Normal Room Temperature Research Articles

Experimental analysis of compressive behavior of E-Glass fiber reinforced IPN (vinyl ester/polyurethane) composite pipes

The manuscript discusses about the effect of compressive load on the E-Glass fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). In this work, a series of combination of vinyl ester (VER) loaded polyurethane (PU) IPNs have been taken as the matrix material with the E-Glass reinforcement, with the loading of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% PU respectively. Besides hand-layup technique was used to fabricate the cylindrical shells in order to get the final shape of the IPN composite pipe. Simultaneously to validate the compressive strength behavior of the IPN composite pipe, experimental analysis was carried out as per the ASTM D695 standard at normal room temperature to extract compressive strength value of the PU loaded IPN composite pipes. During this test, it was observed that physical strength of the composite pipes reduces gradually as much as PU addition into the IPN composite pipe increases. Surprisingly, another important notification was that, the geometric structure of the composite pipes is not affected as like as the crushing observed on the pure VER pipe. As much as loading of the PU into the IPN, increases the structural integrity of the composite pipes in outstanding (retains structural ability) manner. Further the experimental analysis values are validated with numerical analysis software ANSYS, obtained values and numerical values are shown good agreement each other.

Effects of heterogeneous gouge segments on the slip behavior of experimental faults at dm scale

Frictional heterogeneity within fault zones is one of the factors proposed to explain the spectrum of slow, intermediate, and fast slip behaviors exhibited by faults in nature. Numerical modeling shows how even a simplified model setup incorporating sliding on a velocity-weakening (VW) patch surrounded by velocity-strengthening (VS) material can reproduce a rich variety of slip behaviors resembling nature. However, experimental investigations of sliding on heterogeneous faults are few. In this study, the slip behavior of three, 347 mm long × 50 mm wide, heterogeneous experimental faults, constructed using diagonally sawcut PMMA forcing blocks, was investigated at low normal stresses (<10.5 MPa) and room temperature. Fault friction was controlled by including an 80 mm long, 2 mm thick, central segment of VW gypsum “gouge” flanked by two VS segments composed of calcite, quartz, or kaolinite. The length of the VW segment was of the same order or just below the critical nucleation length for gypsum gouge. Strain gauges and multi-rate digital imaging were used to map stress and displacement along the fault zone. At the highest normal stress the data showed confined ruptures, whereby rupture nucleated in the VW gypsum and was arrested or strongly decelerated in the VS segments. Slip rates on the VW segment were close to dynamic slip rates, but significant slow slip was also observed in the VW segment between rapid events. Lowering the normal stress on the fault, from 10.5 to 1 MPa resulted in slow slip events occurring uniformly over the whole fault (calcite–gypsum fault), near-stable sliding on the whole fault (quartz–gypsum fault), or persistent stick-slip behavior on the VW segment as at higher normal stress (kaolinite–gypsum fault). The spectrum of behaviors observed is consistent with that predicted by previous numerical modeling of frictionally heterogeneous faults with a similar geometry as the experiment. The experiments also showed how stress concentrations influence slip behavior. Specifically, normal stress concentrations, formed due to heterogeneous compaction of the kaolinite and VW gypsum gouges, promoted unstable sliding in the latter. Shear stress concentrations at the extremities of the VW segment caused significant slow slip to occur at the extremities of the VW segments, and in the quartz–gypsum experiment seemed to promote local slip events at low stresses. The observed fault slip behavior was thus controlled by gouge friction and stress distribution, and is consistent with numerical models and theory as applied to both natural and induced seismicity.

Evaluation of structural, optical, and dielectric characterization of adipic acid crystals grown in aqueous solution of l-alanine

In this paper, adipic acid crystals were grown using slow evaporation method in aqueous solution of l-alanine at room temperature. X-ray diffraction investigation shows that the crystal belongs to P21/n space group. EDAX study confirms the occurrence of elements in the crystal. The crystal is thermally stable up to 124 °C. Further, the grown crystals were exposed to Co-60 gamma radiations with different doses of 1 Mrad, 3 Mrad, and 5 Mrad at normal room temperature. After gamma irradiation, a small change in the intensity and a slight shift in the Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) peaks were seen. UV–visible analysis reveals an increase in reflectance after gamma irradiation. Increase in dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and AC conductivity was observed by dielectric studies. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal is 0.42 times that of the standard Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystal and is increased moderately up to the gamma irradiation dosage of 3 Mrad.

Seed Germiability, viability and longevity of Rhododendron arboreum var. arboreum Sm.

The present study has been undertaken with the objective to assess the germiability, viability and longevity of R. arboreum seeds at laboratory conditions as these factors are very important to promote the process of natural regeneration of species in wild which ultimately responsible for the better survival and existence of species. The seeds for experiment were collected from Craignaino forest in Mashobara Range of Shimla forest division. Seed parameters like Germination per cent, germination energy and germination value were calculated to test the germiability from the freshly collected seeds continuously for the period of six years. Seed viability was assessed through germination method and TTZ (Tetrazolium salt) method. A storage trial was designed by using polythene bags and cloth bags as a medium of storage of seeds, to check the longevity of the seeds under three different temperature gradients (deep freezer, Multi cooling chamber and normal room temperature). The results are diverse, having common observation with higher viability in freshly collected seeds as compared to the previous years. The overall Results showed tendency of decline in germiability as well as loss in viability over a period of time. The deep freeze (-20°C) is the best suitable temperature gradient for the storage of R. arboreum seeds as the maximum viability of the seeds has been observed in this medium with the 50% decline in viability in the period of 3 years.

Investigation on in vitro bouquets and flower longevity of micropropagated Dianthus chinensis L.

The commercial value of ornamental crops is governed by the quality and quantity of flowers it produces. In vitro flowers or test tube bouquets help the researchers to attain the molecular mechanism behind the flower development. In this work, we put forward, how such an ornamental species, Dianthus chinensis can be used as a model system for in vitro flowering studies, and investigate the feasibility of a promising substitute for potted plants. In ornamentals, floral longevity is considered as a leading factor for boosting the market demand. The cytokinin, 6-benzyladenine (BA) showed potential application on in vitro floral initiation and flower longevity. The treatment of ethephon or salicylic acid along with 2.5 μM BA in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium gave flower initiation, but reduced longevity compared to 2.5 μM BA alone (42 days). However ethylene proved to be the cause of early flowering and senescence. The role of ethylene on in vitro flower senescence in 2.5 μM BA was elucidated using the ethylene biosynthesis gene (ACS1 and ACO1) expression was analyzed in petal samples of different flowering stages. The reduced ACS1 or ACO1 gene expression among the blooming stage may help to maintain the freshness of flowers in culture condition. To retain the reduced ethylene expression after blooming, in vitro raised microshoots with mature bud stage were transferred to MS medium containing different ethylene inhibiting compounds in combination with 2.5 μM BA, where addition of putrescine and silver nitrate showed maximum 54 days longevity in culture room condition and 32 days in normal room temperature. The extended longevity of in vitro produced flowers denotes its prospect in the development of in vitro bouquets, thus improved ornamental value of D. chinensis.

Preliminary evaluations on development and material selection of high temperature vacuum casted marble dust-reinforced silicon-bronze alloy material for bearing applications

Development and selection of an adequate bearing material with distinct characteristics for wear resistant applications is one of the most crucial tasks. Inappropriate selection of material may cause hindrance and result in failure of components during its functioning. To this end, this research focusses on fabrication of bearing materials reinforced with varying weight percentages of industrial waste, i.e. marble dust, and the physical, mechanical and tribological characteristics were determined. The proportions of marble dust were varied from 0 wt. % to 10 wt. % with a gap of 2.5 wt. % and filled in a silicon-bronze alloy. The physical and mechanical properties were realized by the Archimedean principle, micro-hardness tester and Instron 3369 universal testing machine respectively. The tribological properties such as friction and wear behaviour were determined utilizing pin-on-disk tribometer under different condition at normal room temperature. Due to the conflicting nature of desired properties in a bearing material, the Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenjemeaning under fuzzy environment was applied to rank and select the optimal composite among available alternatives because it can obtain compromise solution considering overall satisfaction and regret of the selection of the wrong provinces. From the analysis of the results, it was found that silicon-bronze-3 marble dust bearing material containing 7.5 wt. % marble dust achieved the best possible set of the properties for wear resistant applications.

Experimental study on low temperature fatigue performance of polar icebreaking ship steel

The low-temperature mechanical properties and low-temperature fatigue properties of polar icebreakers steel are the key to ensure the safe operation of polar icebreakers under low temperature conditions. The main material of the polar icebreaker “Snow DragonⅠ” is EH36 steel due to its good impact toughness and low temperature resistance. In this paper, the tensile experiments and fatigue behavior of EH36 steel used in “Snow Dragon” under different temperatures are studied. The mechanical properties and low-temperature fatigue crack growth characteristics of the material were obtained. The experimental results show that the yield strength, tensile limit, elongation, and cross-sectional shrinkage will increase to varying degrees with decreasing temperature. As the temperature decreases, the plasticity of EH36 steel decreases and the brittleness increases. The fatigue crack growth rate of EH36 steel is lower at low temperature than normal room temperature. The fatigue crack growth threshold at low temperatures is higher than the room temperature threshold. Good resistance to crack initiation and crack growth of EH36 steel at low temperature are verified by the experiments.

Evaluation of Three-Way Cross Hybrids and Their Parents for Storage Losses in Onion (Allium cepa L.)

The aim of present investigation was the assessment of the several new onion hybrids develop through three- way cross along with their parents for having less problem of weight losses due to sprouting and rotting, and long storage quality at normal room temperature and relative humidity. The design of experimental plot was complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. This study was carried out in the year of 2018-2019 at Division of Vegetable Crops, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, India. Thirty hybrids developed by three- way cross, thirteen parental lines and one check have been included for the experiment. Three F1 hybrids used as female lines and ten commercial varieties used as male testers, were taken to develop the hybrids through line x tester design. The bulbs of all these genotypes were kept for four months in normal storage chamber at 25-30°C room temperature with 65-70% relative humidity. The overall losses of per cent bulb weigh was recorded and conclude that the three-way hybrids TWCHO-15 (26.91) were recorded for smallest amount of loss followed by TWCHO-5 (27.02), TWCHO-14 (28.83) and TWCHO-4 (29.98). These hybrids can be suggested for more profit to onion grower by keeping for long shelf-life.

Ferrimagnetic-Paramagnetic Phase Transition in BaFe11.7In0.3O19 Compound

The morphology, crystal structure, and thermal and magnetic properties of BaFe11.7In0.3O19 compound have been investigated. As a result of the structure investigations performed by x-ray diffraction method, it was determined that the crystal structure of this compound has hexagonal symmetry with P63mmc space symmetry at normal condition and room temperature. Temperature dependence of specific magnetic moment of BaFe11.9In0.1O19 compound has been established using magnetometry method. It was determined that ferrimagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition occurs at TC ~ 410 °C temperature. Ferrimagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition was studied from DSC spectrum and thermodynamical parameters of phase transition were determined. Thermophysical studies on the BaFe11.9In0.3O19 compound have shown that thermal transitions occur by a complex mechanism. There were decomposition parts determined from the kinetics of DSC spectra: T ≤ 50 °C rapid decomposition, T ≤ 430 °C slow decomposition, and T ≤ 830 °C rapid decomposition parts.

Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Based on the Four-Off-Beam Acoustic Micro-Resonator

A four-off-beam acoustic micro-resonator (AmR) structure is proposed to improve the photoacoustic signal intensity in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) for trace gas sensing. Two vertical-array-based double-off-beam AmR structures are arranged on each side of the quartz tuning fork (QTF) horizontally to construct a four-off-beam AmR structure using a rectangular prism. This QEPAS scheme based on the four-off-beam AmR is evaluated in the water-vapor detection of air at normal atmospheric pressure and room temperature (27 °C). Comparing with the bare QTF scheme, the new QEPAS configuration enhances the photoacoustic spectroscopy signal by a factor of 25.84 times, achieving a minimum detection limit of 278 ppbv with a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 1.27 × 10−9 W/Hz1/2 in water vapour detection at a wavelength of 1368.597 nm.

Growth and investigation of novel nonlinear optical single crystal of urea potassium dichromate by solution growth technique for photonic application

Single crystals of urea potassium dichromate (UPDC) were successfully grown by slow evaporation method at normal room temperature. Single-crystal X-ray diffractometer was utilized to measure the lattice parameters and to confirm the crystal system. The functional groups present in the grown UPDC crystal have been identified by the FTIR spectral analysis. The optical absorption studies were carried out so as to confirm the lower cutoff wavelength of the grown crystal which has been analyzed by making use of UV–Vis spectrum. The dielectric response and the mechanical hardness of the sample have been studied. The surface morphology of the sample was identified using scanning electron microscope. The existence of second-harmonic generation signals was observed using Nd: YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm possessing SHG efficiency of 2.5 times greater than that of KDP, and hence it can be a potential material for the frequency-doubling process.

Lack of UCP1 stimulates fatty liver but mediates UCP1-independent action of beige fat to improve hyperlipidemia in Apoe knockout mice

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a critical role in lipid metabolism and may protect from hyperlipidemia; however, its beneficial effect appears to depend on the ambient temperature of the environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) deficiency on lipid metabolism, including the pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia, in apolipoprotein E knockout (APOE-KO) mice at a normal (23 °C) and thermoneutral (30 °C) temperature. Unexpectedly, UCP1 deficiency caused improvements in hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and glucose metabolism, regardless of an increase in hepatic lipid deposition, in Ucp1/Apoe double-knockout (DKO) mice fed a high-fat diet at 23 °C, with BAT hyperplasia and robust browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) observed. Proteomics and gene expression analyses revealed significant increases in many proteins involved in energy metabolism and strong upregulation of brown/beige adipocyte-related genes and fatty acid metabolism-related genes in browned IWAT, suggesting an induction of beige fat formation and stimulation of lipid metabolism in DKO mice at 23 °C. Conversely, mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation-related genes decreased in the liver of DKO mice. The favorable phenotypic changes were lost at 30 °C, with BAT whitening and disappearance of IWAT browning, while fatty liver further deteriorated in DKO mice compared with that in APOE-KO mice. Finally, longevity analysis revealed a significant lifespan extension of DKO mice compared with that of APOE-KO mice at 23 °C. Irrespective of the fundamental role of UCP1 thermogenesis, our results highlight the importance of beige fat for the improvement of hyperlipidemia and longevity under the atherogenic status at normal room temperature.

Vermicompost Influences Processing Quality Of Potato Tubers

The effect of vermicompost on dry matter and specific gravity of potato tubers under ambient storage condition was studied. Vermicompost was used at four rates viz. 0, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1 over the four varieties of potato viz. BARI TPS-1, BARI Alu-28 (Lady Rosetta), BARI Alu-25 (Asterix) and BARI Alu-29 (Courage). Results demonstrated that processing parameters such as dry matter percentage (%) and specific gravity increased with increasing vermicompost levels while they decreased with the increasing storing period. Lady Rosetta and Asterix potato varieties can be safely stored at normal room temperature up to 60 days. There was no interaction between vermicompost rates and crop varieties. Hence, the potato growers of Bangladesh can use vermicompost at 6 t ha-1 for achieving better yield without affecting processing quality.&#x0D; SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 173-184 (2019)

Structural aspects of thermal properties of AgCuS compound

The crystal structure and thermal properties of AgCuS compound were investigated at high temperature ranges. It was found that the crystal structure of these compounds has orthorhombic symmetry with Cmcm space group at the normal condition and room temperature. The phase transition to cubic symmetry with Fm3m space group is observed at [Formula: see text] temperature. The endoeffect was observed with a central peak at [Formula: see text] in the differential thermal analysis. The temperature dependence on heat capacity was obtained in the range of [Formula: see text] temperature. Thermodynamic parameters have been determined: enthalpy and heat capacity. The value of enthalpy was calculated according to the temperature of the phase transition.

Comparative nutritional and microbiological quality of ready to cook mixed vegetable curry.

Increasing urbanization, busy lifestyles has been providing a huge impetus to prefer ready to cook (RTC) food products. The research project was conducted to develop such a RTC product which fits the busy lifestyle of people as well as does not compromise on part of nutritional profile. The curry was prepared by washing, cutting, boiling (till vegetables gets soft) and blanching (5min in 5% brine solution) followed by drying of five seasonal vegetables viz., carrot, peas, potato, cauliflower, beans in hot air dryer at 65 ± 5°C for 10-12h. A standardized gravy mix powder (onion, garlic, spices and herbs) was used to add flavor. Serving size for one person i.e. sachet contained 25g dried vegetables, 10g gravy mix powder and 200ml water was prepared and packed. The recipe was finalized after sensory trials. The curry was ready in approximately 5min in pressure cooker. The product remained well acceptable up to 4months when packed in LDPE pouches under normal room temperature conditions. However, the shelf life of 4months at 25°C for a dried product is by all means considered good by the general expectations of dried foods and keeping the quality of dried foods reported in the literature.

Effects of cold stress, alprazolam and phytomedicine in combination with stress on blood glucose and haematogical parameter of the male albino rat

The present study conducted to investigate the haematological changes and changes of blood glucose level in male albino rat due to cold stress. In this experiment normal 12:12 light dark phases were maintained for all the groups. Control group was kept at normal room temperature (22 ± 1). A (4°C), B in (0°C), C (4°C and 0.30 mg alprazolam / kg body weight /animal), D (0°C and 0.30 mg alprazolam/ kg body weight/ animal. E2 group was treated with (4°C and 1000 mg/kg body weight methanolic extract of Withania somnifera root extract /animal). F2 group was treated with (0°C and 1000 mg/kg body weight methanolic root extract of Withania somnifera / animal). The blood glucose level was significantly increased in stressed rats compared to the control animals. The results were also consistent with the exposure to the stress and chronic restraint stress. Action of Alprazolam over cold stress treated group significantly reduced the blood glucose level. Whereas methanolic root extract of Withania somnifera in low and high doses also showed significant effects to the control anxiety like effects on blood glucose level. Alprazolam + different stress treated groups in different experiment at conditions show significant changes in its haematological parameters in comparison to the stress treated group. Whereas herbal medicine (i.e., methanolic root extract of Withania somnifera) when applied to different stress treated group showed more significant result, compared to the Alprazolam+ different stress treated groups. The positive safe anti stress effects of the herbal plant medicine prove that the tribal medicines have the potentiality to act effectively and can be used as safe medicine for antistress purposes.

Comparative design analysis on turning of AISI 4340 using finite element model

The modeling and simulation of metal cutting processes become very important method in order to decrease the cost of the experimental investigations. This investigation focused on the validation of simulated cutting forces obtained from a finite element based Deform2D software. Also study the variation of cutting speed and feed rate on cutting forces and tool interface temperature in the cutting zone region has been studied using Finite Element Model (FEM). Deform2D software was implemented to simulate the cutting forces and tool interface temperature during machining with different speed and feed rate with constant depth (1 mm) at normal room temperature. The cutting forces and tool tip temperature values were gradually increased with increment in cutting speed and feed rate. The optimum minimized values of cutting force and tool tip temperature was predicted with the aid of taguchi analysis. It was found that the optimum value obtained from taguchi method was compared with simulated result by Deform2D and dry machining.

Effect of intracanal cryotreated sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain after root canal treatment - A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Introduction:The postendodontic pain is caused by either microbial, mechanical, or chemical factors or combinations of these. The incidence of postoperative pain ranges from 1.4% to 53%. The management of postendodontic pain is a crucial factor for a successful practitioner. Cryotherapy is a new therapeutic option applied in sports medicine and surgery for the management of pain and for postoperative care.Aim:The purpose of this study was to evaluate and to compare the effect of intracanal cryotreated sodium hypochlorite and room temperature sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain after root canal treatment.Materials and Methods:Sixty-four patients were selected according to inclusion criteria and baseline score was recorded. After obtaining consent, the access cavity was opened under local anesthesia. On the completion of cleaning and shaping, the patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group A: Normal Room temperature NaOCl and Group B: Cryotreated NaOCl (2°C–4°C), each of the canals further received 20 ml of the respective irrigants based on the groups allocated. The final rinse was done with saline, and canals were dried and obturated in the same appointment. Postoperative visual analogue scale pain levels were recorded at 6, 24, and 48 h over the phone.Results:The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the present study showed that cryotherapy group showed a statistically significant reduction in postoperative pain levels at all tested time intervals and reduced analgesic intake at 6 h postoperatively.Conclusion:Cryotherapy could be used as an easy and cost-effective technique for controlling postendodontic pain in the day-to-day clinical practice.

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE INHALATION ON THE ALVEOLAR ARCHITECTURE OF LUNGS OF ALBINO RATS

Introduction: Formaldehyde is a flammable, colourless, reactive, readily polymerized gas at normal room temperature and pressure. Formaldehyde vapour is readily absorbed from the lungs. Formaldehyde is combined with methanol and buffers to make embalming fluid. In the dissection hall, during embalming or cadaveric dissection and histo-pathological preservation, medical professionals are exposed to formaldehyde vapours. Respiratory system is the major target of formaldehyde. So, the present study aims to assess the histological changes on the architecture of alveoli of albino rats after inhalation of formaldehyde vapours. Material &amp; Methods: 24 albino rats were exposed to formaldehyde vapours for 28 days. They were exposed with various concentrations and thus 4 groups, having 6 rats in each, were made. They were sacrificed and the lung tissue was taken and studied by using H &amp; E stain. Results: The study shows a number of important histological changes which are concentration dependent. Conclusion: It may be concluded from the present study that concentration of formaldehyde can affect significantly on the histopathology of the lungs of albino rats.

Dynamic and High Temperature Quasi-static Examination of Tempered Glass

Abstract In everyday use glass materials cause a lot of damage or injuries when broken, as fracture mechanism and damage runoff cannot be predicted precisely. To gain knowledge on this issue, we studied the properties of tempered glass. The glass test samples were exposed to two types of destructive evaluations: normal and high temperature three-point bending and room temperature dynamic experiments with colliding small steel spheres. The evaluation showed that high temperature experiments are in correlation with sharp fracture edges, and dynamic impact creates shell featured circular crack propagation which prevents the spreading of the radial cracks, so the damage is concentrated to a small area.