Normal BMI Range Research Articles

Exploring the physical activity levels of egyptian women with premenstrual syndrome: a preliminary study

Background and Study Aim. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects a significant proportion of women, impacting their daily lives and well-being. The association between physical activity levels, the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and the severity of PMS remains debatable. Therefore, this study aimed to identify physical activity levels among a cohort of Egyptian females with PMS. Material and Methods. This study included one hundred females with PMS. Physical activity levels, anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, BMI, and dysmenorrhea were investigated. PMS severity was assessed using the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), and the females' physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The 1-mile submaximal test and the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) were used to assess aerobic capacity and anaerobic power, respectively. Results. The findings revealed a significant association between PMS severity and physical activity (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in aerobic capacity among those with mild, moderate, and severe PMS (p > 0.05). There was no significant association between PMS severity and marital status (p > 0.05), whereas there was a significant association with dysmenorrhea (p < 0.05), especially among moderate and severe PMS sufferers. Females with severe PMS had a significantly higher BMI than those with mild PMS (p < 0.05) and those with moderate PMS (p < 0.05). Mild and moderate PMS females showed no significant difference in BMI (p > 0.05). Conclusions. It can be concluded that physical activity levels and BMI may affect PMS. Therefore, being physically active and maintaining a normal-range BMI might reduce PMS severity.

A Retrospective Study of the Profiles of Outpatients Attending the State Adolescent Friendly Health Resource Center, Andhra Pradesh, South India.

Adolescents compose a significantly large age group, and attention to their health needs is lacking due to insufficient data and policy implementation globally and in India. India, having 268 million adolescents, faces the world's largest adolescent population, which highlights the importance of addressing their health requirements. The aim of this study was to describe the morbidity profiles of adolescent patients attending the State Adolescent Friendly Health Resource Centre at a tertiary-level healthcare institution in South India. A retrospective secondary data analysis was conducted at the State Adolescent Friendly Health Resource Center from 2022 to 2023. Data on adolescent health were collected from this center's OPD using a structured questionnaire, which included information on demographics, immunization status, chief complaints, and dietary intake. Diagnosis coding was done using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), with estimated energy and protein intake. The study analyzed 4,000 adolescent patients, with a nearly equal gender distribution across physical OPD and telemedicine services. Adolescent females between 15 and 16 years had more visits for consultation. Most patients were within the normal BMI range, and telemedicine was popular among females with normal BMI. Obesity was more common in males, while overweight was prevalent in females. Energy and protein intake varied across BMI categories, with obese individuals having the highest intake. The morbidity profiles revealed significant gender differences in healthcare utilization and disease patterns. Gender differences in adolescent morbidity and the underutilization of telemedicine highlight the need for tailored healthcare interventions and further research based on socioeconomic factors.

Technical note: Prediction of body mass from stature and pelvic breadth.

Equations for predicting body mass from stature and bi-iliac (maximum pelvic) breadth have been developed, but have had variable success when applied to living or recently deceased individuals, calling into question their general applicability. Here we test these equations on a large, ethnically diverse sample. Skeletal and anthropometric data for 507 recently deceased Indigenous, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White adults were obtained from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database. The body mass of individuals with a "normal" body mass index (BMI = 18.5-24.9) is very accurately predicted, with an average directional bias of about 1% and an average random error of less than 8%. Underweight individuals (BMI < 18.5) are overpredicted, while overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) and especially obese (BMI≥30) individuals are underpredicted. Within BMI categories, there is a strong and isometric relationship between predicted and true body mass. Individual body mass prediction errors using the stature/bi-iliac method are mainly dependent on variation in BMI. Because earlier humans were more likely to fall within or close to the normal BMI range, the equations should be applicable, on an individual basis, in archeological and paleontological contexts. Because of the prevalence of obesity in many modern populations, these equations are not applicable in a general forensic context. We derive new equations from nonobese individuals in our sample (n = 338), which produce reasonable average prediction errors. If obese individuals can be identified using other skeletal parameters, these equations may be useful in estimating body mass in nonobese forensic cases.

A comparison of caregiver-reported snoring and objective snoring in children from urban neighborhoods

ObjectiveSleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) is both prevalent and under-recognized in pediatric minority populations. Recognition of SDB is often triggered by symptoms of caregiver-reported snoring. However, the validity and utility of caregiver reports likely vary across populations. Our objective is to assess the association between caregiver-reported snoring and objectively recorded snoring in a low-income urban community and explore factors associated with agreement between objective and subjective snoring. Methods169 6 to 12 year old participants underwent at-home sleep studies with a WatchPAT device as part of the Environmental Assessment of Sleep in Youth (EASY) cohort study. Differences in subjective snoring, objective snoring, and concordance between subjective and objective snoring based on socioeconomic and clinical characteristics were assessed. ResultsThe sample had a high proportion of non-white (78.9 %) and low income (39.6 %) children. Caregivers reported snoring for 20.7 % of the children and snoring was measured objectively for 21.9 %. Of those with objective snoring, only 29.7 % were identified as snorers by caregiver report (sensitivity: 0.30; specificity: 0.82). Primary Spanish language and co-sleeping were associated with increased caregiver reported snoring, and allergy was associated with increased objective snoring. Older child age and normal range BMI percentile were associated with higher concordance between caregiver and objective snoring. ConclusionsAmong a community-based, predominantly minority sample, caregiver-reported snoring resulted in under-estimation of prevalence of objectively assessed snoring. Reliance on caregiver report may poorly identify children with snoring or SDB in clinical practice.

Nutrition knowledge and health vulnerability of mothers of pre-school children in north-central, Nigeria.

This study explores the contribution of nutrition knowledge to the health status of pre-school children's mothers in Niger State, North-Central, Nigeria. The study is a descriptive cross-sectional design using a quantitative data collection method. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 450 mothers of pre-school children across Niger state, Nigeria. Chi-square and linear regression were used to test the level of statistical significance (at p < 0.05). Socioeconomic and demographic information, anthropometric indices and nutrition knowledge were obtained using semi-structured questionnaires. Feeding patterns were also assessed using a qualitative 7-day dietary recall. The results showed that the majority (63.8%) of the mothers were within 26-35 years, and more than half (51.6%) of the mothers lacked knowledge of a "balanced diet". Fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were the least consumed food group among the mothers (7.1% and 9.1%, respectively). Place of residence, occupation, and method of waste disposal were significantly associated with maternal minimum dietary diversity adequacy (p<0.05). Over half (57.6%) of the mothers were within the normal BMI range, and the mean waist/hip ratio was 0.82± 0.08. Social media/online was the most (36.4%) explored source of nutrition information among the mothers. This study shows no significant association between nutrition knowledge and adequacy of minimum dietary diversity among the mothers of preschool children (p = 0.09, χ2 = 13.682). Dietary diversity among mothers was associated with the socioeconomic status and BMI of the mothers, which were strong determinants of meal quality and health outcomes in Nigeria and other developing countries experiencing food insecurity.

Refining the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPerinatal outcomes vary for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The precise factors beyond glycemic status that may refine GDM diagnosis remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of potential precision markers for GDM.MethodsSystematic literature searches were performed in PubMed and EMBASE from inception to March 2022 for studies comparing perinatal outcomes among women with GDM. We searched for precision markers in the following categories: maternal anthropometrics, clinical/sociocultural factors, non-glycemic biochemical markers, genetics/genomics or other -omics, and fetal biometry. We conducted post-hoc meta-analyses of a subset of studies with data on the association of maternal body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) with offspring macrosomia or large-for-gestational age (LGA).ResultsA total of 5905 titles/abstracts were screened, 775 full-texts reviewed, and 137 studies synthesized. Maternal anthropometrics were the most frequent risk marker. Meta-analysis demonstrated that women with GDM and overweight/obesity vs. GDM with normal range BMI are at higher risk of offspring macrosomia (13 studies [n = 28,763]; odds ratio [OR] 2.65; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.91, 3.68), and LGA (10 studies [n = 20,070]; OR 2.23; 95% CI 2.00, 2.49). Lipids and insulin resistance/secretion indices were the most studied non-glycemic biochemical markers, with increased triglycerides and insulin resistance generally associated with greater risk of offspring macrosomia or LGA. Studies evaluating other markers had inconsistent findings as to whether they could be used as precision markers.ConclusionsMaternal overweight/obesity is associated with greater risk of offspring macrosomia or LGA in women with GDM. Pregnancy insulin resistance or hypertriglyceridemia may be useful in GDM risk stratification. Future studies examining non-glycemic biochemical, genetic, other -omic, or sociocultural precision markers among women with GDM are warranted.

Efecto del embarazo y el parto en la musculatura perineal de mujeres con obesidad. Un estudio de cohorte longitudinal

ObjectiveEvaluating the changes of the perineal muscles in primigravid women with obesity (BMI≥30) and to compare the progress with primigravid women in normal BMI range. MethodsA prospective longitudinal cohort study was carried out. The pregnant women were studied at three moments: at 12 weeks’ gestation, at 34 weeks’ gestation and at 12 weeks after delivery. During the ckeck-up, perinometric measurements were taken to determine basal tone (BT), maximum contractile force (FMax) and applied forced (AF). In addition, the Oxford test (MOS) was used. General statistical mixed models were used for the statistical study. ResultsFifty nulliparous pregnant women (25 with BMI≥30 and 25 with BMI<25) were recruited at the beginning of the study and 39 completed the entire study. Basal tone (BT) was 4.62±0.24 Nw at the beginning of pregnancy and decreased to 4.18±0.26 Nw after delivery. Contractile capacity was 5.56±0.79 Nw at week 12 and increased to 6.34±1.24 Nw after delivery. When comparing the FCMax at week 12 in obese vs. normal weight pregnant women, values of 5.51±87 Nw vs. 5.61±0.71 Nw were observed (P=.941). Postpartum values were 6.72±1.17 Nw vs. 5.95±1.21 Nw (P=.024), higher in the obese population. ConclusionsThere is an increase in contractile strength (Fmax) at 12 weeks postpartum in order to counteract the significant decrease in basal tone (BT). The body has compensatory mechanisms that allow recovery after 3 months postpartum, with greater muscle strength in obese patients.

Effect of pregnancy and childbirth on perineal musculature in women with obesity. A longitudinal cohort study

ObjectiveEvaluating the changes of the perineal muscles in primigravid women with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and to compare the progress with primigravid women in normal BMI range. MethodsA prospective longitudinal cohort study was carried out. The pregnant women were studied at three moments: at 12 weeks' gestation, at 34 weeks' gestation and at 12 weeks after delivery. During the ckeck-up, perinometric measurements were taken to determine basal tone (BT), maximum contractile force (FMax) and applied forced (AF). In addition, the Oxford test (MOS) was used. General statistical mixed models were used for the statistical study. ResultsFifty nulliparous pregnant women (25 with BMI ≥ 30 and 25 with BMI < 25) were recruited at the beginning of the study and 39 completed the entire study. Basal tone (BT) was 4.62 ± 0.24 Nw at the beginning of pregnancy and decreased to 4.18 ± 0.26 Nw after delivery. Contractile capacity was 5.56 ± 0.79 Nw at week 12 and increased to 6.34 ± 1.24 Nw after delivery. When comparing the FCMax at week 12 in obese VS normal weight pregnant women, values of 5.51 ± 87 Nw vs. 5.61 ± 0.71 Nw were observed (P = .941). Postpartum values were 6.72 ± 1.17 Nw vs 5.95 ± 1.21 Nw (P = .024), higher in the obese population. ConclusionsThere is an increase in contractile strength (Fmax) at 12 weeks postpartum in order to counteract the significant decrease in basal tone (BT). The body has compensatory mechanisms that allow recovery after 3 months postpartum, with greater muscle strength in obese patients.

Comparison Of Quality Of Sleep Between Diabetic And Non-Diabetic Population Using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

Background: Sleep is an essential event that effects quality of life and hormonal balance in human body. The association between sleep and diabetes is bi-directional. Methods: This study was conducted with a case control design in the Department of Medicine of Combined Military Hospital Peshawar between June 2022 to November 2022. Results: . Mean age of study population was 51.1±12.94 years with 46% females and 54% males. Majority population was educated up to matriculation with BMI in normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) range. There was no statistical difference in demographic data amongst diabetic and control group . Avg HbA1c was 8.546% ± 1.57% in the diabetic group and 5.712% ± 0.49% in control group. As per PSQI questionnaire 47 (47%) participants were good sleeper across the study population, which included 17 out 50 (34%) individuals in the diabetic and 30 out of 50 (60%) in control group. This equated to statistically significant difference amongst two group with a p value 0.007. A statistically significant difference (p = 0.001) was also seen in PSQI score between diabetic and control groups (9.40 ± 5.82 vs 5.98 ± 4.85 respectively). Diabetics had 2.9 times odds (95% confidence interval 1.29-6.57, p = 0.01) of having bad quality sleep as compared to controls. In the diabetic group majority were males educated up to matriculate having medium adherence treated with both oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin having 3 or more comorbid condition with hypertension being most prevalent single comorbid disease. Conclusion: By strict glycemic control in diabetics we can imove their quality of sleep Interventions to improve sleep hygiene can be suggested to patients by diabetes educators as part of diabetes self-management education programs.

Time to Viral Re-suppression and Its Predictors among Adults on Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in South Wollo Zone Public Hospitals: Stratified Cox Model.

Even though there are many patients on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ethiopia, there is a paucity of evidence on the rate of viral resuppression and its predictors. Therefore, this study aimed to determine a time to viral resuppression and identify predictors among adults on second-line ART in South Wollo public hospitals, northeast Ethiopia. A retrospective-cohort study design was employed using patients enrolled in second-line ART from August 28, 2016 to April 10, 2021. Data were collected using a structured data-extraction checklist with a sample size of 364 second-line ART patients from February 16 to March 30, 2021. EpiData 4.6 was used for data entry and Stata 14.2 was used for analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for estimating time to viral resuppression. The Shönfield test was used to check the proportional-hazard assumption, and the "no interaction" stratified Cox assumption was checked using the likelihood-ratio test. A stratified Cox model was applied to identify predictors of viral resuppression. Median time to viral re-suppression in patients on a second-line regimen was 10 (IQR 7-12) months. BeingFemale (AHR 1.31, 95% CI 1.01-1.69), low viral load count at switch (AHR 1.98, 95% CI 1.26-3.11), normal-range BMI at switch (AHR 1.42, 95% CI 1.03-1.95), and lopinavir-based second-line regimen (AHR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15-2.57) were significant predictors of early time to viral resuppression after stratification by WHO stage and adherence level. Median time to viral re-suppression after switching to second-line ART was 10 months. In the stratified Cox model, female sex, baseline viral copies, second-line regimen type, and BMI at switch were statistically significant predictors of time to viral resuppression. Different stakeholders working on the HIV program should maintain viral resuppression by addressing significant predictors, and ART clinicians should consider ritonavir-boosted lopinavir based second-line ART for newly switched patients.

Comparison and effect of plain and calcium fortified yogurt on glycemic responses, anthropometrics and metabolic biomarkers

Metabolic syndromes including obesity and diabetes are the most common health issues due to insulin resistance, disturbance in glucose homeostasis, lack of exercise, and improper diet. The current study was planned to evaluate the potential effects of regular diet with fortified yogurt on blood glycemia and anthropometric responses. Plain yogurt was procured from the local market, and then it was fortified with calcium. Furthermore, the subsequent effect of fortified yogurt on blood glucose, insulin, and anthropometric measurements was assessed at different time intervals. A total of 40 healthy females and males aged about 20 years with a normal BMI range (20–24.9 kg/m2) were recruited within the Government College University Faisalabad. Participants filled out the habits Performa, stress factors questionnaire, and activity questionnaire. Blood glucose (BG) and visual analogous scale (VAS) performs were also taken in the fasting stage and then assigned treatment was given. After 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min intervals VAS and BG estimation was carried out. The results shows that fortified yogurt contained a higher amount of calcium. Likewise, a similar trend was observed for the desire to eat, a feeling of fullness, palatability, physical comfort, and overall acceptability. The results obtained from various analyses were statistically evaluated.

Evaluation of Eating Attitudes, Nutritional Status, and Anthropometric Measurements of Women Who Exercise: The Case of Karabük

Unhealthy nutrition attitudes and behaviors are quite common among women. The development of such behaviors involves a high risk for existing health conditions of slightly obese and obese individuals. The way to a better quality of life is through doing regular physical activity, having a healthy diet, and changing eating attitudes. In this context, this study was conducted to examine the nutritional status and eating attitudes of women who applied to a private clinic and exercised. A total of 111 women between the ages of 18-45 who applied to a private nutrition and diet clinic in Karabük province in Türkiye and engaged in regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes per week or more) were included in the study. The data were collected using a questionnaire including the participants’ demographic data, anthropometric measurements, 3-day food consumption records, physical activity habits and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40) scale. The measurements were performed with the Inbody 120 device, which performs detailed body analysis. SPSS 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics) was used in the analysis of the data. The “Independent Sample-t” test (t-table value) was used to compare the measurement values of two independent groups. Eating attitudes of women differ according to age, educational status and BMI groups. Of the women with normal eating behavior, 50.6% are married, 46.1% are between the ages of 30-34, 49.4% are university graduates, and 61.8% are within the normal BMI range (P

Incidence density and relative rate assessment of knee osteoarthritis with respect to BMI, age and gender conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, India

Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis associated with limitation in mobility. Weight bearing joints of axial and peripheral skeleton are primarily affected. Prevalence of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis among men and women is 10% and 13%. Ageing and obesity epidemic are the leading causes for development of osteoarthritis in a given population. Methods: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, India. Data was gathered from orthopedic department on a daily basis during the study duration. Patients with any grade of Kellgren-Lawrence scale of knee osteoarthritis were included in the study and incidence density, relative rate, p-value were assessed. Results: During the study course, a total of 100 patients were enrolled. Overweight, obese and healthy patients contributed to 51%, 33% and 16% of incidence density with relative rate as 1.04, 0.49 and 0.19 respectively (p-value=0.042). Incidence density of patients ≥45 years and &lt;45 years was 83% and 17% with relative rate as 4.9 and 0.2 (p value&lt;0.0001). Incidence density in males and females was 34% and 66% with relative rate as 1.94 and 0.51 (p-value&lt;0.0001). The data analyzed is statistically significant. Conclusions: A direct proportionality between people exceeding normal BMI range and progression of knee osteoarthritis is observed due to strain manifested on diarthrodial joint by overweight patients. Increase in age is associated with onset of knee osteoarthritis because of age related-changes seen in cartilage and loss of chondrocytes. Women are more affected with knee osteoarthritis when compared to men due to irregularities in hormones post-menopause.

An Observational Study on Clinical Profiles of Tuberculous Pleural Effusion Patients in A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis has infected around 1.7 billion people around the world so far and has been categorized as one of the top 10 causes of mortality globally. The rate of infection is increasing every year mainly 30 high TB burden countries. Due to high density of population every year the number of Tuberculosis (TB) patients are increasing in Bangladesh. Objective: To analyze the clinical profiles and radiological features of the pleural fluid (PF) among tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) patients attending Bangladesh Medical College, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This is a hospital-record based cross sectional observational study executed in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Dhanmondi, Dhaka. The study group comprises 182 diagnosed tuberculous pleural effusion patients enrolled in our Bangladesh Medical College Hospital from July 2020 to June 2022. Analysis of data was done by using SPSS 15 software. Results: In our observational study we found that tuberculous pleural effusion was predominant in the male gender (62%) with predominant age group of 31-40 years (36.26%). Among various clinical manifestations the predominant features were fever (89.56%), chest pain (63.19%) and night sweats (51.09%). Duration of TPE patients was 16-30 days (69.78%) when they presented to us. During BMI measurements we found that 56.59% of our patients were within normal BMI range and only 7.14% were undernourished indicating the assumption that low BMI or undernutrition is not a vulnerability factor anymore. 72% of our TPE patients belonged from urban locality. During radiological analysis of pleural fluid through chest x ray we have observed that 60.98% cases were right sided small (65.38%) pleural effusion and 36.81% had loculated pleural effusion. 59.89% of our patients got cured with anti TB medications but we lost follow ups to some of our study populations 15.93%. There were no mortality records during our study period. Conclusion: Most common manifestations of tuberculous pleural effusion were low grade fever and chest pain. TPE was predominant among young adults in our study which we need to be more attentive during our diagnosis and treating patients with pleural effusion.

The Effect of the Abuse of Over-the-counter Medications on the Nutritional Status of the University of astern Africa, Baraton Students

Background: Society and in turn students have a misconception towards the use of medications to enhance performance. The constant abuse of these drugs is suspected to create complications with the nutritional status of individuals. The problem is that little research is available for students in the East African region. This research aims to determine the correlation between abuse of over-the-counter medications and the nutritional status of students at the University of Eastern Africa, Baraton. The study shall assist in filling the information gap. Methods: The aim of the study was to obtain insight on the abuse of prescription medication and the effect that it has on dietary patterns. It was a cross-sectional survey study design and was done at the University of Eastern Africa, Baraton with a population of 3124 students in total. A sample size of 377 was formulated using Cochran's formula. 51% of the sample population being female. The study spanned over 3 months and online questionnaires were used. Results were analyzed using SPSS. Results: 62% abused over-the-counter medications; 66% falling in the normal BMI range. It was found that while the student body heavily participated in the abuse of over-the-counter medications; however, there was no significant correlation with poor nutritional status. This was due to the BMI Vs. prescribed medication p value being at 0.103 when the CI is at 0.05. The correlation between appetite and over-the- counter medications is statistically significant at the 5% level of significance (p-value 0.00114). Discussion: The implication is that while appetite is affected by these medications, the nutritional status of the University of Eastern Africa, Baraton students remains unscaved. There were several limitations including recall bias and non-returning of questionnaires which may have affected the overall results. An East African perspective has effectively been added to the research pool. Conclusion: The students are affected by the abuse of OTC medications, but the effect is miniscule on their nutrition status.

Comparison of Blood Homocysteine Levels between Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Women with Normal Fertility

Background: Recurrent early pregnancy loss is a common but frequently unexplained obstetric problem. As it happens in early weeks of pregnancy, abnormal vasculogenesis and disordered cell multiplication are possible causes. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with both these pathological processes. Objective: To assess the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent pregnancy loss. Materials and Methods: This case-control observational study was conducted in the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka during January to December 2015. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: 30 with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) as cases and 30 normal healthy mothers as controls. Results: All the subjects were matched in terms of age (p = 0.504). All were within normal BMI range (19.5 to 25 kg/square meter). Subjects in both groups were comparable in height, weight and BMI. 33.3% women of control group were in the low income stratum (monthly income 20000 taka or less) compared to50% of the RPL group. Control group had an equal mix of educational level from below Secondary School to Post-Graduates whereas there were fewer Post Graduate patients (3.3%) in the RPL group compared to control group (23.3%). The frequency of hyperhomocysteinemia (&gt;15 micromoles/L) was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (46.7 vs.16.7%, p= 0.012). Mean homocysteine level was also significantly higher in cases compared to controls (13.67+/-4.80 vs. 9.87+/-4.84 micromole/L; p= 0.003). Conclusion: This study shows that blood homocysteine level in recurrent pregnancy loss patients is significantly higher compared to normal fertile mothers. There is a strong association between hyperhomocysteinemia and RPL. J Enam Med Col 2021; 11(1): 10-17

Atherosclerotic patients with diabetes mellitus may break through the threshold of healthy TMAO levels formed by long-term statins therapy

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading course of disease-related death in both developed and developing countries. Atherosclerosis is main pathology of CVD, and its severity is thought to be related to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) level in plasma. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply understand the synergistic patterns between TMAO and other contribution variables to atherosclerosis, allowing for effective and timely monitoring or intervention. MethodsA total of 359 participants were recruited in our study, including 190 atherosclerosis patients, 82 MI or stroke patients, 68 non-atherosclerosis controls and 19 healthy controls. Information on their risk associated with atherosclerosis and plasma TMAO concentration were collected. LASSO regression, multivariate analysis and univariate analysis were then performed to confirm the correlation between TMAO level and risk factors of atherosclerosis. ResultsCompared to patients and non-atherosclerosis controls, healthy participants had a normal BMI range (lower than 24), lower triglyceride concentration, and healthy lifestyle habits (no smoking and low salt diet). However, under backgrounds of statins treatment and balanced dietary preferences, TMAO levels were not significantly different among patients, non-atherosclerosis controls and healthy controls. Using LASSO regression model, four indicators was identified to have contribution to TMAO levels, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. Subsequent univariate analysis further confirmed that the presence or absence of diabetes had a decisive effect on patients' plasma TMAO levels, even though they had been taking statin lipid-lowering drugs for a long time. ConclusionDiabetics have abnormally high plasma TMAO levels even under continuous statins treatment, which may contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on monitoring TMAO levels in diabetic patients to reduce adverse cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.

PS-C23-8: COFFEE INTAKE AND RISK OF HYPERTENSION IN KOREAN ADULTS: RESULTS FROM KNHANES 2012–2016

Introduction: Coffee is the most popular and widely consumed drink in South Korea. Coffee consumption seems to have both benefits and risk with respect to hypertension. But, results from studies evaluating effect of frequency of coffee consumption on risk of hypertension are mixed and inconsistent. Hence, this study investigated the effect of frequency of coffee consumption on risk of hypertension in Korean adults. Methods: Data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2012–2016) was obtained and 12133 eligible participants were selected. The consumption of coffee was obtained at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Subsequently coffee intake was categorized into three categories (cups/day): &lt; 1, 1–3, and &gt; 3 cups/day. Hypertension status was defined as a systolic blood pressure &gt; 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure &gt; 90 mmHg, use of antihypertensive drug treatment, or both. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the effect of coffee consumption on risk of hypertension. Results: Fifty-five percent participants drank coffee 1–3 cups coffee/day. A total of 2359 participants had hypertension. In all participants more than 3 cups of coffee intake in a day was significantly reduced the risk of hypertension with Odds Ratio (OR) 0.76 (95%C.I. 0.65,0.89). Participants in middle age (40–59 years) group OR 0.76 (95% C.I. 0.63,0.93), normal range BMI OR 0.65 (95% C.I. 0.52,0.80), not diabetic OR 0.79 (95% C.I. 0.64,0.98), normal cholesterol OR 0.76 (95% C.I. 0.63,0.94) had protective effect of coffee consumption against risk of hypertension. Conclusion: The beneficial effect of &gt; 3 cups of coffee intake in a day were seen in middle age, normal BMI, not diabetic and normal cholesterol participants compared to consumption of &lt; 1 cup/day.

BS O04 Nip it in the bud - Need for changing perceptions of obesity amongst medical students along with inclusion in the medical school curriculum

Abstract Background Obesity needs to be included in medical school curriculum in the context of the obesity pandemic Methods A multiple-choice survey was sent out to students in a medical school attached to a university teaching hospital. Respondents provided information on demographics and perceptions about obesity and bariatric surgery. Results were presented as frequencies and analysed. Results There were 223 respondents with M:F = 93:130. 61.8% were in years 1–3 and 65.9% were in normal BMI range. 8 had BMI of 35 and above. 16.0% were not aware obesity is classified as a disease, but 87.9% understood the term bariatric surgery. 73.9% defined obesity as BMI more than 30. 23.8% felt that obesity is a self-inflicted disease. 23.6% felt that bariatric surgery should not be funded by the NHS with 6.3% feeling that bariatric surgery is a waste of money. 54.0% students agreed that bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity. Conclusions Though overall perceptions were positive, a quarter of medical students felt that obesity is self-inflicted and just over 50% of students thought bariatric surgery was effective, indicating the need to include obesity and bariatric surgery in the curriculum in order to change firmly entrenched views around obesity.

BS P01 Obesity – the last bastion of prejudice and stigma in the NHS?

Abstract Background There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that patients with obesity face stigma in the NHS Methods A multiple-choice survey was sent out to consultants in a university teaching hospital with an established bariatric surgery unit. Respondents provided information on demographics and perceptions of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results were presented as frequencies and this was analysed. Results There were 167 consultant respondents with M:F = 114:53. 58% belonged to medical speciality and the rest belonged to the surgical speciality. 90% had over 10 years of NHS experience. 46.7% were in the normal BMI range and 3.5% had BMI 35 and above. 1.8% were not aware that obesity is classified as a disease. 42.5% felt that obesity is a self-inflicted disease. 73.4% agreed that bariatric surgery should be funded by the NHS, but 12% disagreed. 4.2% were of the opinion that bariatric surgery is a waste of money. 97% agreed that bariatric surgery resulted in weight loss and resolution of comorbidities. Conclusions There is a significant negative perception that obesity is a self inflicted life style disease even amongst the consultant work force reinforcing the premise that perhaps obesity is the last bastion of prejudice in the NHS.