Normal Configuration Research Articles

Otoconial Degeneration After Transient Ischemia Induced by Four-Vessel Occlusion in Rats.

Ischemia of the inner ear may damage the otoconia. However, no study has explored any changes in the configuration of otoconia after transient ischemia of the labyrinth. Nineteen 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either the sham (n=5) or the experimental group (n=14). The rats in the experimental group were subjected to global ischemia for 20 minutes using a four-vessel occlusion model, and were sacrificed seven days after the procedure. The rats in the sham group were sacrificed without any procedure. The otolithic organs (utricle and saccule) were dissected out for scanning electron microscope. The otolithic organs in the sham group showed their normal gross configuration with a dense clumping of otoconia with a normal hexagonal morphology and a smooth surface. The otolithic organs in the experimental group also maintained a grossly normal configuration, but each otoconia showed irregular surfaces with numerous cracks or furrows, especially in the periphery of the otoconial bed. The current study showed that otoconial degeneration may occur even after transient ischemia of the labyrinth. This finding supports an association between cerebral ischemia and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Effects of N-acetylcysteine on growth, viability and reactive oxygen species levels in small antral follicles cultured in vitro

Objective: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of N-acetylcysteine on follicular growth and morphology, as well as on viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and meiotic progression of oocytes from in vitro cultured bovine early antral follicles. Methods: Isolated early antral follicles (about 500 μm) were cultured in TCM-199+ alone or supplemented with 1.0, 5.0 or 25.0 mM N-acetylcysteine at 38.5 °C with 5% CO2 for 8 days. Follicle diameters were evaluated at day 0, 4 and 8 of culture. At the end of culture, the levels of ROS, chromatin configuration and viability (calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining) were investigated in the cumulus-oocyte complexes. Comparisons of follicle diameters between treatments were performed. Data on percentages of morphologically normal follicles, growth rates and chromatin configuration in different treatments were compared. Results: An increase in follicular diameters after culture in all treatments was observed, except for follicles cultured with 25.0 mM N-acetylcysteine. Fluorescence microscopy showed that oocytes cultured in all treatments were stained positively with calcein-AM, and that 5.0 mM N-acetylcysteine reduced fluorescence for ethidium homodimer-1. Intracellular levels of ROS in oocytes from follicles cultured with 1.0 mM N-acetylcysteine showed a significant reduction compared to other treatments. The presence of N-acetylcysteine in culture medium did not influence the rates of oocyte at the germinal vesicle stage. Conclusions: N-acetylcysteine at concentrations of 1.0 and 5.0 mM reduces ROS levels and staining for ethidium homodimer-1 in in vitro cultured follicles, respectively, while 25.0 mM N-acetylcysteine decreases follicular growth and the percentages of continuously growing follicles.

Nasofacial Anthropometric Study among Adult Santals and Bangalees of Northern Area of Bangladesh

Introduction: Anthropology is the science of human body morphology.In forensic medicine, anthropometric measurementsare usually used to identify an individual.Medical scientists, as well as anthropology experts, use facial measurements forseveral purposes such as identification of congenital and traumatic abnormalities.Facial measurements are interestingly variedbetween diverse races and ethnicities. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the facial and nasal anthropometric measurements of adult Santals and Bangalees residing in Northern area of Bangladesh and to determine their status in relation to other population studied elsewhere. Design: It was a cross sectional comparative study. Material sand Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the anatomy department of Rajshahi Medical College,during the period of January 2021 to December 2021.This study was performed on 300 individuals (150 Bangalee and 150Santal) with normal craniofacial configuration, without history of trauma in the face and no history of nose and face cosmeticsurgery such as Septoplasty or Septorhinoplasty..Purposive sampling technique was adopted in this study. Results: Most common type of face in both the Santals (92%) and the Bangalee (99.30%) respondents in Northern area of Bangladesh was Hyperleptoprosopic type of face. Leptorrhine type was predominant (84%) nasal type among the Bangaleeand 51.30% Mesorrhine and 48% Platyrrhine type were predominant nasal type among the adult Santals. Conclusions: Findings of this study will provide to build database for nasofacial, maxillofacial, cosmetic surgeons &orthodontist which help them in making diagnosis of congenital and traumatic nasofacial anomalies & planning theirreconstructive surgeries. The findings of the study may also help forensic experts in identifying the victims and assailants ofcriminal cases.

Flight Control Reconfiguration in Oscillatory Failure Case Scenarios

A fault detection system together with a flight control reconfiguration algorithm is proposed to tackle the problem of oscillatory failure case scenarios in hydraulically actuated flight control loops. The fault detection system employs a set of residual filters designed using a model-based approach via command-input decoupling and free assignment of the filter dynamics via dynamic inversion. As underlying design model, an optimized, multi-model hydraulic actuator approximation covering the actuator dynamics together with stochastically distributed, uncertain parameters is derived. A flight control reconfiguration algorithm is presented which smoothly transitions the control law from its normal configuration to the alternate law after detection of a fault. The performance of the transition is analyzed using advanced linear time-varying analysis methods based on an extension of the well-known Bounded Real Lemma. The achieved detection and reconfiguration performance is verified via non-linear simulations.

Interfering with nucleotide excision by the coronavirus 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease.

Some of the most efficacious antiviral therapeutics are ribonucleos(t)ide analogs. The presence of a 3'-to-5' proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) in coronaviruses diminishes the potency of many ribonucleotide analogs. The ability to interfere with ExoN activity will create new possibilities for control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ExoN is formed by a 1:1 complex of nsp14 and nsp10 proteins. We have purified and characterized ExoN using a robust, quantitative system that reveals determinants of specificity and efficiency of hydrolysis. Double-stranded RNA is preferred over single-stranded RNA. Nucleotide excision is distributive, with only one or two nucleotides hydrolyzed in a single binding event. The composition of the terminal basepair modulates excision. A stalled SARS-CoV-2 replicase in complex with either correctly or incorrectly terminated products prevents excision, suggesting that a mispaired end is insufficient to displace the replicase. Finally, we have discovered several modifications to the 3'-RNA terminus that interfere with or block ExoN-catalyzed excision. While a 3'-OH facilitates hydrolysis of a nucleotide with a normal ribose configuration, this substituent is not required for a nucleotide with a planar ribose configuration such as that present in the antiviral nucleotide produced by viperin. Design of ExoN-resistant, antiviral ribonucleotides should be feasible.

Mixed configurations and intertwined quantum phase transitions in odd-mass nuclei

We introduce a new Bose-Fermi framework for studying spectral properties and quantum phase transitions (QPTs) in odd-mass nuclei, in the presence of configuration mixing. A detailed analysis of odd-mass Nb isotopes discloses the effects of an abrupt crossing of states in normal and intruder configurations (Type II QPT), accompanied by a gradual evolution from spherical- to deformed-core shapes within the intruder configuration (Type I QPT). The pronounced presence of both types of QPTs demonstrates, for the first time, the occurrence of intertwined QPTs in odd-mass nuclei.

Color confinement, chiral symmetry breaking, and catalytic effect induced by monopole and instanton creations

Our research reveals the relations among monopoles, color confinement, instantons, and chiral symmetry breaking which experiments can detect, by numerical calculations of lattice gauge theory. We first add a monopole and an anti-monopole varying their magnetic charges to the gauge field configurations in the quenched approximation of quantum chromodynamics, by applying the monopole creation operator and investigate the effects of the added monopoles and anti-monopoles on color confinement. Second, we reveal the quantitative relations among instantons, anti-instantons, and observables using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the overlap Dirac operator, which are calculated using the normal configurations and the configurations with the additional monopoles and anti-monopoles. Finally, we ascertain the outcomes by comparing them with the predictions. We have already discovered the catalytic effect: the decay width of the charged pion becomes wider and its lifetime becomes shorter than the experimental outcomes by increasing the number density of instantons and anti-instantons. However, the outcomes in the previous study were obtained using one lattice volume and lattice spacing. In this research, we improve the previous study using a variety of configurations of different lattice volumes and values of the lattice spacing from low to finite temperatures. The main purposes of this study are to inspect the influences of the finite lattice volume and discretization on the observables and quantitative relations that we have obtained in our previous research and to acquire the interpolated results at the continuum limit.

A new enrichment approach for candidate gene detection in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss and implantation failure.

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and implantation failure (RIF) are obstacles to livebirth and multifactorial conditions in which nearly half of the cases remain unexplained, and we aimed to identify maternal candidate gene variants and pathways for RPL and RIF by analyzing whole-exome sequencing (WES) data via a new detailed bioinformatics approach. A retrospective cohort study was applied to 35 women with normal chromosomal configuration diagnosed with unexplained RPL and/or RIF. WES and comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were performed. Published gene expression datasets (n = 46) were investigated for candidate genes. Variant effects on protein structure were analyzed for 12 proteins, and BUB1B was visualized in silico. WES and bioinformatics analyses are effective and applicable for studying URPL and RIF to detect mutations, as we suggest new candidates to explain the etiology. Forty-three variants in 39 genes were detected in 29 women, 7 of them contributing to oligogenic inheritance. These genes were related to implantation, placentation, coagulation, metabolism, immune system, embryological development, cell cycle-associated processes, and ovarian functions. WES, genomic variant analyses, expression data, and protein configuration studies offer new and promising ways to investigate the etiology of URPL and RIF. Discovering etiology-identifying genetic factors can help manage couples' needs and develop personalized therapies and new pharmaceutical products in the future. The classical approach with chromosomal analysis and targeted gene panel testing is insufficient in these cases; the exome data provide a promising way to detect and understand the possible clinical effects of the variant and its alteration on protein structure.

Anatomical variation in the branching pattern of the aortic arch: a literature review.

Many anatomical variations of the branching pattern of the aortic arch have been documented in the literature. These find their origin in alterations to the embryological development of the arch and have significant implications for surgical and radiological interventions. Embase and Medline database searches were carried out in June 2021 and identified 1197 articles, of which 24 were considered eligible. Twenty-eight variations were found. The prevalence of the six main variations found is as follows: normal configuration (61.2-92.59%); bovine arch type 1 (4.95-31.2%); bovine arch type 2 (0.04-24%); origin of left vertebral artery (0.17-15.3%); aberrant right subclavian artery (0.08-3.33%); thyroid ima artery (0.08-2%). Concomitant variations present in conjunction with these variations are also documented, as were other variations which could not be classified into these six groups. Anatomical variations in the branching pattern of the aortic arch are present in over one-third of individuals in some populations. These are important pre- and intra-operatively during thoracic, neck and thyroid surgery. A greater effort should be employed to construct an official classification to facilitate greater understanding among clinicians.

Hybrid Modeling and Simulation for Shipboard Power System Considering High-Power Pulse Loads Integration

The complex dynamic characteristics of a shipboard power system (SPS) are not only related to its continuous dynamics but also influenced by discrete control behavior. Especially, during combat mission execution of high-power pulse loads (HPPLs), their operation plan as a sequence of discrete control events will cause successive abrupt changes in the continuous dynamics of SPS due to the sudden and intermittent nature of the external attacks, which requires overall comprehension of the hybrid dynamics evolution process driven by discrete events. In this paper, considering the zonal distribution structure of SPS and the influences of extreme events on the discrete dynamics of each zone, the extended hybrid models for each zone, including normal operation configuration and fault configuration, are obtained based on the hybrid automata theory. Then, the global hybrid model of SPS is developed. The mapping relationship of discrete state transition to the continuously controlled system is analyzed to reconstruct the set of differential equations model of the continuous system for the purpose of simulation. Two case studies are carried out to perform the simulation under the proposed hybrid model. It is demonstrated that this proposed method can reveal the operating characteristics of the hybrid dynamic evolution process driven by discrete events, both in normal operation and pulse loads operation. Although the precise measure of discrete states of SPS can be challenging to obtain, especially during the confrontation phase, the proposed method still provides valuable insights on evaluating the sophisticated dynamics of an SPS.

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of additively manufactured wear coatings

This work pertains to the nondestructive evaluation of additively deposited coatings using ultrasound measurements. The specific objective was to evaluate using ultrasound surface wave measurements the quality of Stellite 21 coatings deposited on Inconel 718 substrates by the directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) process. The surface wave speed and diffuse backscatter amplitude of the ultrasound waves were correlated with both cracking and warpage of the coating. This research is important, because, the integrity of DED-processed coatings currently requires a combination of destructive metallographic studies and X-ray computed tomography analysis, which are both expensive and time consuming. Instead of using a normal incidence configuration for the ultrasound measurements, the surface-wave approach allows the inspection of the near surface coating integrity. Three different frequencies were used to excite surface waves because each frequency has a different penetration depth. The signals obtained were used to quantify and compare the surface wave speed and surface wave-diffuse ultrasonic backscatter amplitude from five different DED-processed Stellite coated samples. Considering destructive metallurgical characterization as a reference, surface wave measurements were found to be effective for examining coating integrity. Further, the backscatter amplitude of the surface waves was correlated with the crack density and warpage. These flaws also change the stress state of the Stellite coating and consequently the surface wave propagation speed and its scattering behavior.

P4-based design of fast failure recovery for software-defined networks

Communication networks require high availability to provide reliable services to users. One of techniques maintaining high availability of communication networks is fast failure recovery such as the multiple routing configurations (MRC) algorithm. In MRC, multiple virtual networks named backup routing configurations for transmitting data after a single link/node failure occurrence are constructed on the basis of a normal routing configuration on a physical network. When a failure occurs during data transmission on the physical network, MRC immediately switches the normal routing configuration to appropriate backup routing configurations to ensure data transmission without significant delay and packet loss . In this paper, we introduce a design of a fast failure recovery mechanism using MRC for software-defined networks with Programming Protocol-independent Packet Processors (P4). P4 is a programming language that enables us to define the behavior of the data plane of network devices in software-defined networks. We provide the implementation of some functions for fast failure recovery, including failure detection and packet forwarding . We verify the behavior of our implementation through practical demonstrations using Mininet.

On the wake of a large depth ratio wall-mounted prism at a normal incident angle

The wake characteristics of a large depth-ratio (depth-to-height) prism at the incident angle of 90° is numerically examined at Reynolds number of 250. An arc type, symmetric vortex shedding is observed in the wake with periodicity of St=0.087. The flow periodicity reduced with increasing incidence angle to 90°. A Hexapole-type cross-sectional wake topology is observed in the wake, corresponding to the formation of two downwash inducing pairs and a single upwash inducing (base vortex) pair. The base-vortex dominate the wake, resulting in a strong upwash flow, while a relatively smaller tip-vortex induced downwash flow is limited to the near vicinity of the prism. The unsteady flow is attributed to fluctuations that arise from the lateral positioning of the prism by means of changing incidence angle, and consecutively increased projected width of the prism. The multiple downwash inducing vortices are formed due to the shear layer detachment from the side and top surfaces of the prism, which itself is attributed to the large depth-ratio in normal incident angle configuration and the base vortex that originated from the legs of the arc-type structure. This constitutes a new wake topology that differs with previous observations at lower incidence angles.

Aging study on BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 ferroelectric thin films with different preferred orientations

The BiFe0.95Mn0.05O3 (BFMO) thin films were epitaxial grown on the SrRuO3/LaAlO3 (SRO/LAO) single crystal substrates with different orientations (<100 >,<110 >and<111 >) by sol-gel and layer-by-layer rapid thermal annealing methods, respectively. The test techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) were applied to analyze the structure of the film samples. The results showed that a two-phase coexistence structure grown in all three films with the rhombohedral R3c as the main phase and the orthogonal Pnma as the second phase. The PFM tests revealed that the <111> oriented sample had normal island domain configuration, while the <100> and <110> oriented samples mainly grew non-180° domains. By comparing the aging behavior of the three samples after a room temperature period of aging for 30 and 120 days, it was believed that the film samples with different orientations appeared distinct aging degrees due to the different number of polarized equivalent components along <111> direction and the different angle between the equivalent components and the applied electric field direction. In particular, the film sample with <111> orientation showed almost no aging. It was also believed that the defect dipole pinning happened in the ferroelectric domain bodies would play a leading role in the aging process.

Does Improvement towards a Normal Cervical Sagittal Configuration Aid in the Management of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

A randomized controlled study with a six-month follow-up was conducted to investigate the effects of sagittal head posture correction on 3D spinal posture parameters, back and leg pain, disability, and S1 nerve root function in patients with chronic discogenic lumbosacral radiculopathy (CDLR). Participants included 80 (35 female) patients between 40 and 55 years experiencing CDLR with a definite hypolordotic cervical spine and forward head posture (FHP) and were randomly assigned a comparative treatment control group and a study group. Both groups received TENS therapy and hot packs, additionally, the study group received the Denneroll cervical traction orthotic. Interventions were applied at a frequency of 3 x per week for 10 weeks and groups were followed for an additional 6-months. Radiographic measures included cervical lordosis (CL) from C2–C7 and FHP; postural measurements included: lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, trunk inclination, lateral deviation, trunk imbalance, surface rotation, and pelvic inclination. Leg and back pain scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and H-reflex latency and amplitude were measured. Statistically significant differences between the groups at 10 weeks were found: for all postural measures, CL (p = 0.001), AHT (p = 0.002), H-reflex amplitude (p = 0.007) and latency (p = 0.001). No significant difference for back pain (p = 0.2), leg pain (p = 0.1) and ODI (p = 0.6) at 10 weeks were identified. Only the study group’s improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow up while the control groups values regressed back to baseline. At the 6-month follow-up, it was identified in the study group that improved cervical lordosis and reduction of FHP were found to have a positive impact on 3D posture parameters, leg and back pain scores, ODI, and H-reflex latency and amplitude.

Therapeutic significance of thymoquinone-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats: In vitro and in vivo functional analysis

To overcome the low bioavailability of lipophilic free thymoquinone (TQ), this study aims to evaluate a novel oral formula of TQ-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TQ-CsNPs) for the effective treatment of diabetes. The XRD, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and dynamic light scattering were all conducted on the prepared formula. The release pattern of TQ, cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cell line (human lung fibroblast cells), and antidiabetic activity on streptozotocin/nicotinamide (STZ/NA) rat model of diabetes were investigated. The results confirmed the formation of TQ-CsNPs with an entrapment efficiency of 75.7 ± 6.52 %, a mean Zetasizer distribution of 84.25 nm, and an average particle size of about 50 nm. After 24 h, the percentage of free TQ-cumulative release was approximately 35.8 %, whereas TQ-CsNPs showed a sustained release pattern of 78.5 %. The investigated formula was not toxic to normal lung cells, and more efficient in ameliorating the altered glycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress induced by STZ/NA than free TQ, blank CsNPs, and metformin-HCl (as a reference drug). Additionally, TQ-CsNPs restored the normal pancreatic islets' configuration and morphometry, suggesting a potent insulinotropic action. In conclusion, the antidiabetic efficacy of TQ was improved by engaging TQ with CsNPs as an excellent nanoplatform to enhance the oral bioavailability of TQ.

Automatic Brain Midline Surface Delineation on 3D CT Images With Intracranial Hemorrhage.

Brain midline delineation plays an important role in guiding intracranial hemorrhage surgery, which still remains a challenging task since hemorrhage shifts the normal brain configuration. Most previous studies detected brain midline on 2D plane and did not handle hemorrhage cases well. We propose a novel and efficient hemisphere-segmentation framework (HSF) for 3D brain midline surface delineation. Specifically, we formulate the brain midline delineation as a 3D hemisphere segmentation task, and employ an edge detector and a smooth regularization loss to generate the midline surface. We also introduce a distance-weighted map to keep the attention on the midline. Furthermore, we adopt rectification learning to handle various head poses. Finally, considering the complex situation of ventricle break-in for hemorrhages in bilateral intraventricular (B-IVH) cases, we identify those cases via a classification model and design a midline correction strategy to locally adjust the midline. To our best knowledge, it is the first study focusing on delineating the brain midline surface on 3D CT images of hemorrhage patients and handling the situation of ventricle break-in. Extensive validation on our large in-house datasets (519 patients) and the public CQ500 dataset (491 patients), demonstrates that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on brain midline delineation.

Predictive Value of Transimpedance Matrix Measurements to Detect Electrode Tip Foldover.

To evaluate the ability of the transimpedance matrix (TIM) measurement to detect cochlear implant electrode tip foldover by comparing results to a "gold standard," the intraoperative plain film radiograph. Retrospective case series. Tertiary referral hospital. One hundred three patients who underwent cochlear implantation between June 2020 and August 2021. Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring (electrode impedances, neural response telemetry, and TIM measurement) and modified Stenver's view plain film radiographs. Identification of tip foldover on both TIM and plain films. In total, 103 patients (117 ears) had both a TIM measurement and intraoperative X-ray available for review, including 68 adults and 35 children. One hundred patients (85%) received the Cochlear Slim Modiolar electrode. Tip foldovers were noted in three of 117 implants (2.5%). In all cases, TIM was able to detect the foldover, and the electrode arrays were reinserted with the patients still under anesthesia, with repeat X-ray demonstrating a normal configuration. Two other abnormal TIM patterns were identified. One was in a patient with an obstructed cochlea in whom only 10 electrodes could be inserted, the other was in a patient with a common cavity abnormality. One additional patient underwent electrode repositioning intraoperatively because of overinsertion. In this patient, the TIM appeared to be within normal limits, but the over-insertion was apparent on X-ray. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of TIM measurements in detecting electrode tip foldover were both 100%. TIM measurements were able to accurately identify tip foldovers. More research is needed to define the adjunctive role of TIM as an intraoperative measure.

On the existence of steady-state gaseous microgravity spherical diffusion flames in the presence of radiation heat loss

Whether steady-state gaseous microgravity spherical diffusion exist in the presence of radiation heat loss is an important fundamental question and has important implications for spacecraft fire safety. In this work, experiments aboard the International Space Station and a transient numerical model are used to investigate the existence of steady-state microgravity spherical diffusion flames. Gaseous spherical diffusion flames stabilized on a porous spherical burner are employed in normal (i.e., fuel flowing into an ambient oxidizer) and inverse (i.e., oxidizer flowing into an ambient fuel) flame configurations. The fuel is ethylene and the oxidizer oxygen, both diluted with nitrogen. The flow rate of the reactant gas from the burner is held constant. It is found that steady-state gaseous microgravity spherical diffusion flames can exist in the presence of radiation heat loss, provided that the steady-state flame size is less than the flame size for radiative extinction, and the flame develops fast enough that radiation heat loss does not drop the flame temperature below the critical temperature for radiative extinction (1130 K). A simple model is provided that allows for the identification of initial conditions that can lead to steady-state spherical diffusion flames. In the spherical, infinite domain configuration, the characteristic time for the diffusion-controlled system to effectively reach steady-state is found to be on the order of 100,000 s. Despite a narrow range of attainable conditions, flames that exhibit steady-state behavior are observed aboard the ISS for up to 870 s, even with the constraint of a finite boundary. Steady-state flames are simulated using the numerical model for over 100,000 s.

Characterization of beam ion loss in high poloidal beta regime on EAST

A critical issue for achieving the integrated operation of steady-state long-pulse high-confinement (H-mode) plasmas on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) is to improve beam ion population confinement during neutral beam injection (NBI). To study the characterization of beam ion loss and improve beam ion confinement, the steady-state long pulse scenario discharges were conducted on EAST (β p ⩾ 2.0, β N ⩾ 1.7, q 95 ⩾ 6.7 and H 98y2 ⩾ 1.1) with NBI heating. Based on neutron yield, the beam voltage and line-averaged electron density were adjusted from 50 kV to 60 kV and 4.4 × 1019 m−3 to 5.0 × 1019 m−3, respectively. The results show that the dominant mechanisms of beam ion loss are shine-through loss, prompt loss, and stochastic ripple loss. The shine-through loss fraction is determined by initial velocity, flight time and entire beam path. The change in prompt loss fraction is caused by the change in the deposition of beam ions. The change in stochastic ripple loss fraction is caused by the change in the initial fraction of trapped-confined ions. Detailed physics shows that the prompt loss fraction during counter-Ip injections (∼45%) is far larger than during co-Ip injections (∼5%) due to the finite orbit width. The lost ions are mainly deposited on the lower divertor or below the midplane since the direction of magnetic drift is vertical down. The orbit types of prompt loss during counter-Ip injections are mainly trapped-lost and ctr-passing lost. To minimize the prompt loss fraction during counter-Ip injections, a reversed Ip configuration (rev-Ip) discharge #94758 was conducted. The result suggests that the beam ion wall load fraction during counter-Ip tangential injection (∼3%) is far lower than that in normal Ip configuration (nor-Ip) discharge #94820. It is also found that the confinement of beam ion population in the counter-Ip injection #94758 was greatly improved when compared to #94820. This study can provide unique support for the improvement of beam ion population confinement and for the performance evaluation of the NBI system on EAST and future tokamaks.