Normal Healthy People Research Articles

The effect of metformin and pioglitazone on glucagon of patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome

Objective To observe and evaluate the effects of metformin and pioglitazone on blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, β-cell function and insulin resistance among patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome, so as to discuss the role of pancreatic α cells in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mainly caused by insulin resistance and the change of α-cell function after treatment. Methods A total of 60 patients diagnosed with diabetes and metabolic syndrome were selected in Beijing Chaoyang District Diabetes Center from April 2012 to April 2013 and divided with random number table into metformin group (treated with metformin 0.5 g orally thrice a day for 1 year, n=30) and pioglitazone group (treated with pioglitazone 15 mg orally once a day for 1 year, n=30). 30 normal healthy people who had physical examination at the Center during the same period were enrolled into the control group, matched in age and gender with the intervention groups. The general condition of the 3 groups, and blood levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon, insulin sensitivity index (ISI)-Matsuda, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function index (HOMA-β), 1-phase index, 2-phase index, and insulin secretion sensitivity index (ISSI) at baseline in the 3 groups and after treatment in the metformin group and the pioglitazone group were measured and calculated. Results Compared with the control group before treatment, the intervention groups as a whole had significantly higher fasting glucagon level [(146.22±25.41) pmol/L vs. (21.31±7.85) pmol/L, P=0.002] and area under curve (AUC) of glucagon [(469.84±13.12) pmol/(L·h) vs. (100.94±7.73) pmol/(L·h), P=0.006]. Compared with the results before treatment, the metformin group exhibited significantly reduced fasting glucose [(6.46±1.38) mmol/L vs. (7.54±0.43) mmol/L, P=0.031], fasting insulin [(119.22±69.01) pmol/L vs. (139.38±71.13) pmol/L, P=0.042], fasting glucagon [(91.69±22.11) pmol/L vs. (142.81±24.56) pmol/L, P=0.029], AUC of glucose [(25.19±1.31) mmol/(L·h) vs. (32.68±1.12) mmol/(L·h), P=0.043], AUC of insulin [(468.65±20.10) pmol/(L·h) vs. (786.32±21.37) pmol/(L·h), P=0.017], and AUC of glucagon [(280.60±8.26) pmol/(L·h) vs. (487.14±14.31) pmol/(L·h), P=0.032]; while the pioglitazone group after treatment also showed significantly decreased fasting glucose [(6.58±2.21) mmol/L vs. (7.68±0.59) mmol/L, P=0.028], fasting insulin [(107.92±17.81) pmol/L vs. (144.66±74.43) pmol/L, P=0.033], fasting glucagon [(76.07±20.57) pmol/L vs. (148.34±28.94) pmol/L, P=0.025], AUC of glucose [(25.58±1.22) mmol/(L·h) vs. (35.07±1.38) mmol/(L·h), P=0.038], AUC of insulin [(435.54±19.30) pmol/(L·h) vs. (854.75±20.61) pmol/(L·h), P=0.013], and AUC of glucagon [(223.43±5.83) pmol/(L·h) vs. (458.55±12.96) pmol/(L·h), P=0.026]. The before-after-treatment differences were significantly smaller in the metformin group than in the pioglitazone group in terms of fasting insulin [(20.16±2.98) mmol/L vs. (36.74±2.88) mmol/L, P=0.011], fasting glucagon [(51.12±3.67) pmol/L vs. (72.27±4.58) pmol/L, P=0.016], AUC of insulin [(317.67±13.45) pmol/(L·h) vs. (419.21±15.44) pmol/(L·h), P=0.031] and AUC of glucagon [(206.54±9.66) pmol/(L·h) vs. (235.12±10.29) pmol/(L·h), P=0.046]. Conclusions Glucagon in patients with diabetes and metabolic syndrome is higher than that in normal individuals. Metformin and pioglitazone can decrease the level of glucagon in patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes as well as improve the glucose control, β-cell function and insulin resistance, suggesting improving effect of these two drugs on α-cell function. Pioglitazone manifests a stronger effect than metformin does. Key words: Metformin; Pioglitazone; Glucagon; Insulin

Distinct lncRNA expression profiles in the prefrontal cortex of SD rats after exposure to methylphenidate

Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central nervous system stimulant that is widely used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been shown to improve attention, cognitive function and behaviors in both patients and animal models of ADHD. Even among normal healthy people, MPH can facilitate the consolidation of memories and improve declarative memory. Using microarray techniques, we aimed to find new pharmacology profile of MPH. A Làt maze experiment showed that locomotor activity and non-selective attention were affected by 2 weeks of exposure to MPH. Then, we identified long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signatures in the prefrontal cortex of rats; 461 up-regulated lncRNAs and 97 down-regulated lncRNAs were found in the MPH-exposed group compared with the control group using fold-change >1.5. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated biological functions related to the metabolism of neural chemical compounds and nerve cell development. Furthermore, we reported changes in uc.173+ related to the UBE2B gene, which may affect neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. At the same time, MRAK081997 associated with the DHFR gene may be involved in axon regeneration in the rodent central nervous system through DNA methylation. Our study showed distinct expression profiles of lncRNAs in the normal rat prefrontal cortex after exposure to MPH, offering information for further research of MPH and may suggesting a new therapeutic target for ADHD.

GW25-e1657 The influence of combined exercise training on the blood lactate level of type 2 diabetes

The present study is to investigate the clinical significance of blood lactate level in type 2 diabetes and the effectiveness of aerobic training combined with resistance training therapy for type 2 diabetes. 80 type 2 diabetes outpatients with no complications and another 20 normal healthy people

Brain connectivity and novel network measures for Alzheimer's disease classification

We compare a variety of different anatomic connectivity measures, including several novel ones, that may help in distinguishing Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients from controls. We studied diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging from 200 subjects scanned as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We first evaluated measures derived from connectivity matrices based on whole-brain tractography; next, we studied additional network measures based on a novel flow-based measure of brain connectivity, computed on a dense 3-dimensional lattice. Based on these 2 kinds of connectivity matrices, we computed a variety of network measures. We evaluated the measures' ability to discriminate disease with a repeated, stratified 10-fold cross-validated classifier, using support vector machines, a supervised learning algorithm. We tested the relative importance of different combinations of features based on the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and feature ranking of the classification of 200 people into normal healthy controls and people with early or late mild cognitive impairment or AD.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Studies of Human Immunoglobulin ‘G’ in Alzheimer’s Disease

In the present paper, we have studied human IgG in Alzheimer’s disease(AD) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A comparison with normal controls is also made. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to detect the chemical groups of amino acids in serum. According to data available with the present study we are giving some of the findings related to AD patients. A group Aspartic acid (a-CH) is found in four cases only of AD patients and this group was absent in all the normal healthy persons. The group isoleucine (d-CH3) has been found in all the blood samples of normal persons and AD patients. Glutamic acid (a-CH) is found in two cases of AD patients and was absent in all the normal persons and other patients of AD. Alanine (b-CH) is found in two cases of normal healthy people and four cases of AD patients only. Asparatic acid (a-CH) is found in four cases of AD patients only and absent in all the normal healthy people. Lysine ( g-CH2) is found in one case of AD patient only and absent in all the normal healthy controls along AD patients. Isoleuicine (g- CH3) has been found in three cases of AD patients only and four normal healthy people. Cystine (a-CH) and Cystine (b-CH) have been found in two cases of AD patients only and absent in all the normals with AD patients. Tryptophane (a-CH) is found in two sample of AD patient only and absent in all the cases of AD and normal healthy people . The appearance or disappearance of NMR groups may be changes in the CNS due to alteration in trace elements and immunity

Diagnostic value of serum glutathione peroxidase 3 levels in patients with lung cancer.

We selected glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) as a specific candidate that is down regulated in patients with lung cancer. In this study, we examined the diagnostic value of serum GPx3, which is an extracellular protein and readily detectable in blood. We collected serum samples from 342 patients with lung cancer and 126 controls (normal healthy people and patients with benign diseases or other malignancies). We measured serum GPx3 levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean serum GPx3 levels were significantly lower in the patient group compared with the control group (10.1 ± 5.0 μg/mL vs. 13.0 ± 5.8 μg/mL, P < 0.001). In addition, mean serum GPx3 levels tended to be lower in the patients without metastasis compared with those with metastasis (9.6 ± 4.5 μg/mL vs. 10.7 ± 5.7 μg/mL, P = 0.051). Furthermore, mean serum GPx3 levels had a significant difference according to initial treatments (P < 0.001). In other words, mean serum GPx3 levels were significantly lower in the surgery group (8.2 ± 4.1 μg/mL) compared with the concurrent chemoradiotherapy (11.5 ± 4.6 μg/mL, P < 0.001), chemotherapy (10.7 ± 5.6 μg/mL, P < 0.001), and supportive care groups (10.9 ± 4.8 μg/mL, P = 0.002). Our results showed that serum GPx3 levels were significantly lower in the patients who underwent surgery, which indicates that the serum may have diagnostic value in patients at an operable stage of lung cancer, rather than those at a locally advanced or metastatic stage.

Correlation study of serum hs-CRP, UA level and the correlation of disease in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients

Objective To investigate correlation study of serum hs-CRP,UA level and the correlation of dis-ease in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients , and provide a reference basis for clinical judgment for patients with illness development and prognosis prediction .Methods 40 aged patients with acute myocardial infarction pa-tients were selected as the research object ,and protionally random according to time admission the same period ran-domly selected were 40 cases of elderly patients with unstable angina pectoris ,40 cases of elderly patients with stable angina,40 cases of clinic medical normal healthy old people for controlled object .The levels of serum hs-CRP,UA and correlation was analyzed.Results The serum hsCRP,UA in the myocardial infarction group were （34.67 ±12.18）mg/L, （412.46 ±68.93）μmol/L,which in the unstable angina pectoris group were （17.21 ±8.39） mg/L,（274.19 ± 46.62）μmol/L,which in stable angina pectoris group were （5.25 ±1.40） mg/L,（297.41 ±37.43）μmol/L,which in the health group（4.96 ±1.24）mg/L,（279.64 ±34.78）μmol/L,the differences among the myocardial infarction group,unstable angina pectoris,stable angina pectoris group had statistical significance （P〈0.05）, the differences between myocardial infarction group and health group had statistical significance （P〈0.05）;Myocardial infarction patients prognosis group hs-CRP,UA group was obviously higher than that of the prognosis was good ,compared with statistical significance difference （ P 〈0.05 ）;In myocardial infarction group , unstable angina pectoris group , the hsCRP was associated with positive correlation exists between UA （P〈0.05）,stable angina pectoris group no correla-tion（P〉0.05）;Different prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction hsCRP is associated with UA has positive correlation between （ P〈0.05） .Conclusion Elderly acute myocardial infarction patients serum hs-CRP,UA obviously increased ,and illness development correlation ,a high level of hs-CRP,UA patients often indicates poor prognosis . Key words: Myocardial infarction; C-reactive protein; Uric acid; Aged

The diagnostic value of serum glutathione peroxidase 3 levels in patients with early-stage lung cancer.

e22232 Background: We have selected glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) as a specific candidate that is down-regulated in patients with lung cancer. In this study, we examined the diagnostic value of serum GPx3 which is extracellular protein and readily detectable in blood. Methods: We collected serum samples from 342 patients with lung cancer and 126 controls (normal healthy people and patients with benign diseases or other malignancies). We measured serum GPx3 levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Mean serum GPx3 levels were significantly lower in the patient group as compared with the control group (10.1 ± 5.0 mg/mL vs. 13.0 ± 5.8 mg/mL, P<0.001). In addition, mean serum GPx3 levels were significantly lower in the patients without metastasis as compared with those with metastasis (9.6 ± 4.5 mg/mL vs. 10.7 ± 5.7 mg/mL, P=0.051). Furthermore, mean serum GPx3 levels had a significant correlation with initial treatments (P<0.001). In other words, mean serum GPx3 levels were significantly...

Study on the dynamic changes of peripheral endothelial progenitor cells in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage patients

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) level in peripheral blood of patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Methods Flow cytometry was used to detect the dynamic changes of EPCs in 32 cases of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage as the test group and 30 cases of normal healthy people as the control group.Results In the acute phase after hemorrhage (3 days),EPCs level in experimental group were significantly lower than the control group(P ＜0.05).But after that the EPCs level in experimental group increased rapidly and was significantly higher than the control group(P ＜0.05),and approximately two weeks later it reduced to normal levels.Conclusions In patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage,the EPCs levels in peripheral blood were closely related with the disease and might become a prognostic marker. Key words: Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage; Endothelial progenitor cells; Flow cytometry

Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Activity and Levels of Its Cofactors and Other Biochemical Parameters in the Serum of Arsenicosis Patients of Bangladesh

Dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) is a neurotransmitter (catecholamine)-mediating enzyme, which catalyzes the formation of norepinephrine from dopamine. The levels of DBH activity, its coenzyme (ascorbic acid) and cofactor (Cu++) and other biochemical parameters were measured in the serum of 32 arsenicosis patients of Bangladesh at three different age groups, namely, group 1 (10–18 years, 9 patients), group 2 (19–40 years, 14 patients) and group 3 (41–70 years, 9 patients) of the locality of Stadium Para of Meherpur district of Bangladesh. The values were compared with the same number of age-matched normal healthy individuals of the respective group. DBH activity was markedly decreased in the patients of group 1 as compared to that of the normal healthy people. The activities of DBH were decreased to lesser extents for the other two age groups. The total protein contents in the serum of arsenicosis patients were also significantly low as compared to that in the age-matched control groups. The levels of ascorbic acid and copper were found to be decreased in the serum of arsenicosis patients. The serum glucose levels were elevated in arsenicosis patients, as compared to that of the respective healthy controls. Other parameters, such as zinc and vitamin A levels were also decreased in the serum of arsenicosis patients. It was evident from the results of drinking of the arsenic contaminated water of shallow tube wells that the levels of DBH activity decreased significantly as compared to the control healthy persons. The levels of proteins, ascorbic acid, copper, zinc and vitamin A were decreased in the serum of people drinking the arsenic contaminated tube wells water as compared to that in the control healthy people with the exception that the levels of glucose were elevated in the serum of these patients. The pathophysiological significance of the results could be correlated with the decreased in proteins and that in DBH activities as DBH deficiency is characterized by lack of sympathetic noradrenergic function.The general physiologic findings of autonomic function indicate that complete DBH deficiency include minimal or absent plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Gastric and intestinal satiation in obese and normal weight healthy people

ObjectiveThe gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in feelings of satiation. It is known that there is a reciprocal interaction between the stomach and intestine, but it is not known which factors are of gastric origin and which are intestinal. This three-step study therefore sought to provide illumination on satiation parameters with respect to body mass. MethodIn the first part, the time needed to reach maximal satiation and total caloric intake was calculated after participants (20 normal weight, 20 obese) imbibed a standardized nutrient drink. In the second part gastric emptying of solids and liquids was evaluated using the 13C-breath test (participants: 16 normal weight, 9 obese for gastric emptying of solids; 15 normal weight, 14 obese for gastric emptying of liquids). And in the third part, fasting and post-prandial plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and ghrelin levels were measured after a standardized nutrient drink (participants: 20 normal weight, 20 obese). ResultsOur results show that, when compared to those of normal weight, obese participants reached maximal satiation sooner (P=0.006), their total intake of calories was higher (P=0.013), and their gastric emptying rates were delayed (P<0.001). Furthermore, their post-prandial increase in plasma GLP-1 and PYY was reduced, (P<0.001 for both), as was their ghrelin suppression (P=0.001). DiscussionWe conclude that, in obese subjects gastric emptying can be impaired with delayed interaction of nutrients with the intestine resulting in decreased GLP-1 and PYY secretion. This could imply that obese participants would require more calories before their maximal satiation is reached and they stop eating.

Activity analysis of depression electroencephalogram based on modified power spectral entropy

A method is proposed to calculate and analyze electro-encephalogram signal to improve the situation that there is an urgent need for an effective quantitative indicator to describe brain mental disorders. The method defines a spectral entropy in terms of the power spectrum division of time series. Then, the entropy is applied to numerical calculation of electroencephalogram signals of depression patients and normal control group. Meanwhile, the differences are compared between them. Experimental results show that the power spectral entropy in depression patients is significantly weaker than the normal healthy people's in some brain regions. Further analysis proves two facts. One is that the entropy is positively correlated to brain electrical physiological activity, and the other tells that the entropy can be used as a parameter to measure brain electrical activity, to characterize brain electrical physiological activities, and to provide the activity intensity information. This paper determines that the power spectral entropy for electroencephalogram plays an important role in diagnosis of brain mental disorder.

Multifractal parameters as an indication of different physiological and pathological states of the human brain

This paper presents a study on multifractal parameters of EEG patterns on the human brain. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis was applied to human EEG for normal and epileptic patients in different states. The results show that the degree of multifractality of EEG for patients in an epileptic seizure are much higher compared to normal healthy people. The degree of multifractality for normal humans with eyes open and closed was also significantly different. Thus the multifractal parameters can be used to distinguish between different physiological and pathological states of the human brain. The results are discussed in detail.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency in Iranian Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

BackgroundAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic disease which affects both lung and liver. This disease is a recognized factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However its importance as the cause of COPD in a country such as Iran is unclear.ObjectivesThis study was conducted to find out the role of α-1 antitrypsin deficiency as a cause of COPD in Iranian patients.Materials and MethodsThe serum concentration of α-1 antitrypsin was determined and the genotype of α-1 antitrypsin was also evaluated by PCR-RFLP in 130 patients with COPD and 50 normal healthy blood donors.ResultsNo α-1 antitrypsin deficient case was found in normal healthy people and COPD patients.ConclusionsOur results clarify that deficiency of α-antitrypsin is not a major cause of COPD in Iranian patients.

GW24-e3139 A new training program on the blood lactate level of type 2 diabetes

ObjectivesThe present study is to investigate the clinical significance of blood lactate level in type 2 diabetes and the effectiveness of aerobic training combined with resistance training therapy for type...

The relationship among the attention function, coping style and depression symptoms in depression disorders

Objective To explore the relationship of attentional function, coping style and depressive symptoms in depression disorders. Methods Sixty-eight depression disorder and seventy-one normal healthy people were assessed by Hamilton depression scale(HAMD), coping style questionnaire and digit span forward.Independent samples t test and hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze all data. Results Compared with the control group, depressed patients had higher blaming(0.57±0.29 vs 0.29±0.25, P<0.01), wishful thinking(0.55±0.22 vs 0.42±0.26, P<0.01) and avoidant(0.63±0.18 vs 0.46±0.21, P<0.01), lower problem solving(0.67±0.23 vs 0.80±0.18, P<0.01), rationalization(0.51±0.20 vs 0.59±0.06, P<0.01)and poorer attentional function(6.90±1.65 vs 7.54±0.98, P<0.01); but there was no significant differences in support seeking score.Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis revealed that, even when controlling for age, sex, low score of support seeking were independently predicted attentional function impairment (β=-0.25, P<0.05). In addition, the use of support seeking was found to mediate the relationship between digit span forward and retardation completely. Conclusion Retardation indirectly influence the attention function by the mediating of support seeking. Key words: Depression disorders; Attention function; Coping style; Depressive symptoms

A computer system for the face stimulus assessment with application to the analysis of dementia

In this paper, we have developed a computer system for evaluating elements in the standardized image of the human face in the face stimulus assessment (FSA) and applied it to the analysis of the FSA pictures by dementia patients. The system automatically and objectively evaluates several elements in the FSA by developing new computer algorithms and using existing computer systems for art assessments. The algorithm divides the FSA into several areas, finds the main color of each area, compares the main color with one of its surrounding areas, and then grades the elements. The reliabilities of gradings between the human raters, and between the human raters and the computer system were measured by quadratic weighted kappa for each element. The correlation analysis is applied to analyze the relation between the grade and degree of dementia, the factor analysis is then applied to discriminate the difference between groups of normal healthy people and dementia patients, and the regression analysis is applied to estimate the probability of dementia. The system proposed in this paper was verified using case studies and analysis of sample results. The system is expected to promote the usage of the FSA and ease the research of FSA validity.

Transforming growth factor-β in diabetic nephropathy

Abstract Background Renal failure is a common and serious complication of long-standing diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is the most common cause of end-stage renal failure. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the major growth factors involved in extracellular matrix accumulation in fibrotic disorders including diabetic nephropathy. Aim of the work The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serum level of TGF-β as a marker for the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Patients and methods This work included 40 patients with diabetes and 40 healthy controls with matched age and sex. Individuals with diabetes included 25 patients with type 2 diabetes and 15 with type 1 diabetes. We considered the presence of hypertension, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, and the degree of proteinuria. All patients were subjected to careful history taking, thorough physical examinations, and fundus examination. Routine laboratory tests such as analysis of complete blood count and determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate were carried out to rule out patients with malignancy or autoimmune disease. Kidney function tests (blood urea and serum creatinine), complete urine analysis, and estimation of 24-h urinary protein or albumin, creatinine clearance, blood glucose measurement (fasting and 2h postprandial), serum TGF-β level, and microalbuminuria were also carried out. Results The serum levels of TGF-β were statistically significantly higher in patients with diabetes compared with normal healthy people. The serum TGF-β level was statistically significantly higher in patients with diabetes with overt nephropathy compared with those without it. There was a statistically significant decrease in TGF-β levels in patients with diabetes who were taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers compared with those who were not taking such medications. Conclusion Serum TGF-β level increases in patients of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and in those with diabetic nephropathy. TGF-β is considered one of the major mediators of diabetic renal fibrogenesis that results in end-stage renal disease.

Modeling of celiac disease immune response and the therapeutic effect of potential drugs

BackgroundCeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed people and is caused by a reaction to the gluten protein found in wheat, which leads to intestinal villous atrophy. Currently there is no drug for treatment of CD. The only known treatment is lifelong gluten-free diet. The main aim of this work is to develop a mathematical model of the immune response in CD patients and to predict the efficacy of a transglutaminase-2 (TG-2) inhibitor as a potential drug for treatment of CD.ResultsA thorough analysis of the developed model provided the following results:1. TG-2 inhibitor treatment leads to insignificant decrease in antibody levels, and hence remains higher than in healthy individuals.2. TG-2 inhibitor treatment does not lead to any significant increase in villous area.3. The model predicts that the most effective treatment of CD would be the use of gluten peptide analogs that antagonize the binding of immunogenic gluten peptides to APC. The model predicts that the treatment of CD by such gluten peptide analogs can lead to a decrease in antibody levels to those of normal healthy people, and to a significant increase in villous area.ConclusionsThe developed mathematical model of immune response in CD allows prediction of the efficacy of TG-2 inhibitors and other possible drugs for the treatment of CD: their influence on the intestinal villous area and on the antibody levels. The model also allows to understand what processes in the immune response have the strongest influence on the efficacy of different drugs. This model could be applied in the pharmaceutical R&D arena for the design of drugs against autoimmune small intestine disorders and on the design of their corresponding clinical trials.

Skin Cancer Detection Using Temperature Variation Analysis

In the medical field, new technologies are incorporated for the sole purpose of enhancing the quality of life for the patients and even for the normal healthy people. Infrared technology is one of the technologies that have some applications in both the medical and biological fields. In this work, the thermal infrared (IR) measurement is used to investigate the potential of skin cancer detection. IR enjoys non-invasive and non-contact advantages as well as favorable cost, apparently. It is also very well developed regarding the technological and methodological aspects. IR per se is an electro-metric radiation that all objects emit when their temperature is above the absolute zero. And the human body is not different in this regard. The IR range extends, ideally, to cover wavelengths from 800 nanometer to few hundred micrometer. Cancer, in modern life, has grown tangibly due to many factors, such as life expectancies increase, personal habits and ultraviolet radiation exposures among others. Moreover, the significant enhancement of technologies has helped identifying more types of cancers than before. The sole purpose of this work is to investigate further IR technology methods and applications not yet matured in skin cancer detection to enhance the detection ability with higher safety level.