Normal Sand Research Articles

A Research Report Comprising on Behaviour of Sea Sand and Normal Sand

Abstract: Consumption of concrete has grown rapidly over a year, and it is also becoming one of the basic constructionmaterials. Since, it is a composite mixture of the constituents containing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. For manufacturing the concrete the fine aggregate are required more quantity. In general, river sand and RIVDER SAND is used as fine aggregate in construction industry. Due to this increase in use of river sand and RIVDER SAND the requirement has been increasing massively day by day in building sector. The government also have given some limitation on mining of river sand from the river beds. The treatment needed to remove the salt content in sea sand and sea water is difficult on time oftreatment and cost. So, the untreated sea sand is used in this test. The work on this study evaluates the different comparisons of mechanical properties of complete RIVDER SAND , complete sea sand (SS) and50% of RIVDER SAND with 50% of sea sand (MSSS). Main intention to consider the sea sand based concrete is to preserve the environmental resource in economical and sustainable development in construction and concrete sector. The experimental test results of sea sand based concrete shows adverse increase in strength compared to RIVDER SAND based concrete specimens

Treatment of pharmaceutical industry wastewater for water reuse in Jordan using hybrid constructed wetlands

Developing cost-efficient wastewater treatment technologies for safe reuse is essential, especially in developing countries simultaneously facing water scarcity. This study developed and evaluated a hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs) approach, incorporating tidal flow (TF) operation and utilising local Jordanian zeolite as a wetland substrate for real pharmaceutical industry wastewater treatment. Over 273 days of continuous monitoring, the results revealed that the first-stage TFCWs filled with either raw or modified zeolite performed significantly higher reductions in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, 58 %–60 %), Total Nitrogen (TN, 32 %–37 %), and Phosphate (PO4, 46 %–64 %) compared to TFCWs filled with normal sand. Water quality further improved after the second stage of horizontal subsurface flow CWs treatment, achieving log removals of 1.09–2.47 for total coliform and 1.89–2.09 for E. coli. With influent pharmaceutical concentrations ranging from 275 to 2000 μg/L, the zeolite-filled hybrid CWs achieved complete removal (>98 %) for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, and enrofloxacin, moderate removal (43 %–81 %) for flumequine and lincomycin, and limited removal (<8 %) for carbamazepine and diclofenac. The overall accumulation of pharmaceuticals in plant tissue and substrate adsorption accounted for only 2.3 % and 4.3 %, respectively, of the total mass removal. Biodegradation of these pharmaceuticals (up to 61 %) through microbial-mediated processes or within plant tissues was identified as the key removal pathway. For both conventional pollutants and pharmaceuticals, modified zeolite wetland media could only slightly enhance treatment without a significant difference between the two treatment groups. The final effluent from all hybrid CWs complied with Jordanian treated industry wastewater reuse standards (category III), and systems filled with raw or modified zeolite achieved over 95 % of samples meeting the highest water reuse category I. This study provides evidence of using hybrid CWs technology as a nature-based solution to address water safety and scarcity challenges.

Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made of Selected Waste Glass and Ceramic Tiles

Worldwide, construction and demolition wastes contribute the most wastes. Hence, environmental concerns have been raised, and more investigations have been recommended for recycling potential. Glass and Ceramic wastes are currently disposed of in landfills. This paper aims to study the structural behaviour of non-conventional concrete made of waste glass and ceramic tiles. A comparison is conducted between the normal and non-conventional concrete beams. The non-conventional concrete is made by replacing normal sand and gravel at 25% and 50% percentages. Both glass and ceramic tiles are used separately and blended in three different types (A, B, &amp; C) of concretes. The laboratory experiments are verified with a Finite Element model for the three reinforced concrete types using ANSYS software. The results of conducted comparison shown that the non-conventional reinforced concretes have acceptable consistent with the normal reinforced concrete, and the reuse of glass and ceramic waste is technically feasible.

Interaction of erosion and corrosion on high-strength steels used for marine dredging engineering

In this work, the erosion–corrosion performances of three high-strength steel samples: high manganese austenitic steel (HMnS), dual-phase steel (D-PS), and martensitic steel (MS), which are potentially used to construct marine dredged pipelines were investigated in comparison to the Q235 carbon steel. The corrosion-enhanced erosion (C-E) and erosion-enhanced corrosion (E-C) were electrochemically studied in conjunction with surface and subsurface characterizations. Results showed that the fracture of the steel extrusions induced by micro-cutting was the main erosion-corrosion feature under normal sand impacts. The C-E played a significant role in the erosion–corrosion process, which resulted in the dissolution of the work-hardening layer and facilitated the subsurface crack propagation, particularly for D-PS and MS. Although the general E-C rate was low, the concentration of the major anodes at the highly eroded area significantly enhanced the erosion process. Evaluating erosion resistance solely based on hardness is significantly limited. The twinning deformation of the austenite grain in HMnS effectively hindered the crack propagation during the erosion–corrosion. The addition of Al and Cr elements improved the erosion–corrosion resistance of high-strength steels.

Sustainable Production of Building Blocks using A Recycled Plastic Waste

Abstract: Plastic waste is one of the materials that constitutes environmental nuisance and contribute to global warming. The global need to ameliorate the effect of global warming through waste reduction and recycling necessitated this research. The study involved using recycled plastic waste to produce building blocks. The low density plastic waste were collected from dump sites, cleaned and dried before melted and mixed with a fine aggregate at different ratios. The molten slurry formed by mixture of melted plastic waste and fine was poured into the metal mould and allowed to set. The result of the study showed that plastic sand blocks have a compressive strength ranging from 6.8N/mm2 to13.15N/mm2 which has a 3.3% higher than that of normal sand blocks. The water absorption rate, bulk density and Efflorescence results are within the acceptable limits. The exhibition favorable properties of blocks and need for sustainability of our environment should encourage the use of plastic waste produced blocks. This research indicates that bricks produced with plastics exhibit fine surface finishing, low porosity, and light weight, coupled with high compressive strength. Comparatively, these bricks surpass conventional clay bricks in both strength and weight reduction. The study recommends employing bricks produced with plastics for load bearing and framed structures, as well as in wet lands. Additionally, further investigations into different mix ratios are suggested to enhance quality and durability.

Influence of sillimanite sand and corundum sand on the mechanical property, durability and pore structure of cement mortar

The present study investigates the effects of sillimanite sand and corundum sand on the mechanical property, durability, and pore structure of cement mortar. Normal sand in the cement mortar mix was replaced with sillimanite sand or corundum sand at 25, 50, 75, and 100 % by volume. Further, a binary blend of sillimanite sand and corundum sand was considered to study the dual aggregate effect on cement mortar. The incorporation of 75 % corundum sand in the mortar improved the compressive strength and flexural strength by 177.7 % and 41.5 %, respectively. The higher hardness, specific gravity, and rough surface texture of corundum sand improved the mechanical properties. Further, corundum sand was found to increase the bulk density and reduce the number of permeable pores as well as the sorptivity, shrinkage, and pore connectivity in the mortar. The properties of mortar prepared using sillimanite sand and binary blend (sillimanite sand and corundum sand) were superior to those of the control sample. The average particle size of sillimanite sand was 2.40 times lower than that of normal sand. The lower particle size of the sillimanite sand formed a dense microstructure, which enhanced both the strength and the durability. It is concluded that sillimanite sand and corundum sand are feasible alternatives to normal sand in the design of engineered cement mortars.

Effects of mineral wool waste in alkali activated-artificial aggregates for high-temperature applications

In this study, an alternative utilization route for Mineral Wool Waste (MWW) as a solid precursor for artificial aggregate manufacturing is proposed. The process parameters including alkali activation (Na or K) and curing regimes are investigated. Room and high-temperature (1000 °C) characterizations are performed on the plain aggregates and when incorporated in geopolymer composite. The results reveal that with an optimum pre-curing regime at room temperature for 3 days, artificial aggregates with particle density ranging from 1960 to 2090 kg/m3 and crushing strength of 7.0 to 7.9 MPa can be obtained. The behaviour of aggregates is strongly related to the alkali cation type. The Na-based activator with high viscosity resulted in a more irregular grain shape with a lower particle density and a crushing strength as compared to K-activated aggregates. High crystallinity is observed in K-activated aggregates, causing better thermal stability. The alkali-activated artificial aggregates show a geopolymer-like behaviour in geopolymer composites, which contributes to higher strength development over normal sand aggregate.

TREATED SEA COMPONENTS CONCRETE

This paper has introduced the concept of sustainable concrete. To save pure water and sand quarries, both seawater and sea sand have been used in concrete mix instead of pure water and normal sand. In addition, the cement has been partially replaced by ash from palm tree wastes to address the effect of salinity on the mechanical properties of the concrete. The workability and compressive strength of concrete were investigated for various percentages of replacement of sea-sand and palm tree waste ash. The slump and compression tests were completed, with the concrete compression test completed after 7 days and 28 days of curing with seawater. The results showed that replacing 30% of the normal sand with sea-sand and 5% of the cement with palm ash wastes in the presence of seawater as a full replacement of the tap water increased the compressive strength by 48.5% when compared to normal concrete with sea water as a mixing water.

Waste ceramic as partial replacement for sand in integral waterproof concrete: The durability against sulfate attack of certain properties

Abstract Nowadays, the use of waste materials in concrete production is crucial for a clean environment and less concrete cost. This study aimed to enhance some mechanical properties of concrete utilizing integral waterproof (IWP) admixture and using waste ceramics as fine aggregate with finer particles to improve compressive strength and modulus of elasticity and absorption studied. Studies indicate increase in compressive strength and modulus of elasticity by using IWP only and also a reduction in absorption and by using ceramic powder as a replacement with normal sand, more advantages were achieved, i.e., the compressive strength increased from 41.7 to 47.8 MPa by replacing sand with some ceramic waste, and the modulus of elasticity increased from 25.22 to 29.61 GPa. The absorption lowered to only 1% while it was 1.96% for concrete without ceramic waste. Durability against sulfate attack was also studied in this research.

Experimental investigation on e-waste plastic (PVC wires) bricks

This study used to focus on minimization of the usage of fine aggregate in the construction projects. Fine aggregate is not available for construction purpose and there is a very high demand for fine aggregate. To control this problem, the Electronic waste collected from Electronic waste plant is used as replacement for fine aggregate in the construction of building components. The need of this investigation is to reuse of polyisoprene (PVC Wires) deriving from e-waste used as a partial replacement for the fine aggregate to manufacture e-waste bricks which can be alternatively used for fly ash bricks. PVC is recovered from electrical cables in which copper is removed, ground and used as replacement of fine aggregate in 5,10 and 15%volume replacement. Tests like X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy of the e-waste are carried out to understand its composition and molecular structure. The resulting bricks are mechanically tested. This experimental investigation resulted that the 10% replacement of E – Waste gives a maximum strength which is greater than normal sand bricks and fly – ash bricks. By using Electronic waste building components decrease the cost of construction of the project and also save the natural resources by replacing of waste in construction projects and reduce the hazards in the environment.

Effect of Desert Sand on the Section Bonding Properties of Polyethylene Fiber−Engineered Cementitious Composites

Xinjiang is in northwest China and has abundant desert sand. Replacing natural sand with sand from deserts is an urgent need and could be used in making polyethylene fiber−engineered cementitious composite (PE−ECC). The interfacial bonding properties of desert sand PE−ECC (DSPE−ECC) were made using the optimal mix proportion (30% desert sand content, 2% fiber volume) and the laboratory’s previous research results. Normal sand PE−ECC (NSPE−ECC) and DSPE-ECC at different test ages (3, 7, 14, and 28 days) were subjected to uniaxial tensile tests, and a method for determining bonding properties is proposed. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the development of PE-ECC fiber and matrix and the formation of hydration products. The results indicated that the cracking loads of the DSPE-ECC at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days increased by 16.72%, 28%, 23.23%, and 10.05%, respectively. Desert sand had low water content and high water absorption, which slowed down the rate of C2S, C3S combining with water molecules to form C−S−H, and had a great influence on the bonding properties of ECC at 3 days. However, the bonding properties of DSPE−ECC were only slightly less than those of NSPE−ECC at 28 days, and the bonding properties had gradually stabilized. Therefore, the addition of desert sand enhanced the fiber/matrix’s bonding properties, and the bonding properties stablized with the increase in curing ages.

Effect of sillimanite sand on the mechanical property and thermal resistance of alkali-activated slag mortar

The change in the properties of fine aggregate has significant potential in altering the efficacy of alkali-activated slag. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of sillimanite sand on the mechanical and microstructural properties of alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortar at ambient temperature, and after exposure to elevated temperatures (250, 500, 750, and 1050 °C). In addition, the effect of the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (6, 8, 10, and 12 M) was evaluated. The silicious normal sand was replaced with sillimanite sand at 25, 50, 75, and 100 % by volume. The results show that the superior physical properties of sillimanite sand improved the strength of the AAS mortar, compared with silicious normal sand. After heating at 250 °C, all AAS mortar mixes showed a significantly higher increase in compressive strength compared to unheated samples. Utilization of the largest concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (12 M) as well as sillimanite sand resulted in a residual compressive strength equivalent to the control sample after 500 °C temperature exposure. A significant drop in residual compressive strength was observed for all mixes at 750 °C. Visual observation of the heated samples revealed that casting the mortar samples with sillimanite sand limited the number, width and extent of thermal cracks. XRD analysis revealed the decomposition of C-S-H and the formation of silica oxide at 750 °C. The results of this study suggest that replacing silicious normal sand with sillimanite sand can help the modification of the engineering properties of AAS mortar at ambient temperature, and after exposure to elevated temperatures.

ANÁLISE DA SUBSTITUIÇÃO DA AREIA POR RESÍDUOS DE VIDRO NA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL

There are produced approximately one million tons of glass annually in Brazil. The glass components resulting from domestic and commercial wastes are usually bottles, light bulbs, broken glassware, food jars, broken waste from factories and other types of objects. After analysis of these data was sought an alternative to sort the problem of accumulation and glass improper disposal. A sustainable alternative to reduce the volume of glass discarded without reuse, would be the use of them in construction, embedded in cement-based mixtures such as in the production of concrete with crushed glass cullet to replace the sand as the use of glass residuals in the interlocked paver composition of concrete, in replacing of 25% of sand used as fine aggregate in the dash base of concrete, a potential way of contributing to the reuse of this waste, and with the possibility of improving the performance and cost reduction. Since it was analyzed the compressive strength and water absorption (analyzes specified by NBR 9781: 2013 for pavement quality control) comparing the results with the pavement using glass as compared to standard (using the amount of normal sand).

Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) as replacement materials for geotechnical application

Settlement is a common geotechnical problem occurs in soft soils. The replacement method is the easiest way to improve this problematic soil. This technique is carried out by removing the unwanted part of the soil and replacing it with a more suitable material or soil. This study focuses on using Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) as a construction material to replace normal sand and aggregate in filling work. LECA is one of the best alternatives that can be used to improve soil properties because it is lightweight, strong and environmentally friendly. However, there are no specific guidelines for the LECA replacement in filling work. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop the construction procedures and LECA replacement requirements for geotechnical application in Malaysia. LECA aggregates have been used as a filling material to solve the settlement problem at Masjid At-Taqwa, Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. LECA samples were collected from different location at different compaction levels for inspection of physical properties and quality of compaction examination. The level of compaction effort performed on LECA replacement represents by the number of passes. The relationship in compaction conditions related to LECA replacement is determined by two graphs namely LECA Compaction Effort and Targeted Compaction Level. The compaction quality of LECA aggregate filling work can be checked using Lightweight Deflectometer (LWD). The maximum desired density can be determined in advance. With reference to the LECA Compaction Effort plot established in this study, the number of passes that need to be performed during the placement work can be planned according to the desired compact density. Whereas, the compaction level, R% can be predicted based on the Target Compaction Level plot. An LWD test should then be carried out to ensure that the compacted density reaches the required level.

On the Review of Utilization of Sandblasting Waste in Concrete: Cracks Propagation and Sem Results

These days, significant quantities of waste sand from sandblasting are being created, which in turn pollutes the environment. Utilizing sandblasting to remove accumulated biological matter and other dirt from concrete, steel, and wood components is an effective method. The purpose of the experimental laboratory is to investigate the exploitation of sandblasting waste in terms of mortar strength, concrete strength, absorption, and the mix's capacity to operate. Sand blasting produced by sand is widely available, hence the utilization of this waste as sand in concrete was investigated, using zero, 30%, and 40% substitution of normal sand and using aggregate grading in accordance with SNI-03-2834-2000. Using a 15x30 cm cylindrical test object with a treatment age of 7, 14, and 28 days ago, tests were conducted on the qualities of fresh concrete consisting of concrete viscosity values and hard concrete properties, namely specific gravity and compressive strength obtained by using waste sand. With 30% sandblasting sand replacement, specific gravity increases, corresponding to the prior test object's weight. From 7 to 14 days, specific gravity increased by 5.6%, and keep increased as 8.16% between 14 and 28 days. Specific gravity increases compared to concrete without waste sand (0% increasing) at 7 days, 4.43% at 14 days, and 10.87% at 28 days respectively, indicating that employing sandblasting waste increases cement binding. Therefore, it conforms to the compressive strength that increased by 10.09% from 14 days to 28 days. However, it decreased by 13.6% from 7 days to 14 days.

Thermal Performance Evaluation of Non-Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Produced with Crushed Waste Glass Bottle Aggregate and Glass Fiber

. This paper evaluates the thermal performance of non-autoclaved aerated concrete (NAAC) produced with crushed waste glass bottle aggregate and glass fiber. A total of six different mixtures, including the partial substitutions of normal sand with waste glass sand (WGS) (0%, 15%, and 30%) and glass fiber (1%, 2%, and 3%), were designed. After the compressive strength and thermal conductivity (λ) of each NAAC mixture were firstly determined, the potential of NAAC to improve the thermal performance of student residential buildings was assessed. The energy-saving effect of NAAC was simulated using Autodesk Revit software tools in two different cities, Nur-Sultan in Kazakhstan and Boston in the USA. Moreover, annual heat loss was calculated. Test results present that the increase of WGS and glass fiber contents leads to increasing compressive. Interestingly, while increasing WGS content in the mixture decreases λ, increasing fiber content increases λ despite a slight variation. The lowest annual heat loss was obtained from the mixture containing 70% normal river sand, 30% WGS, and no glass fiber. 70NS-30WG-0GF. Finally, the energy performance simulation result indicates that NAAC used in a residential building leads to significant energy savings compared to normal concrete and brick structure.

EFFECT OF WASTE GLASS ADDITION AS A REPLACEMENT OF SAND ON PROPERTIES OF ECO-FRIENDLY POLYMER MORTAR

Polymer concrete is a fine aggregate bound with a polymer binder instead of cement as in conventional concrete. The main aim of this research is investigation some properties (compressive strength, direct tensile strength, dry density) of epoxy polymer mortar with recycled glass as partial replacements of normal sand. According to the findings of this study, waste glass was substituted for 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the sand in polymer mortar, respectively. When using waste glass as an alternative to natural sand, a decrease in dry density is observed when compared to the reference mixture by 2.14%, 2.23%, 2.32% at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days, respectively. Addition of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of waste glass as a partial substitute for natural sand leads to improvement the mechanical properties (direct tensile and compressive strength) of eco friendly polymer mortar. The results showed that recycled glass with 20% replacement ratio has given best results when compared with reference mix and other ratios. Finally, a regression analysis is used to establish the link between tensile strength and compressive strength.

Prediction Models for Estimating Compressive Strength of Concrete Made of Manufactured Sand Using Gene Expression Programming Model.

The depletion of natural resources of river sand and its availability issues as a construction material compelled the researchers to use manufactured sand. This study investigates the compressive strength of concrete made of manufactured sand as a partial replacement of normal sand. The prediction model, i.e., gene expression programming (GEP), was used to estimate the compressive strength of manufactured sand concrete (MSC). A database comprising 275 experimental results based on 11 input variables and 1 target variable was used to train and validate the developed models. For this purpose, the compressive strength of cement, tensile strength of cement, curing age, Dmax of crushed stone, stone powder content, fineness modulus of the sand, water-to-binder ratio, water-to-cement ratio, water content, sand ratio, and slump were taken as input variables. The investigation of a varying number of genetic characteristics, such as chromosomal number, head size, and gene number, resulted in the creation of 11 alternative models (M1-M11). The M5 model outperformed other created models for the training and testing stages, with values of (4.538, 3.216, 0.919) and (4.953, 3.348, 0.906), respectively, according to the results of the accuracy evaluation parameters root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The R2 and error indices values revealed that the experimental and projected findings are in extremely close agreement. The best model has 200 chromosomes, 8 head sizes, and 3 genes. The mathematical expression achieved from the GEP model revealed that six parameters, namely the compressive and tensile strength of cement, curing period, water–binder ratio, water–cement ratio, and stone powder content contributed effectively among the 11 input variables. The sensitivity analysis showed that water–cement ratio (46.22%), curing period (25.43%), and stone powder content (13.55%) were revealed as the most influential variables, in descending order. The sensitivity of the remaining variables was recorded as w/b (11.37%) > fce (2.35%) > fct (1.35%).

A Comparative Study of the California Bearing Ratio Value of Subgrade Made by Stone Dust and Natural Sand with Coarse Aggregate

Resources of engineering materials (sand) used for construction activities are limited, so some other materials should be introduced by changing the sand. Stone dust produced from Stone Crushing Zone appears as a problem for effective disposal. Stone dust can be replaced by sand which is used as a fine aggregate in construction work. In this study, the main concern is to find an alternative to sand. Replacement of normal sand by stone dust will work both solid waste minimization and sand recovery. Stone dust is one of the alternatives to sand which can meet the demand of fine aggregate. In the engineering practice, the properties of existing sub-grades are required for the construction of the earth, thereby improving density and strength of the subgrade. A series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests have been conducted for determination of soaked and un-soaked CBR by using the stone dust as a fine aggregate blended with 10 mm and 20 mm size Coarse Aggregates (CA). A detailed comparison is made for the findings of the CBR tests conducted on samples prepared using natural sand (as a fine aggregate) blended with 10 mm and 20 mm size coarse aggregates.

Investigation on material physical properties for application in seawater-RHA concrete added with coal bottom ash

This paper presented the result of a laboratory investigation to determine the properties of the material used for seawater-RHA concrete added with coal bottom ash. Seawater, rice husk ash and coal bottom ash were introduced as eco-material in concrete to totally or partially replace conventional material as an effort to introduce environmental-friendly material. Testing was carried out on sieve analysis, fineness modulus, specific gravity and water absorption which complies with the standard available. In addition, a scanning electron microscope and X-ray fluorescence were conducted on ordinary Portland cement, rice husk ash, coal bottom ash and sand to study the microstructural and element composition of the material. It was found that specific gravity for seawater is slightly higher than tap water. Meanwhile, rice husk ash and coal bottom ash have a specific gravity lower than conventional materials. From the XRF test, rice husk ash is classified as type F pozzolans with silica oxide more than 90 percent and coal bottom ash has more voids compared to normal sand. These investigations are important to ensure good concrete performance especially in controlling water-cementitious ratio, strength and quality of the concrete.