, outlet obstruction type was noted in 10/18 (55.6%), slow transit type in 5/18 (27.8%), and normal transit in 1/18 (5.6%). The median CTT was 52 hours (40-142 hours). Initial medical therapy was performed with the polyethylene glycol 4000, and the response was good in 9/19 (47.4%), fair in 9/19 (47.4%), and poor in 1/19 (5.0%). BF was performed in 8/19, with good results in 6/8 (75.0%) children and failure in 2/8 (25.0%) children. After long-term medical therapy (11/19), 3/5 showed good response with medication alone, 6/8 showed good response with BF and medication combined. DSD should be considered as a cause of chronic constipation in children, especially in those with abnormal CTT test results. BF combined with medical therapy is effective even with age-limited cooperation.

Stepping Closer to Pulsed Single Microwave Photon Detectors for Axions Search

Axions detection requires the ultimate sensitivity down to the single photon limit. In the microwave region this corresponds to energies in the yJ range. This extreme sensitivity has to be combined with an extremely low dark count rate, since the probability of axions conversion into microwave photons is supposed to be very low. To face this complicated task, we followed two promising approaches that both rely on the use of superconducting devices based on the Josephson effect. The first one is to use a single Josephson junction (JJ) as a switching detector (i.e. exploiting the superconducting to normal state transition in presence of microwave photons). We designed a device composed of a coplanar waveguide terminated on a current biased Josephson junction. We tested its efficiency to pulsed (pulse duration 10 ns) microwave signals, since this configuration is closer to an actual axions search experiment. We show how our device is able to reach detection capability of the order of 10 photons with frequency 8 GHz. The second approach is based on an intrinsically quantum device formed by two resonators coupled only via a superconducting qubit network (SQN). This approach relies on quantum nondemolition measurements of the resonator photons. We show that injecting RF power into the resonator, the frequency position of the resonant drop in the transmission coefficient (S21) can be modulated up to 4 MHz. We anticipate that, once optimized, both the devices have the potential to reach single photon sensitivity.

Application of a New Protocol for a Study of Colonic Transit Using Radiopaque Markers in Functional Constipation for a Population with Rapid Gut Transit

Abstract Background: Indians do not fit the definition of slow transit constipation (STC) according to Western standards because of their quick gut transit. The colonic transit study (CTS) can discriminate between patients with severe specific motility problems, such as Hirschsprung’s disease and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and healthy participants with optimal sensitivity and specificity when using a new technique in the Indian population. The study’s goal was to establish the appropriate cutoff to distinguish between healthy participants and moderate abnormalities such as functional constipation. The study aimed to find out a cutoff value for STC compared to healthy volunteers in the Indian population using the new Indian protocol of CTS. Materials and Methods: This observational study was performed in the department of gastroenterology from August 2014 to February 2015. Twenty-one patients who fulfilled the criteria for Rome III functional constipation and eight healthy sex-matched volunteers were included in the study. Subjects were instructed to take 4, 3, and 3 capsules simultaneously (6 markers in each capsule) at 0, 12, and 24 h, respectively. An abdominal X-ray was taken at 36 h and 60 h. The patient group also underwent a thorough history, a clinical examination, and a balloon expulsion test as a screening test for fecal evacuation disorder. The data were compiled and analyzed. The best cutoff was determined by a receiver operating characteristic curve, and the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were determined. Results: There were a total of 21 patients with 14 males and 7 females. The majority (38.1%) had a frequency of 7/week. The predominant symptoms were hard stool (66.7%), sensation of blockage (85.7%), and straining (90.5%). The best cutoff to differentiate between normal and slow transit, in comparison to healthy volunteers, was calculated. Area under curve was computed to be 0.69 (P = 0.001) for 60 h and 0.71 (P = 0.001) for 36 h. When ≥4 and ≥1 markers were taken, the sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 25%, respectively. When ≥20 and ≥4 markers were taken, the sensitivity and specificity were 52% and 100%, respectively. No significant difference between right, left, or rectosigmoid segmental colonic transit time was found at 36 or 60 h. Conclusion: The new protocol to assess colonic transit in the Indian population with functional constipation may be used as a screening modality to find out the delayed transit constipation. However, this protocol has less sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for functional constipation compared to severe diseases such as Hirschsprung’s disease and colonic pseudoobstruction.

Case Report and Review: An Unusual Case of Fetal Traumatic Brain Injury

We herein report an unusual case of maternal road traffic accident with blunt trauma to the abdomen at 34 weeks of gestation followed by delivery of severely encephalopathic baby and also a brief review of similar previous reports.The baby had near normal transition, then progressively developed severe encephalopathy and multiple organ dysfunction attributed mainly to the intrauterine traumatic injury. The baby had multiple intra and extra axial bleeds,cerebral edema and diffuse axonal injury, as revealed by the CT scan. The baby was managed conservatively with various neuroprotective strategies similar to management in older children and thus cerebral edema/ hematomas subsided. The baby required ventilatory support, prolonged assisted ventilation/oxygen and the metabolic derangements were managed accordingly. The baby was discharged on oral Levetiracetam, multivitamins and nasogastric tube feeds. Baby was followed up sequentially till day 74 and on physical examination had poor head growth and increased muscle tone of the extremities. Neuroimaging revealed diffuse multicystic leukoencephalomalacia, hydrocephalus ex vacuo with cortical thinning. Intrauterine fetal brain injury is an uncommon incidence which causes mortality and significant morbidity in the child. Neuroimaging of the fetus after trauma to the mother can lead to early diagnosis and anticipation. Early vigorous neuroprotective measures and management may prevent mortality and reduce further brain insult in theseneonates. There is paucity of information on management of such cases thus they should be reported in detail forstudy and future references.

Transisi New Normal: Bagaimana Masyarakat Rural dapat Bertahan?

The Indonesian government has declared a new order to live side by side with COVID-19, through the idea of a "new normal". An interesting study to see how the Indonesian people respond to this new normal policy, especially in rural communities. So far, most discussions about the new normal have only been in the context of urban society. This study aims to identify the resilience of rural communities in facing the new normal situation. The method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. Data was collected using in-depth interview techniques with key actors. The research was conducted in Pulo Pitu Marihat Village, Ujung Padang District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province. This area was a red zone location when the pandemic took place, and most of the population worked in the informal sector which tended to be economically and socially vulnerable. The results show that people's ability to survive in the face of changes in the new normal transition period is influenced by individual resilience, social capital, natural resource environment, and social institutions.

Comparison of split-cuff nipple and modified Lich-Gregoir ureteroneocystostomy in iatrogenic distal ureteral injuries: tertiary care center experience.

In this study, we aimed to compare the results of split-cuff nipple and modified Lich-Gregoir ureteroneocystostomy, which are the most commonly used techniques in stage ≥ 3 iatrogenic distal ureteral injuries. The files of patients who were treated for iatrogenic distal ureteral injuries in our clinic between January 2013 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 60 patients who underwent either intra-vesical split-cuff nipple ureteroneocystostomy (Group A) or extra-vesical modified Lich-Gregoir ureteroneocystostomy (Group B) operations were included in the study. The success of ureteroneocystostomy was defined as no additional surgery requirement, no progression of hydronephrosis on imaging, and normal contrast transition on imaging. Thirty-four patients underwent split-cuff nipple and 26 patients underwent modified Lich-Gregoir ureteroneocystostomy. The treatment was successful in 53 (88.3%) patients and failed in seven (11.7%). Complications occurred in 19 (31.7%) patients, of whom 14 (23.3%) had minor and five (8.3%) had major complications. The rate of postoperative complications was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (p = 0.019). There was no significant difference between Group A and Group B in terms of the success ratio (p = 1), rate of major complications (p = 0.372), and postoperative hospitalization times (p = 0.254). In this study, a higher complication rate was found in patients with iatrogenic ureteral injuries who underwent ureteroneocystostomy with the split-cuff ureteral nipple technique compared to those who underwent this operation with the modified Lich-Gregoir technique. However, no significant difference was observed between these two techniques in terms of treatment success and major complications.

Hallmarks of cancer: The insulin-like growth factors perspective.

The identification of a series of attributes or hallmarks that are shared by virtually all cancer cells constitutes a true milestone in cancer research. The conceptualization of a catalogue of common genetic, molecular, biochemical and cellular events under a unifying Hallmarks of Cancer idea had a major impact in oncology. Furthermore, the fact that different types of cancer, ranging from pediatric tumors and leukemias to adult epithelial cancers, share a large number of fundamental traits reflects the universal nature of the biological events involved in oncogenesis. The dissection of a complex disease like cancer into a finite directory of hallmarks is of major basic and translational relevance. The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) as a progression/survival factor required for normal cell cycle transition has been firmly established. Similarly well characterized are the biochemical and cellular activities of IGF1 and IGF2 in the chain of events leading from a phenotypically normal cell to a diseased one harboring neoplastic traits, including growth factor independence, loss of cell-cell contact inhibition, chromosomal abnormalities, accumulation of mutations, activation of oncogenes, etc. The purpose of the present review is to provide an in-depth evaluation of the biology of IGF1 at the light of paradigms that emerge from analysis of cancer hallmarks. Given the fact that the IGF1 axis emerged in recent years as a promising therapeutic target, we believe that a careful exploration of this signaling system might be of critical importance on our ability to design and optimize cancer therapies.

Tracking Mechanical Stress and Cell Migration with Inexpensive Polymer Thin-Film Sensors.

Polydiacetylene (PDA) Langmuir films are well known for their blue to red chromatic transitions in response to a variety of stimuli, including UV light, heat, bio-molecule bindings and mechanical stress. In this work, we detail the ability to tune PDA Langmuir films to exhibit discrete chromatic transitions in response to applied mechanical stress. Normal and shear-induced transitions were quantified using the Surface Forces Apparatus and established to be binary and tunable as a function of film formation conditions. Both monomer alkyl tail length and metal cations were used to manipulate the chromatic transition force threshold to enable discrete force sensing from ~50 to ~500 nN μm-2 for normal loading and ~2 to ~40 nN μm-2 for shear-induced transitions, which are appropriate for biological cells. The utility of PDA thin-film sensors was demonstrated with the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The fluorescence readout of the films enabled: the area explored by Physarum to be visualized, the forces involved in locomotion to be quantified, and revealed novel puncta formation potentially associated with Physarum sampling its environment.

Adolescence and their recondite gynaecological issues

Aims and Objectives: To investigate the gynecological issues prevailing in adolescent and puberty patients. To assess different symptoms and issues during the OPD with respect to age and marital status.Methods: The present study is an observational study of patients of 10-19-year-old at Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally over a 6-month period. 36 patients symptoms and their severity, duration are documented, detailed examination is done and all investigations needed are performed.Result: In OPD and emergency 36 teens were examined. Most cases are 17-19 yrs. 25% of teenagers were married. Several adolescent girls had infrequent cycles, heavy menstrual bleeding, and amenorrhea. Abnormal uterine bleeding due to PCOS seen in 50% of instances, Teenage pregnancies are also profound in study group and noted as 22.5%.Conclusion: Abnormal uterine bleeding-Ovulatory dysfunction (PCOS) is the most frequent gynaecological condition in adolescents. Before considering normal physiological transition, evaluate bleeding concerns. Increasing AUB (PCOS) in teenagers is due to childhood obesity, sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercise, popularity of junk foods, and stress. Health education programmes at the grassroots level should raise knowledge about adolescent girls' gynaecological concerns. Investing in teenage health will increase, prevent health care for tomorrow's women.

Global DNA Methylation Analysis of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Reveals Extensive Epigenetic Rewiring Linked with RUNX1 Upregulation in Breast Cancer Stroma.

The first genome-wide map of DNA methylation in breast cancer-associated fibroblasts unravels a previously unknown facet of the dynamic plasticity of the stroma, with far-reaching therapeutic implications.

Mechanical behaviour of glass-mortar under uniaxial compression loading based on a meso-scale modelling approach

Waste glass has become one of the most attractive candidates for replacing natural aggregate in mortar/concrete. Although researchers have conducted extensive experiments to investigate the macroscopic behaviour of mortar/concrete containing glass aggregate, certain mechanical behaviours are difficult to capture. These include damage initiation and propagation, and the effects of the intrinsic characteristics of glass aggregate, which are important in building applications. In this study, a two-dimensional meso-scale model was developed to numerically investigate the macroscopic and mesoscopic behaviour of glass mortar under uniaxial compression loading. Glass mortar was modelled as a three-phase composite including the surrounding normal mortar, glass aggregate and interfacial transition zone. The developed model was validated using experimental observations of the behaviour of glass mortar under uniaxial compression loading. Two prominent physical characteristics of glass aggregate were reflected in the developed meso-scale model, namely the angular aggregate shape and weaker interfacial transition zone. Based on the simulation results, it was found that both characteristics affected the mechanical response, while the aggregate shape was observed to be less significant. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to investigate the effects of various aggregate's properties, including random distribution, volume fraction, particle size, and elongation ratio, on the mechanical response of mortar. Overall, the developed meso-scale model for glass mortar is expected to provide a better understanding of the failure mechanisms of glass mortar/concrete under uniaxial compression loading.

S3353 Improvement in Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) Syndrome Following Treatment With a Combination of Antibiotics and Fecal Microbiome Transplantation (FMT)

Introduction: Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) syndrome is a condition that impairs normal neurological brain function and is triggered by a streptococcal infection. It is characterised by an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) tic disorder, or both and usually occurs suddenly between the age of 3-12 years. Other symptoms include mood changes, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, trouble sleeping, and joint pain. Metagenomic profiles of those with PANDAS syndrome show an altered gut bacterial community. Commonly treatment involves antibiotics for streptococcal infection. Here, we report on the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on a set of identical twins with concomitant PANDAS syndrome. Case Description/Methods: Case 1: A male (16yrs) presented with slow transit type constipation with a colonic transit half clearance time of 70minutes. His medical history also showed he had PANDAS syndrome and later tested positive for Clostridium Difficile (C. difficile). The patient was treated with metronidazole before receiving a single dose of FMT which was transfused colonoscopically. At 1-month the patient tested negative for C. difficile. Post treatment he reported significant improvement in abdominal pain, bloating and constipation that lasted 2 years. Simultaneously he reported symptom improvement in anxiety, depression, and Rheumatoid Arthritis which are associated with PANDAS syndrome. Case 2: A male (16yrs) presented with severe constipation with a normal colonic transit half clearance time of 50minutes. Constipation prompted a worsening of symptoms of concomitant PANDAS syndrome which had previously been treated with steroids. After further testing he was found to have C. difficile for which he was prescribed metronidazole and vancomycin before receiving a single dose of FMT by colonoscopic infusion. At 1-month post treatment eradication of C. difficile was confirmed. Post treatment he reported experiencing improvement in constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, and vomiting which lasted for 2 years. He also reported symptom improvement in Autism, OCD, and Rheumatoid Arthritis which are linked to PANDAS syndrome. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge these are the first cases of improvement in PANDAS symptoms after FMT treatment. Further study is required into the effects of FMT on PANDAS syndrome before FMT can be confirmed as a potential treatment.

Magnetization Loss Measurements of Spiral Copper-Plated Multifilament Coated Conductors With Various Filament and Conductor Widths

We can achieve both small magnetization loss and the robustness against local defect or local normal transition by winding copper-plated multifilament coated conductor spirally. The particular focus of this study is the impact of narrowing conductor (tape) width as well as filament width on magnetization losses. We measured the magnetization losses of various spiral copper-plated multifilament coated conductors, separated them into hysteresis losses and coupling losses, and examined the impact of narrowing filament width and conductor width. We demonstrated that the magnetization loss of the spiral 2 mm-wide coated conductor with 0.2 mm-wide filaments and 10 μm-thick copper was one-twentieth of that of a flat standard 4 mm-wide coated conductor in transverse ac magnetic fields of 65.44 Hz.

PLGA Nanoparticles Uptake in Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth and Oral Keratinocyte Stem Cells.

Polymeric nanoparticles have been introduced as a delivery vehicle for active compounds in a broad range of medical applications due to their biocompatibility, stability, controlled release of active compounds, and reduced toxicity. The oral route is the most used approach for delivery of biologics to the body. The homeostasis and function of oral cavity tissues are dependent on the activity of stem cells. The present work focuses, for the first time, on the interaction between two types of polymeric nanoparticles, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) or PLGA and PLGA/chitosan, and two stem cell populations, oral keratinocyte stem cells (OKSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). The main results show that statistical significance was observed in OKSCs uptake when compared with normal keratinocytes and transit amplifying cells after 24 h of incubation with 5 and 10 µg/mL PLGA/chitosan. The CD117+ SHED subpopulation incorporated more PLGA/chitosan nanoparticles than nonseparated SHED. The uptake for PLGA/chitosan particles was better than for PLGA particles with longer incubation times, yielding better results in both cell types. The present results demonstrate that nanoparticle uptake depends on stem cell type, incubation time, particle concentration, and surface properties.

Neural response based behavioral profiling of vehicle drivers to personalize alarm sequences, warn safety systems and trigger non-driver-in-loop control

Quantitative measurement of vehicle driver alertness and response readiness to on-road emergency cues could add more response time to driver assistance and safety features. Exogenous Electroencephalogram (EEG) potentials generated in Beta frequencies can imply driver’s attention to the situation, the absence of which may be associated with distraction or drowsiness. Detection of specific Alpha potentials during action-soliciting events may further indicate risk of violating response-trigger thresholds beyond which physical and vehicular response periods may become too short to avoid collision. Specific Event-Related Potentials (ERP) associated with early automatic cognitive process of consciousness to obstacles, emotional reaction to visual cues, risk evaluation, drier’s emotional intensity, anticipation and motor preparation can be identified, isolated and processed to create a model that predicts driver’s intension/capability to respond to obstacles within a derived time threshold. Isolating signals that indicate driver in-activity (extreme fatigue, sleep, visual or auditory distraction) during near-obstacle situations could further be used to preempt user-in-loop drive, in semi-autonomous vehicles, even if the driver is inhibiting normal transition to self-drive mode. Existing safety components, like airbags, could be issued pre-warnings about possible crash situations (currently they are actuated only upon impact), giving them critical additional time to get pre-actuation sequences triggered.

Insight into the Conformational Transitions of Serine Acetyl Transferase Isoforms in E. histolytica: Implications for Structural and Functional Balance

Serine acetyl transferase (SAT) is one of the crucial enzymes in the cysteine biosynthetic pathway and an essential enzyme for the survival of Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis. E. histolytica expresses three isoforms of SAT, where SAT1 and SAT2 are inhibited by the final product cysteine, while SAT3 is not inhibited. SAT3 has a slightly elongated C-terminus compared to SAT1. To understand the stability and conformational transition between two secondary structures of proteins, we measured the effect of urea, a chemical denaturant, on two isoforms of SAT (SAT1 and SAT3) of E. histolytica. The effect of urea on the structure and stability of SAT1 and SAT3 was determined by measuring changes in their far-UV circular dichroism (CD), Trp fluorescence, and near-UV absorption spectra. The urea-induced normal transition curves suggested that the structural transition is reversible and follows a two-state process. Analysis of the urea-induced transition of all optical properties for the stability parameters ΔGD° (Gibbs free energy change (ΔGD) in the absence of urea), m (dependence of ΔGD on urea concentration), and Cm (midpoint of urea transition) suggested that SAT1 is more stable than SAT3. Characterization of the end product of the urea-induced transition of both proteins by the far-UV CD and Trp-fluorescence and near-UV absorbance suggested that urea causes α-helix to β-sheet transition and burial of Trp residues, respectively. To support the in vitro findings, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations (in silico study) were performed. Both the spectroscopic and molecular dynamics approaches clearly indicated that SAT1 is more stable than SAT3. SAT3 has evolved to escape the feedback inhibition to keep producing cysteine, but in the process, it compromises its structural stability relative to SAT1.