Normal Mothers Research Articles

COMPARISION OF CORD BLOOD LIPID PROFILES BETWEEN IDM AND NON IDM NEONATES

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus ( GDM ) is one of the serious causes for feto maternal morbidity and long term complications in both mother and child. Due to better screening modalities, early detection and better treatment option like insulin have helped to lower the complications in Infants born to diabetic mothers ( IDM ). As atherosclerotic diseases in adulthood have become rampant, early detection of high risk groups is necessary. Based on Barker's hypothesis, atherosclerosis in adulthood have predisposing factors starting from in-utero. So this study was taken up to compare the cord blood lipid prole levels in IDM babies and infants born to normal mothers. Methods: This prospective (case-control) study was carried out on 60 infants born in Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, from July 2022 to December 2022. The study group consisted of 30 IDM babies, and the control group of 30 infants who were born to healthy mothers. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that there are signicant differences between IDM and infants of healthy mothers regarding lipid prole, maternal age and birth weight. Conclusion: This study conrms that cord serum lipid prole (serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein) is higher at birth in IDM. Moreover, this study shows a signicant association between lipid prole and body weight and maternal age.

The Association of Maternal BMI with Overweight among Children Aged 0-59 Months in Kenya: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Childhood overweight is a growing global public health challenge and is prevalent in many countries. We aimed at exploring the prevalence of childhood overweight and the association of maternal body mass index (BMI), maternal demographic factors, and child-related factors with childhood overweight among Kenyan children aged 0-59 months. This study utilized Kenya's 2014 demographic and health survey, which was based on national representative cross-sectional data. A total of 8316 children and their mothers' data were analyzed. Overweight in children and maternal BMI were defined using WHO standard criteria. Multivariate logistics regression models were used to study the association of maternal BMI and childhood overweight. Nationally 5% of Kenyan children aged 0-59 months are overweight (5.5% male vs. 3.8% female). The highest prevalence in overweight among children was found in Central region (6.9%) and lowest in North Eastern (3.1%) which could be explained by the various economic disparities. Maternal BMI with underweight was associated with lower odds (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.64) whereas, overweight and obesity were associated with higher odds of overweight (OR for overweight 1.64, 95% CI 1.28-2.11 and OR for obesity 1.74, 95% CI 1.22-2.47) among their children compared to normal weight mothers. Overweight among children is of great concern and therefore initiatives to tackle both child and maternal health are urgently needed.

Development of a sexual education package for children from birth to 5 years old, especially for parents, and determining its effectiveness on parents' knowledge, attitude and practice towards preventing sexual abuse and their sense of parenting adequacy in two groups of normal and single mothers (parent-mother)

Aim: The purpose of this study was to design an educational package for sex education for mothers and its effect on knowledge, attitude and practice towards sexual abuse and the feeling of parenting adequacy in the group of normal and single mothers. Method: This research is a fundamental research in terms of compiling a new educational package and an applied research in terms of its application in parent education. Qualitative method is used in package design and quantitative method is used in evaluating the effectiveness depending on the knowledge, attitude and practice and feeling of parenting adequacy. The statistical population of the study for the parents of the two groups, due to the absence of fathers and the impossibility of educating them, mothers were selected for the study. Mothers of normal children, including mothers who refer to kindergartens and care centers in Tehran, and for single-parent children (parent-mother), the statistical population of control mothers have preschool children. First, in order to extract all the important and practical components in the field of sex education, resources and research related to the subject during the last ten years (2010 to 2020) were selected and reviewed. Then, in order to confirm the important and practical components obtained from written sources, the Delphi questionnaire for specialists and experts in the field of child education, in the field of psychology and educational sciences who specialized in the field of sexual education and sexual abuse, and by method Available and snowballs were selected, sent. In order to implement the designed package, first, among normal and control kindergartens in Tehran, mothers with children under 5 years old are selected by available sampling method. The number of samples for each group of mothers of normal children and single parents was 60 people. Which were randomly selected (120 people in total) and were divided into two groups of control and the first and second experiments (30 people in each group). To collect data, Delphi questionnaire, knowledge questionnaire, attitude and practice questionnaire. Parents' response to sexual harassment, parenting adequacy feeling scale was used. In order to analyze the information obtained, the qualitative method and the Delphi questionnaire were used; In this step, standard analysis was used and inferential statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the training package. Results: The results of the study showed that the intervention based on the treatment of child sexual education among mothers, in all components in the experimental group of normal mothers and single parents had an increasing effect on knowledge, attitude, communication performance. The results also showed that there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest experimental groups and control groups in terms of parental adequacy variable (P <0.001). Conclusion: Findings show that the intervention program had a greater effect in the single parent group than the normal group in all variables.

Red blood cells parameters of maternal and umbilical cord

Background: It is debatable if the mother's iron level affects the fetal red blood cell parameters and whether the fetus' blood develops independently of the mother. When diagnosing and monitoring newborn anemia, the values of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrits (HCT) were involved. Neonatal hematological illness is typically diagnosed using samples of umbilical cord blood. Objective: The objective of this research was to determine whether or not there is a relationship between maternal and cord blood red cell parameters. Methods: At the Al-Fashir Maternal Hospital in North Darfur, Sudan, a cross-sectional study was carried out, including 100 mothers who were giving birth between January and March 2015. In an EDTA-containing tube, three milliliters of venous blood were drawn to measure the mothers' red blood cell parameters prior to birth. Immediately upon delivery, the babies' umbilical cords were clamped and the babies' end of the cord was cut in order to collect five milliliters of cord blood. Hematological parameters were measured using a conventional coulter gram, comprising measurements of hemoglobin (Hb), RBC count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Results: 100 samples of umbilical cord blood and 100 samples of maternal blood were combined for the analysis. All of the red blood cell characteristics, with the exception of MCHC, were discovered to be higher in the cord blood samples than the maternal blood samples. Statistics showed that the difference was significant. While 59 (59%) of the moms had normal red blood cell characteristics, 41 (41%) of the mothers were anemic. There were no statistically significant differences between newborns with anemic mothers and those with normal mothers when red blood cell parameters were compared. Red cell indices for mothers and neonates did not correlate statistically significantly, including Hb (r=0.13, P-value: 0.2), HCT (r=0.1, P-value: 0.24), RBCs (r= 0.1, P-value: 0.29), MCV (r=0.06, P-value: 0.54), MCH (r= 0.07, P-value: 0.48), MCHC (r= 0.09, P-value: 0.36), RDW-SD (r=0.09, P-value: 0.32) and RDW-CV (r=0.08, P-value: 0.46). There was no significant variance between the red blood cell parameters of male neonates (46%) and female neonates (54%) as well as the link between the red blood cell parameters of cord blood and mothers' ages. Conclusion: Maternal and cord blood red cell parameters did not significantly correlate. In comparison to maternal blood samples, all of the red blood cell characteristics were shown to be higher in cord blood samples except for MCHC.

The Effect of Using Endorphin Massage for Decreasing Pain at First Stage in Normal Labor

Labor pain is a subjective experience of physical sensations associated with uterine contractions, dilation, thinning cervix and fetal descent during labor. To resolve the pain of labor, it has been implemented in a nonpharmacological method which is endorphin massage, in understanding endorphin massage for pressing pain in the first stage, in an active phase of normal multiparous mothers' deliveries. This research aims to research endorphin massage's influence on suppressing pain during the active phase of normal labor of multiparous mothers. This study is quasi-experimental with a cross-sectional approach. The study population of all women giving birth administered the purposive sampling data capture techniques, and it was obtained 132 multiparous mothers with normal labor in the observation sheet. Data were examined by administering a T-test. The majority of the pain intensity in the first stage of active phase multiparous mothers with normal labor, before the breath relaxation, is severe, with up to 49% experiencing severe pain. The majority of the percentage of moderate pain in the first stage of active phase multiparous mothers with normal labor, after breath relaxation, is as high as 42%. Meanwhile, the pain intensity of the first stage in active phase multiparous mothers with normal labor, prior to endorphin massage, is as high as 73.3%. Pain intensity of the first stage in active phase multiparous mothers normal labor after endorphin massage, the majority of the percentage is moderate pain up to 53.3%. Statistical test results obtained p-value is 0.004 endorphin massage. In conclusion, there is an effect of breath relaxation on the intensity of pain during normal labor in multiparous mothers. Furthermore, researchers can do a combination of endorpine massage with other treatments to treat pain during the I active phase of labor and pain intensity checks can be done by testing cortisol levels.

Association of Gestational Hypertension and Eclampsia to Maternal Smoking by Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index Status Among Aged 20-29-Years in the United States

Objective To investigate whether gestational hypertension (GH) and/or eclampsia was associated with the timing of maternal smoking when stratified by pre-pregnancy body mass index (pBMI) status. Study Design and Methods 1,376,271 US-born mothers aged 20-29 from the 2019 infant natality data who had a singleton birth (20+ weeks of gestation) were analyzed in this study. Maternal smoking status was defined into five groups, i.e., non-smokers, quitted smoking before pregnancy, quitted smoking before the 2nd trimester, quitted smoking before the 3rd trimester, and smoked whole-time. Odds ratios (ORs) of GH or eclampsia were estimated separately using multiple logistic regression for maternal smoking by pBMI status (kg/m2): underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5≤25.0), overweight (25.0≤30.0), and obese (≥30.0). Results Compared to non-smokers, the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of GH for mothers who quit before pregnancy with pBMI underweight, normal, overweight, and obese were 1.17 (0.92-1.49), 1.11 (1.03-1.19), 1.13 (1.05-1.22), 1.13 (1.08-1.19), respectively. While the ORs (95% CIs) of GH for mothers who smoked for the entirety of their pregnancy were 0.71 (0.60-0.84), 0.80 (0.75-0.84), 0.79 (0.74-0.84), and 0.82 (0.78-0.85), respectively. The adjusted ORs for eclampsia showed a different pattern, only that for mothers who smoked for their whole pregnancy with normal and obese showed significantly (0.69 (0.53-0.91) for normal weight, 0.73 (0.58-0.92) for obese). Conclusion In comparison to non-smokers, an increase in the odds of GH were observed amongst normal, overweight, and obese mothers quitting before pregnancy meanwhile a decreased odds were observed amongst mothers smoking throughout pregnancy in all pBMI classes.

EFEKTIFITAS SENAM NIFAS DAN TEKNIK RELAKSASI TERHADAP INVOLUSI UTERUS PADA PASCA- SALIN NORMAL

<p><strong><em>Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is an indicator of health status. However, in reality the problem of maternal mortality and morbidity in Indonesia is still a big problem. Maternal mortality occurs due to several factors. One of them is hemorrhage 30.3%. Postpartum hemorrhage is caused by uterine atony 70%, trauma 20%, and rest placenta 10%. Uterine atony can be prevented through postpartum exercise and relaxation techniques. This study aimed to determine The Effectiveness of Postpartum Exercise and Relaxation Techniques on Uterine Involution in Normal Post-Copy Mothers in Gedang Community Health Center Working Area in 2020.It was Quasi Experimental Research (quasi-experimental) with posttest only design with two comparison treatment. The population was all postpartum mothers with normal delivery on November 2020. Total sampling technique had been used to choose the samples. The data were collected through direct observations by using observation sheet instrument. The data were analyzed by Mann Whitney test.The results showed that in the group given postpartum exercise intervention 14.50> the group that was given postpartum exercise intervention and relaxation techniques. It means that the subinvolution score was greater. Mann Whitney test ρ<0.05, it indicates that the mean rank difference between the two groups was significant. In short, postpartum exercise and relaxation technique were effective in accelerating the process of uterine involution.Last, it is suggested to the midwives to improve and perform midwifery services by applying postpartum exercise methods and relaxation techniques to make the uterine involution process runs well.</em></strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords : The Effectiveness, Postpartum Exercise, Relaxation Techniques</em></strong></p><p><strong><em>References : 26 (2004-2019)</em></strong></p>

Study of pathological changes in placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with fetal outcome

GDM is associated with an adverse fetal and neonatal outcome that often presents with macrosomia, birth trauma, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. The inclusion of GDM into 'the great obstetrical syndromes' emphasizes the role of the placenta in interactions between the maternal and fetal unit. 
 The aim: To study pathological changes in the placentas of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with fetal outcome.
 Materials and methods: The Prospective study was conducted among pregnant women above the age of 18 years diagnosed with gestational diabetes attending the hospital. All patients are subjected to complete physical examination along with obstetric examination. All the routine investigations, including the complete blood counts, blood picture, RBS, RFT, LFT, OGTT, CUE and, ultrasonography with doppler, histopathological examination of the placenta after delivery.
 Results: The weight of the babies born to GDM mothers and normal mothers were compared, and the GDM mother's baby weighed higher, meaning diabetes has an effect on the baby's weight which was statistically significant. Comparison of the placenta was made for cases and controls; the result suggested all the morphological parameters placenta - weight (p<0.001), diameter (p<0.001), area (p<0.002) and thickness (p<0.001) were statistically significant. The complications reported were respiratory complications, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, meconium staining, polycythemia, sepsis and hypocalcemia. Babies of gestational diabetic mothers have a higher risk of developing neonatal complications than non-diabetic mothers. Villous oedema, villous fibrosis, syncytial knots, and fibrinoid necrosis is seen on histopathological examination was <0.05, and hence there was a significant difference between these findings in both the groups.
 Conclusions: GDM is associated with the adverse fetal and neonatal outcome that often presents with respiratory complications, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, meconium staining, polycythemia, sepsis and hypocalcemia. Including GDM into 'the great obstetrical syndromes' emphasizes the role of the placenta in interactions between the maternal and fetal unit

Gambaran Pengetahuan Ibu Nifas Normal Tentang Senam Kegel Di Ruang 7 RSUD dr. Soekardjo Tasikmalaya

The background of this study is that during the postpartum period, changes occur in the mother, baby and family, both physiologically, emotionally and socially, so that the care and encouragement provided by professional health workers helps to form an interconnected response between the three during this time. Kegel exercise is one of the exercises that can be done or trained during the puerperium for mothers who give birth vaginally. The Porpuse of this study aims to know the description of normal postpartum mothers knowledge about Kegel exercises consist of understanding, purpose, benefits, principles and procedures of Kegel exercises in Room 7 RSUD dr. Soekardjo. The Research Methode is a descriptive study with univariate analysis of the data types that generate the frequency distribution and percentage data. The total sample of 77 respondents with a sampling technique that accidental sampling. The Results showed that postpartum mothers have less knowledge about Kegel exercises as much as 37 respondents with a percentage of 48,1. Suggestions from this study are that health workers in the postpartum care room need to improve health services, both providing health education and proper Kegel exercises so that they can increase the knowledge, interest, and participation of postpartum mothers for Kegel exercises.

Nance-Horan syndrome pedigree due to a novel microdeletion and skewed X chromosome inactivation.

Nance-Horan syndrome (NHS) is a rare and often overlooked X-linked dominant disorder characterized by dense congenital cataracts, dental abnormalities, and mental retardation. The majority of NHS variations include frameshift mutations, nonsense mutations, microdeletions, and insertions. Copy number variation sequencing was performed to determine the microdeletion. The expression of NHS was detected by RT-PCR. Four family members were tested for X chromosome inactivation. In this study, all members were examined for systemic examinations and genetic testing of four members and two affected subjects are observed. We identified a heterozygous microdeletion of -0.52 Mb at Xp22.13 in a female proband presenting NHS phenotypically. The microdeletion contains the REPS2 and NHS genes and was inherited from a phenotypically normal mother. Of interest, the expression NHS of proband was reduced and the skewed X chromosome inactivation rate reached more than 85% compared with her mother and the control. It was concluded that the haploinsufficiency of the NHS gene may account for the majority of clinical symptoms in the affected subjects. The variability among female carriers presumably results from nonrandom X chromosome inactivation. Our findings broaden the spectrum of NHS mutations and provide molecular insight into NHS clinical prenatal genetic diagnosis.

Breast milk microbiota of mothers with different glucose tolerance at 42 days postpartum

To compare the differences in microbial community between lactating mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) and normal glucose tolerance lactating mothers(control) at 42 days postpartum, and to explore the effect of GDM on the microbial composition and structure of breast milk. A total of 21 mothers with GDM and 25 healthy mothers in Fuqing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital at 42 days postpartum from May 2019 to September 2020 were enrolled. A questionnaire was used to collect the basic information and dietary intakes of mothers. The mother's milk was collected by using a sterile electric breast pump. Breast milk microbiota profiles were assessed by 16 S rDNA gene amplicon based sequencing of the V3-V4 region and the sequencing platform was Illumina Miseq PE3000, bioinformatics analysis was performed on the sequencing result. Compared with the control group, the mothers in the GDM group consumed more vegetables(222.7(190.6, 333.1)g/d vs.176.4(49.5, 247.0)g/d, P=0.042). There was no significant difference in Alpha diversity between the two groups(P>0.05). Beta diversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in the microbial composition between the two groups(P<0.01). Breast milk microbiota species difference analysis showed that there were differences in several species between GDM group and NGT group at the levels from phylum to genus. Compared with control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Cyanobacteria in GDM group decreased significantly [(3.41±2.59)% vs. (1.23±0.82)%, (1.08±3.02)% vs. (0.10±0.11)%, P<0.05]. In the GDM group, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Acinetobacter and Fluviicola were decreased((38.93±28.85)% vs. (26.70±28.37)%, (9.23±6.87)% vs. (4.88±6.03)%, (7.66±4.80)% vs. (2.77±1.33)%, (6.18±11.90)% vs. (2.76±6.10)%, (1.21±1.31)% vs. (0.33±0.62)%, P<0.05). The unclassified＿f＿＿xanthobacteraceae was increased, and the difference was statistically significant((0.85±3.15)% vs. (23.64±23.63)%, P<0.05). There are differences in breast milk microbial community structure in women with different glucose tolerance at 42 days postpartum, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Acinetobacter and Fluviicola were significantly lower comparing to the normal glucose tolerance mothers.

Application of Acupressure Therapy on Normal Post Partum with Nursing Problems Breastfeeding is not Effective

Based on a survey in Indonesia, 38% of mothers stopped breastfeeding because of problems with ineffective breastfeeding. The application of acupressure therapy to normal post partum mothers with ineffective breastfeeding nursing problems in the Independent Practice Midwife of Lubuklinggau City in 2022. The purpose of this research is to find out the results of applying acupressure therapy to overcome the problem. breastfeeding is not effective in normal postpartum mothers. The research method applied by the researcher is descriptive research using a case study approach, case study is research by examining a problem through a case consisting of a single unit which means that one person or a group has problems. The subjects in this study were two postpartum maternal clients with a history of normal delivery who met the inclusion criteria. In this study, the data collection method used was to perform acupressure therapy on Normal Post Partum mothers with ineffective breastfeeding problems. In this study, for nursing interventions that were not effective, the application of Acupressure Therapy was carried out.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian BBLR di RSKD IA Pertiwi Makassar Tahun 2022

Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams. LBW continues to be a significant public health issue globally and is associated with a range of short-term and long-term consequences. Overall, it is estimated that 15% to 20% of all births worldwide are low birth weight, representing more than 20 million births per year (WHO, 2014). The research aims to identify factors influencing the occurrence of LBW. This study adopts a simple observational design with a cross-sectional approach, a method that seeks to find factors related to independent variables (age, education, occupation, parity, pregnancy interval, gestational age) with the dependent variable of Low Birth Weight (LBW). The research findings at RSKD Mother and Child Pertiwi Makassar from 2022, reveal that, through the Chi-Square test, there are five variables that have no relationship with the occurrence of Low Birth Weight (LBW), namely age, education, occupation, parity, and pregnancy interval. There is only one variable, gestational age, that is associated with LBW. The study also highlights the characteristics of mothers delivering LBW babies at RSKD Mother and Child Pertiwi Makassar. Most of them are under the age of 20, accounting for 26 individuals (63.6%). The majority have basic education, with 26 individuals (50.0%), and the most common occupation is unemployed mothers, comprising 46 individuals (48.4%). Multiparous mothers are the highest in number, with 41 individuals (47.7%), and the majority have a pregnancy interval of less than 3 years, amounting to 28 individuals (54.8%). The gestational age is predominantly less than 37 weeks, with 31 individuals (100.0%). The study suggests the importance of recommending regular prenatal check-ups, a minimum of six times during pregnancy, for all normal or at-risk pregnant mothers.

Relation between Body Mass Index and Mode of Delivery

Background: Maternal nutritional status is important for health and quality of life in women and growing fetus. Maternal weight gain in pregnancy can offer a good means of assessing the wellbeing of the pregnant mother and her baby. Inadequate prenatal weight gain is a significant risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and low birth weight in infants. Obesity and excessive weight gain on the other hand can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Interestingly, to get a good fetomaternal perinatal outcome mode of delivery decision is also changed with BMI. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of maternal BMI on the mode of delivery. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. A total 100 population of purposive sampling was the methods of choice to select the sample from the hospital admitted patients during the period from August 2016 to December 2017. Results: The mean age of 100 mothers were 28.4 (± 6.2) years. The maximum mothers attended from 3rd trimester were overweight (55.36%) whereas 44.64% from the same trimester were normal BMI mothers. Maximum mothers (27%) were from 25-29 years age group and the minimum mothers (4%) were from >= 40 years. Forty Seven Percent mothers came as primigravida. Primigravid women and multigravida with LSCS and without LSCS showed different mode of deliveries. The more the gravida with history of caesarean section the more frequency of present occasion of CS (p=0.006). The higher BMI showed more frequency of caesarean section than NVD or assisted delivery (p=<0.00001) Multiparous women showed more BMI than the p nulliparous. (p=0.005). Multiparity, maternal age and pre-existing medical conditions revealed more complicated labor. Conclusion: The more BMI of mother showed more frequency of caesarean section, assisted delivery than the normal vaginal delivery.

Impact of maternal determinants in rural areas influencing birth weight of newborn

Background: The birth weight of the newborn determines the health and survival of the newborn. Birth weight depends upon maternal factors such as the nutritional status of the mother, gestational age, multiple gestations, hemoglobin status, weight of the mother, complications of labour such as diabetes, hypertension, seizures, cardiac defects, bleeding manifestations, chronic illness and substance abuse. Methods It's a retrospective study conducted at Tagore medical college and hospital. Data collection was drawn on 100women for the age of the mother at the time of delivery, parity, gestational age, hemoglobin status, the weight of the mother, weight of the newborn, blood sugar, and blood pressure from July 2018- July 2019. Results: In our study low birth weight seems to be associated with anaemic mothers with a significant p-value of 0.00. Also, underweight mothers delivered 71.43% of low birth weight babies, normal, overweight and obese mothers delivered 82.35%, 84.21% and 100% normal weight babies which are statistically significant, represented by a p-value of 0.004 in our study. LBW in mothers of age group 18-24yrs 12(27.27%) in our study is high when compared to babies born between 25-31years 7(15.22%) and 10% in the age group between 32-38yrs.

Placental angiogenesis, IUGR & CMV awareness in Iraqi women

Abstract The placenta is considered the first interface between mother and fetus, and a normal placenta is essential for pregnancy without complications. IUGR is considered the most common condition recognized in complicated pregnancy and accounts for 26% or more of stillbirth. The current study aims to explore the presence of IUGR and placental angiogenesis by investigating the expression of VEGF and eNOS in both placenta of IUGR of CMV-infected mother and placenta of normal mother in relation to awareness of CMV in Iraqi women. The expressions of VEGF and e NOS was studied using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase technique, while awareness was studied using 10-minute surveys in Al-Karkh directorate (Baghdad) to investigate their knowledge of CMV infection in relation to the level of education and economic status. The expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF, eNOS) was significant in syncitiotrophoblasts, smooth muscle cells and corionic villous stromal cells, and was significant in unaware, low-educated women with low income. Increased expression of angiogenic factors of IUGR babies may be a result of unawareness of CMV infection, which leads to dysregulation of angiogenic factors, and, subsequently, to inadequate placental vascularization.

Complications of Hypertriglyceridemia in Pregnancy and Its Impact on Neonates: a Hospital-Based Study From Odisha.

ObjectiveHypertriglyceridemia (HTG) in pregnancy causes an increased risk for maternal and fetal complications. But, reports on the impact of HTG in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes are scarce in developing countries. We aim to determine the maternal and neonatal complications of HTG in pregnancy.Materials and methodsThis prospective observational study was conducted on 150 pregnant women with HTG in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, KIMS, Bhubaneswar, from December 2019 to November 2020. Measurement of triglycerides during the first trimester, second trimester, and delivery was done. Maternal complications and neonatal outcomes in HTG mothers and mothers with normal triglyceride levels were compared.ResultsOut of 150 HTG cases, hypothyroidism, preeclampsia, acute pancreatitis, and sickle cell crisis occurred in 41 (27.3%), 22 (14.7%), six (4%), and three (2%) cases, respectively. The triglyceridemia (TG) levels raised from 133.7±48.2 mg/dl in the first trimester to 232.8±151.0 mg/dl in the third trimester. There is a significant increase in TG levels at the time of delivery compared to the first and second trimesters (p< .001). Out of 140 neonates, 30 (21.4%) were preterm, eight (5.7%) had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and four (6.06%) were macrosomic. Intrauterine death, preterm, and macrosomia are significantly associated with maternal HTG compared to normal mothers (p < .032). All mortalities were due to acute pancreatitis (6; 4%) among mothers and four intrauterine fetal death.ConclusionThere is a steady increase in TG levels in the successive trimesters of pregnancy. Gestational severe hypertriglyceridemia causes life-threatening complications. HTG-induced acute pancreatitis needs to be managed aggressively to prevent maternal death. Neonates of HTG mothers suffer from complications like prematurity, IUGR, and macrosomia.

Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and mental health problems in early adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort

Possible mechanisms by which maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) programs offspring mental disorders in late childhood are not fully clarified. To assess the association between maternal BMI and mental health problems at 11 years old, we used data from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort which comprised 4231 newborns. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was analyzed as underweight (< 18.5), normal (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), and obesity (≥ 30.0). Mental health problems were assessed at the child’s age of 11 years by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, total difficulties score and subscale scores (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems), dichotomized into normal/borderline and abnormal category. The associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and mental health problems in the whole sample and stratified by sex were estimated using crude and adjusted linear and logistic regression. Both linear and logistic regression showed that pre-pregnancy weight was associated with mental problems in early adolescents. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with increased odds of total difficulty score among the whole sample. Boys whose mothers were pre-pregnancy overweight had higher odds of conduct problems (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.95), when compared to children of normal pre-pregnancy weight mothers, even after adjustments. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with mental health problems in early adolescents; specifically, pre-pregnancy overweight increased the risk for conduct problems in 11 years old boys.

Factors Associated with Retained Placenta: A Case-Control at Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta

Background The retained placenta is a common cause of postpartum bleeding. Many conditions commonly can be found in pregnant women cause retained placenta.Objective This study aims to identify factors associated with retained placenta.Method This study was performed as an observational analytic study with a case-control method. The data used is secondary data, using normal postpartum mothers (n=74) and postpartum women diagnosed with the retained placenta (n=37) medical records, at Bethesda Hospital from 2013 until 2018. Variables were analyzed using simple logistic regression to measure crude odds ratio and using multiple logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratio.Results The factor associated with retained placenta was preterm labor (OR 37.16; CI 95% 6.98-197.84). Age (OR 1.32; CI 95% 0.34-5.19), anemia in pregnancy (OR 2.43; CI 95% 0.83-7.14), history of previous cesarean section (OR 9.63; CI 95% 0.79-117.36), history of curettage (OR 3.65; CI 95% 0.93-14.37) and parity (OR 2.07; CI 95% 0.72-5.98) increasing risk to develop retained placenta, but not statistically significant.Conclusion A history of previous cesarean section and preterm labor statistically increases the risk of retained placenta in Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta. Age, anemia in pregnancy, and history of curettage were clinically associated with retained placenta, but not statistically significant.

The Effect Of The Application Of The Upright Position On Duration Time Delivery

Background:Childbirth is a natural process in a woman's life cycle. The care given should also return to the body's physiology. The upright position is considered a position that helps the fetus decline faster, but so far there are still mothers who lie down during childbirth. Research objective:This study aims to determine the effect of the application of the upright position on the time of delivery in women giving birth in PMB, Pringsewu Regency. Method: This study uses a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent group pre-post test. The research subjects were mothers who gave birth normally in PMB Pringsewu Regency. The sample of this research is. The inclusion criteria in this study were normal mothers who were willing to be respondents in PMB Pringsewu Regency. Research analysis using Independent T test. Results ; showed that the first stage of time in the control group was 7.53 ± 0.84 hours, while the first stage of time in the intervention group was 4.85 ± 0.62. The second stage of time in the control group was 50.38 ± 6.24 minutes, while the second stage of the intervention group was shorter at 32.53 ± 5.30 minutes. The results of the statistical test showed that there was a significant difference so that there was an effect of applying the upright position to the length of time in the active phase of the first stage of labor and the second stage of labor in women giving birth at PMB Pringsewu (p value = 0.000). The application of an upright position in maternity makes the duration of labor faster than the lying position