Normal Birth Weight Babies Research Articles

Dietary pattern and prevalence of malnutrition among lactating mothers and their under-five children attending primary health centres in Owo, Ondo State

Background: The lactation period is crucial in developing countries due to its positive impact on infant health and nutrition. Objective: This study assessed the dietary patterns and malnutrition among lactating mothers and their under-five children attending primary health centres in Owo, Ondo State. Method: A simple random sampling method was used to select 250 healthy lactating mothers with infants aged 0-59 months. Information on socio-demographic variables, health-seeking behaviours, food consumption patterns, and nutritional status was obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 25. The chi-square test determined associations between variables, with significance considered at p<0.05. Result: The study revealed that 68.4% of the mothers were aged 20-29, 94.4% were married, and 48.0% had household sizes of 1-3. About 97.6% of the mothers had babies of normal birth weight, while 54.0% received health services at the health centres. Approximately 89% of the mothers did not consume alcohol, and 55.2% ate cereal or cereal products daily. The Food Consumption Score (FCS) showed that 53.6% had an acceptable score, while 8.4% had a poor score. For the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), 73.6% had a highly diverse diet, while 19.6% had low dietary diversity. The prevalence of obesity among the mothers was 31.2% based on BMI, 38.8% based on waist circumference, and 68.0% based on waist-hip ratio. Among the children, 17.4% of males and 11.1% of females were underweight, while 72.0% had a normal weight for their age. Only 14% were overweight, and stunting was observed in 16% of the children, more prevalent among males. Wasting was seen in 10.0% of the under-five children. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of a double burden of malnutrition among the mothers and their children.

Preeclampsia is a risk factor for Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants

<p><strong><em>Background</em></strong><em>: Infant mortality remains high and is more common in the neonatal period. Causes of neonatal death include asphyxia, sepsis, infection and LBW(LBW) in preterm and term infants. One of the factors influencing the incidence of LBW is pre-eclampsia. This is because pre-eclampsia affects the utero-placental circulation so that it affects the delivery of nutrients to the fetus, resulting in fetal nutrient deprivation and intrauterine </em><em>growth restriction<strong>. </strong></em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives</em></strong><em>: This study aims to assess the relationship between pre-eclampsia and the incidence of LBW in the Mawar Room of Dr M. Yunus Bengkulu Hospital. </em></p><p><strong><em>Methods</em></strong><em>: This study used a case-control design. The sample was all babies born in M Yunus Hospital in the years 2019-2022.The case group were LBWbabies and the control group were normal birth weight babies. The total sample size was 128 with a ratio of 1:1. Samples were collected using purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of babies born alive with complete medical records. Data analysis in this study used univariate analysis to view frequency distribution, bivariate with chi-squared test and multivariate with logistic regression using SPPS software version 24. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong><em>: The incidence of pre-eclampsia was 13.3%, 34% age at risk, parity 37.5% garande multipara, 4imipara and multipara and most (62.5%) had primary education 47.5%. There is an association of pre-eclampsia with the incidence of LBW. There is an association of age, parity and education with the incidence of LBW, but pre-eclampsia is the most dominant factor that is the most dominant risk variable that affects the incidence of LBW. </em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong><em>: There is an association between pre-eclampsia, age, parity and education with the incidence of LBW. Pre-eclampsia is the most dominant factor in the incidence of LBW.</em></p>

Effect of Tobacco Use during Pregnancy on Fetal Birth Weight Born to Women between 18-35 years in Thatta District

Background: Consumption of tobacco in its various forms is widespread and a serious public health issue globally. Although smoking is the predominant common method of tobacco use, the consumption of smokeless tobacco has increased in recent decades. Smokeless tobacco products are becoming more popular among women. In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of smokeless tobacco among males and females is 7%, out of which 10% are women which may be linked to poor reproductive outcomes and other health issues. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy on fetal birth weight. Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the five basic health units (BHU) of Thatta District, which were Garho, Ghora Bari, Dhabeji, Chattochand, and Jhimpeer from October 2022 – January 2023. A total of 300 mothers were included by consecutive sampling technique in the study and among them, 150 mothers who gave birth to a low-birth-weight baby i.e., birth weight < 2.5 kg were enrolled as a case, and another 150 mothers who gave birth to a normal birth weight baby i.e., birth weight ≥ 2.5 kg were enrolled as a control. Data collection involved face-to-face interviews utilizing a validated questionnaire, with strict adherence to ethical considerations throughout the study. Results: In a study of 300 participants from Thatta District's five basic healthcare units, multivariate logistic regression revealed significant factors influencing tobacco use during pregnancy. Housewives had 1.862 times higher odds of tobacco use than employed individuals, and individuals aged 20–35 had 1.802 times higher odds than those aged 36-50. Smokeless tobacco, particularly most of the mothers in this study used gutka (47.3%) and chaliya (26%). Smokeless tobacco Gutka and Chaliya, increased the likelihood of tobacco use during pregnancy. Considering the frequency of smokeless tobacco use and healthcare provider recommendations emerged as important determinants. Conclusion: Our study underscores the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use during pregnancy in Thatta, Karachi, Pakistan, with significant implications for low-birth-weight babies. This highlights the need for targeted public health interventions, like antenatal care, alongside further research to inform evidence-based strategies for maternal and child health promotion in the region.

HUBUNGAN BERAT LAHIR DENGAN KADAR ARAKIDONAT ACID PADA ASI DARI IBU MENYUSUI BAYI 1-4 BULAN DI KOTA MAKASSAR

Human milk is the most perfect food for babies, ideally breast milk is the only source of nutrition for six months at the beginning of life. This study aimed to assess the correlation levels of Arhacidonat Acid of breast milk in nursing mothers by birth weight (LBW and normal) in Makassar. Research conducted at the health center area of ​​Makassar. This type of research is observational analytic with cross-sectional design. How the sample selection using purposive sampling of 30 people, where the first group of 15 lactating mothers of normal birth weight babies and a second group of 15 mothers breastfeeding LBW infants. Levels of Arhacidonat Acid is checked by HPLC (Hight Performance Liquid Chromotography). Data were analyzed using SPSS using independent t-test to see relations birth weight infants with higher levels of essential fatty acids in milk both groups. Average levels of AA breastfed babies with normal birth weight lower than the levels of AA breastfeeding LBW infants (0.098 ± 0.006 mg / ml appeal of 0.085 ± 0.024 mg / ml) but the relationship was not significant (P> 0.05). It was concluded that there was no association between birth weight infants with higher levels of Arhacidonat Acid breast milk in lactating mothers of infants aged 1-4 months in Makassar.

Study of cord blood lipid profile of term (appropriate and small for gestational age) and preterm (appropriate and small for gestational age) newborns with special reference to atherogenic index: a cross-sectional study

Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is a major cause for morbidity and mortality in adult population. Increasing awareness about the origin of the atherosclerosis in early life has renewed interest in determination of various lipid fractions in paediatric age group. Therefore, the present study was planned to estimate the lipid levels in Term (Appropriate and small for Date) and Preterm (Appropriate and Small for Date) newborn as well to plan meticulous follow-up of babies with a deranged profile. Aim was to study cord blood lipid profile of term and preterm (appropriate and small for date) newborns with special reference to atherogenic index. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at neonatal section of department of paediatrics in collaboration with department of obstetrics and gynaecology and Rajiv Gandhi centre for diabetes and endocrinology Jawaharlal Nehru medical college, Aligarh Muslim University. A total of 200 newborns were enrolled in the study. Cord blood samples were collected from placental side at birth and analysed for lipid profile which includes total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density and high-density lipoprotein and atherogenic index. Results: All the lipid parameters were higher among the low-birth weight babies when compared with the normal birth-weight babies, the difference was statistically significant for total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Prematurity is a factor associated with a more Atherogenic lipid profile is reaffirmed and SGA as an additional risk factor has been proven giving scope for future research and primordial prevention.

Evaluating Maturity by Using Mid Upper Arm Circumference among Neonates at Salahadeen General Hospital

Background: Anthropometry is the single most easily available, universally applicable, does not need expertise, economical, and non-invasive method of assessing body composition. It reflects both the health and nutrition of human body and predicts performance, health, and survival. Aim of the present study evaluating the efficacy of mid-arm circumference in assessing birth weight and maturity among new bornMethodology: A cross sectional study done in Salah Aldeen general hospital in the Tikrit city during the period from the (1st November 2021 to 1st April 2022). During the period of the study had a total of 200 neonates were selected randomly. Each newborn was examined and mid upper arm circumference was measured, birth weight was measured with a calibrated digital weighing scale to the nearest 10 g.Results: Most of the preterm babies had mid upper arm circumference of ≤9.25 cm 47(90.4%) significantly higher than the full-term babies most of them had mid upper arm circumference of >9.25 cm 126(85.1%). The mid upper arm circumference is good parameter for diagnosing of prematurity with sensitivity of 90.4%, specificity (85%) and accuracy of the test was (87%). The PPV for diagnosing low prematurity was (68%) and the negative predictive value was (96.2%). Most of the Low birth weight babies had MUAC of ≤9.25 cm 53(93 %) while the Normal birth weight babies most of them had MUAC of >9.25 cm 127(88.8%) this relation was statistically significant.Conclusions: Mid upper arm circumference could be used as a diagnostic tool to identify low birth weight and preterm newborns needing extra care when taken at birth and up to day 7 of life

MicroRNAs targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gene are differentially expressed in low birth weight placentae

IntroductionPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are activated by natural ligands like fatty acids and influence placental angiogenesis and pregnancy outcome. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. This study aims to investigate the association of maternal and placental fatty acid levels with DNA methylation and microRNA regulation of PPARs in the placentae of women delivering low birth weight (LBW) babies. MethodsThis study includes 100 women delivering normal birth weight (NBW) baby and 70 women delivering LBW baby. Maternal and placental fatty acids levels were estimated by gas chromatograph. Gene promoter methylation and mRNA expression of PPARs was analyzed using Epitect Methyl-II PCR assay kit and RT-PCR respectively. Expression of miRNAs targeting PPAR mRNA were analyzed using a Qiagen miRCURY LNA PCR Array on RT-PCR. ResultsPlacental docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and placental mRNA expression of PPARα and PPARγ were lower (p < 0.05 for all) in the LBW group. Differential expression of miRNAs (upregulated miR-33a-5p and miR-22-5p; downregulated miR-301a-5p, miR-518d-5p, miR-27b-5p, miR-106a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-548d-5p, miR-17-5p and miR-20a-5p) (p < 0.05 for all) was observed in the LBW group. Maternal and placental polyunsaturated fatty acids and total omega-3 fatty acids were positively associated while saturated fatty acids were negatively associated with expression of miRNAs (p < 0.05 for all). Placental expression of miRNAs were positively associated with birth weight (p < 0.05 for all). DiscussionOur data suggests that maternal fatty acid status is associated with changes in the placental expression of miRNAs targeting PPAR gene in women delivering LBW babies.

Maternal periodontitis: A risk factor for preterm labour and low birth weight

Purpose: Preterm delivery and low birth weight is becoming the foremost crunch in India and is the most prevailing public health issue in developed and developing countries. To prove the confederacy between preterm labour (PTL) or low birth weight (LBW) and maternal periodontitis, a case control study was conducted among 30 puerpera women in rural population. Methods: The study sample was grouped into cases and controls based on the pregnancy outcomes, cases include 15 mothers with preterm birth and low birth weight babies and controls includes 15 mothers with normal term (greater than or equal to 37 weeks) gestation and normal birth weight babies (more than or equal to 2500 grams), in accordance with postnatal records regarding the gestation weeks and baby weight. Within 48 hours of parturition, periodontal status of the puerperal was examined by Community Periodontal Index. Statistical analysis used: Epi Info 7 Software. Results: Pregnant women with periodontal disease are 56 times risk of preterm labour and low birth weight babies and Chi-square value = 16.425 (p =0.000). Conclusions: This study shows that there is a strong statistical association between the preterm labour and birth type of babies with maternal periodontitis. Maternal periodontitis are 56 times risk of preterm labour and low birth weight. Hence, pregnant mothers should be educated about the risk of periodontal disease and motivated to maintain the oral hygiene by proper oral hygiene instruction measures with periodic dental visits.

Relationship of Parity, Maternal Age and Birth Weight with the Duration of the Second Stage of Labor

Background: second stage of labor begins when the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the birth of a baby. The duration of second stage of labor commonly lasts 2 hours for primigravida mothers and one hour for multigravida mothers. Prolonged labor is one of complications experienced by mothers in second stage of labor. Prolonged labor can cause several complications for both mothers and infants. Prolonged labor can harm both the mother and the infant. The harmful effects of complications during second stage of labor for mothers include the incidence of uterine atony, laceration, bleeding, infection, fatigue and shock and improving the birth rate with the C-section incision. Whereas the harmful effects of complications during second stage of labor for infants include asphyxiated, cerebral trauma caused by pressure on the head of the fetus, the injury due to action, and premature rupture of membranes. The severity of the injury increases continuously along with the longer of the duration of the labor process, and the risk of which rises quickly after 24 hours. The longer the labor, the higher the morbidity as well as the mortality. The stage of labor affected by all such factors mentioned is called the second stage of laborObjective: to find out the relationship of parity, maternal age, and birth weight with the duration of the second stage of labor.Methods: this study applied a quantitative research design using an analytical survey method through a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was chosen using total sampling method with the purposive sampling technique, namely, that the sample was all maternity mothers who were coincidentally present at the time of the study at UPTD Karya Mukti Public Health Center in August 2021. Then, Chi-square statistical test was used to determine the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable.Results: of the 30 respondents, 20 respondents whose parity was not at risk (95.2%) experienced normal duration of second stage of labor, while 5 respondents (55.6%) whose parity was at risk experienced normal duration of second stage of labor. 21 respondents whose maternal age was not at risk (95.5%) experienced normal duration of second stage of labor, while 4 respondents whose maternal age was at risk (50%) experienced normal duration second stage of labor. 23 respondents (92%) with normal birth weight babies experienced normal duration of second stage of labor, while 2 respondents (40%)with large birth weight babies experienced normal duration of second stage of labor. The results of the Chi-square statistical test showed that there was a significant relationship between parity and the duration of the second stage of labor with the p-value of 0.019 £ 0.05 and the OR value of 9.157. There was a significant relationship between maternal age and the duration of the second stage of labor with the p-value of 0.011 £ 0.05 and the OR value of 5.387, and there was a significant relationship between birth weight and the duration of the second stage of labor with the p-value of 0.022 £ 0.05 and OR value of 3.405.Conclusions: there was a relationship between parity and the duration of second stage of labor. There was a relationship between maternal age and the duration of second stage of labor, and there was a relationship between birth weight and the duration of second stage of labor. Suggestions: It is hoped that health workers will further improve IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) regarding safe gestational age, safe parity and balanced nutrition as a form of antenatal care for pregnant women which is very influential, especially during the second stage of labor. In addition, for pregnant women, it is better to perform quality ANC to predict whether mothers will be likely to experience prolonged labor or not and also to prevent prolonged labor and other complications of pregnancy and labor. Then, based on the results of ANC tests, the mothers immediately referred to a more adequate hospitals/maternity hospitals to monitor the condition of their pregnancy so as to prevent the risk that will be faced by the mothers and fetus during labor. Keywords: Parity, Maternal Age, Birth Weight, Duration of Second Stage Labor

Effects of maternal blood selenium and zinc levels on mitochondrial DNA copy number at term and in-turn their effect on the birthweight of the baby

Introduction and Aim: The micronutrients such as selenium and zinc have the antioxidant property. They are cofactors of antioxidant enzymes, regulate the inflammatory response by counterbalancing the oxidative stress. Reduced maternal selenium and zinc levels have been shown to be associated with early pregnancy loss and low birthweight. The aim is to study the effects of maternal blood selenium and zinc levels on mitochondrial DNA copy number at term and in-turn their effect on the birth weight of the baby. Methods: An Institutional ethical clearance was obtained and the present hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in the OBG department of a medical college of North Karnataka between December 2019 to February 2022. Results: A total of 150 term pregnant women participated in the study. There was a slightly increased serum level of zinc and selenium found in the term pregnant mothers who gave birth to normal birth weight babies when compared to low-birth-weight babies, though this difference was not statistically significant. Median (IQR) values of Delta CT values of Mitochondrial DNA copy number in low-birth-weight babies were 3.07(1.7-5.74) and in normal birth weight babies was 3.71 (0.83-4.4). The difference in median values was not statistically significant (p=0.57). We observed a positive correlation between the maternal zinc, selenium, and mitochondrial DNA copy number with birth weight of the baby. Though the correlation between Delta CT means and birthweight of the baby is found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: In the present study, apparently healthy pregnant women participated. The serum selenium and zinc levels were found to be within normal limits according to lab reference values. There was an increase in Mitochondrial DNA copy number in the present study and it was positively correlated with the birthweight of the baby.

Hypoglycemia in breastfed neonates: a hospital-based study

Background: Neonates has well-coordinated adaptation system which maintains the blood sugar at certain safe level in extra uterine life. However certain intrauterine risk factors alter this adaptation system leading to hypoglycemia in early post-natal period. Most of the time hypoglycemic episodes are transient but sometimes there may be recurrent or prolonged hypoglycemia leading to permanent insult in brain and neurological deficit in post-natal life. Aims and objective of the study was to find out incidence of hypoglycemia in exclusively breastfeed neonates and the risk factors associated with this in the post-natal ward of a tertiary care centre in North-East India. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted for a period of six month, where 112 exclusively breastfeed neonates who were shifted immediately to post-natal ward were included. Capillary blood sugar was checked at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of life. Neonates with capillary blood glucose less than 40 were considered hypoglycemic. All the hypoglycemic babies were extensively evaluated for different intrauterine and post-natal risk factors. Results: Incidence of hypoglycemia was 16% (18 out of 112 babies). Significant numbers (30.5%) of LBW babies had hypoglycemia, where as 6.5% of normal birth weight babies had hypoglycemia. 38.8% of preterm babies had hypoglycemia where as 11.95% of term babies had hypoglycemic episodes. 71.4% (5 out of 7 babies) of neonates born from diabetic mother. All the large for date infants of diabetic mother had hypoglycemia. Conclusions: Our study came to a conclusion that incidence of hypoglycemia is not very uncommon finding in exclusively breastfeed neonates especially those with risk factors. Routine capillary blood glucose screening is utmost important to pick up the babies with hypoglycemia to prevent immediate and long-term complication.

Clinical profile of low-birth-weight neonates admitted in NICU: a tertiary care hospital-based study

Background: LBW is defined as weight at birth less than 2.5kg irrespective of gestational age. LBW neonate remains at much higher risk of morbidity and mortality than normal birth weight baby. Morbidity and mortality among LBW babies are a major health problem in our country, so it’s important to identify risk factors. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 153 extramural LBW neonates admitted in Neonatal intensive care unit of civil hospital, BJ medical college Ahmedabad from April 2021 to January 2022. Results: Out of 153 neonates, 94 (61.4%) were preterm, appropriate for gestational age and 59 (38.6%) were small for gestational age including 41 (26.8%) term and 18 (11.8%) preterm. 16 (10%) were extremely LBW neonates and 28 (18%) were very low birth weight neonates. 77 (53%) neonates were late preterm and term gestational age. Most common indication of NICU admission was respiratory distress syndrome in 53 (27.8%) followed by sepsis 35 (18.4%), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 22 (11.6%), birth asphyxia 15 (7.8%) and prematurity+LBW 16 (8.4%). Conclusions: Majority of LBW babies were preterm AGA babies. Respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, birth asphyxia, prematurity and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are major causes of admission. While, Respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and birth asphyxia were common causes of expires. Respiratory distress syndrome is most common cause of morbidity and mortality in low-birth-weight babies. Appropriate and effective use of oxygen delivery system, surfactant, safe, early and effective transportation of neonates should be advised.

Study of different types of refractive errors in under-five children born preterm versus full term

Background: Preterm birth potentially plays an important role in visual development. Studies have shown that frequency of myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, strabismus, and amblyopia in children born preterm is higher than term children.Objective: The aim is to study different types of refractive errors in children under-five years of age born preterm and term.Methods: Comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among 64 children aged 5 years or less. Age, gender, and social status were noted. Children were subjected to refraction according to their age. Detailed anterior segment and posterior segment examination as per the cooperation of the child was conducted with torch light or slit-lamp examination with Ziess, Appasamy AARU 2000. Visual acuity was examined with appropriate methods suitable for age.Results: Fifty percent were preterm and 50% were term. About 50% were male and 50% were female. The most common refractive error was hypermetropia (42%). Among those with compound types of refractive errors, the most common was compound myopic astigmatism ≥2 diopters (17%). Compound types of refractive error were significantly more (62.5%) among the preterm compared to 31.2% among term; significantly more (91.7%) among those born <32 weeks of gestation compared to 45% and 45.5% among those born between 33 and 36 weeks and born >36 weeks of gestational, respectively; significantly more (88.9%) among low birth weight babies compared to 40% among normal birth weight babies. Age and gender were not significantly associated with compound types of refractive errors (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Most common refractive error was hypermetropia. Among those with compound types of refractive errors, the most common was compound myopic astigmatism ≥2 diopters. Being preterm, born at the gestational age of <32 weeks and low birth weight were significant risk factors for compound types of refractive errors.

Morbidity and Mortality Profile of Neonates Admitted in Special Newborn Care Unit in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Newborn period is the most vulnerable phase of life and deaths during first 28 days of life account for 70% of all infant deaths and 56% of all deaths of under-5 year in children. Children who die within the first 28 days of birth suffer from conditions and diseases associated with lack of quality care at or immediately after birth and in the first few days of life. Aim: To study the morbidity and mortality profile of neonates admitted in Special Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based retrospective study was carried out in SNCU, Department of Paediatrics, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Guwahati, Assam, India. The study period was from 1st July 2021 to 30th June 2022. A total of 7439 neonates (both inborn and outborn) from birth to 28 days of life admitted in SNCU during the study period were included in the study. Morbidity and mortality data of admitted neonates were collected from the monthly reporting format and patient records and compiled in MS Excelsheet and analysed using arithmetic mean and also expressed in percentages. Results: During the study period, 7439 neonates were admitted in SNCU, inborn 4854 (65.3%) and outborn 2585 (34.7%). Male and female 4305 (57.9%) vs 3134 (42.1%). Normal birth weight and Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies 4200 (56.5%) vs 3239 (43.5%). Term and Preterm (PT) babies 4424 (59.5%) vs 3015 (40.5%). Neonatal jaundice, birth asphyxia and neonatal sepsis were common morbidities requiring admission. Mortality was 12.1% which was higher in outborn (21.5%) than inborn (7.1%). Birth asphyxia (45.3%) was the commonest cause of mortality followed by Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) with prematurity (20.4%) and neonatal sepsis (15.1%). Birth asphyxia was higher in outborn (47.5%) than inborn (41.9%). Neonatal sepsis was higher in outborn (18.3%) than inborn (9.9%). Highest number of death occured within seven days of birth (70.2%) and among LBW babies (61%). Conclusion: Birth asphyxia, RDS with prematurity and neonatal sepsis are common causes of neonatal mortality. Outcomes of this study can be used for improving the existing healthcare services to reduce neonatal mortality.

Impact of perceived social support on prenatal outcome among pregnant women

Nigeria’s mortality ranks 14th in the world. Prenatal outcomes such as preterm birth, birth weight and Apgar score are some of the leading causes of prenatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. It is against this backdrop that this study examined the impact of social support on birth outcomes among pregnant women in Eku Baptist Hospital, Delta State. The study was anchored on survey and observational research designs. Primary and secondary data sources were used. The study population was pregnant women in labour. A census of 161 pregnant women who registered at the health facility was taken. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used in the study. The study revealed that 23.5% of women with low perceived social support delivered babies with a low birth weight compared to only 5.5% of women who had strong perceived social support. This difference was statistically significant with a p-value of 0.003. Again, 88.2% compared to 72.5% had normal birth weight babies for women with strong social support and weak social support respectively and the differences in birth weight were statistically significant with P= 0.003. Also, 15.7% of women with poor social support had preterm babies compared to 10.9% of women with strong social support. The proportion of babies with neonatal Apgar scores less than 7 born to women who had weak/poor perceived social support (31.4%) was higher than that in women who had strong perceived social support (13.6%) and the relationship was statistically significant with p-value=0.008). The result of the study showed a statistically significant association between perceived social support and neonatal Apgar scores. The regression coefficient R of 0.166 however, shows a low predictive power. Based on the findings of the study, it is suggested that pregnant women should be given emotional, instrumental, informational and appraisal support to achieve better prenatal outcomes.

Insidensi Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah pada Spektrum Plasenta Akreta di Rumah Sakit Dr Hasan Sadikin Bandung

Low birth weight (LBW) babies are closely related to infant morbidity, stunted growth and cognitive development, and chronic diseases. Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a condition that complicates pregnancy and is closely related to low birth weight. Objectives: To determined the incidence of LBW in mothers with SPA at the hospital Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Methods: A descriptive observational study involving 71 cases of SPA in hospitals Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung, period 2016-2020, which has met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. SPA cases were divided into three groups: placenta accreta, increta, and percreta. In each SPA group, the incidence of LBW was evaluated. Results: 46.5% (33/71 cases of PAS) had low birth weight, while 53.5% (38/71 cases of PAS) had normal birth weight babies. The placenta accreta and percreta groups were dominated by normal birth weight infants [(18/31 cases), (5/9 cases)], while the placenta increta group was dominated by low birth weight infants (16/31 cases). The LBW category is divided into Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW), Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW), and LBW. In placenta accreta, there were 2 ELBW and VLBW infants, and 9 LBW infants. In the placenta increta, there are 3 ELBW and VLBW, and 10 LBW. In the placenta percreta, there were 1 ELBW and 3 LBW, while VLBW was not found in the placenta percreta. Conclusion: The incidence of LBW is found in almost half the population of SPA cases in hospitals. DR. Hasan Sadikin in the 2016-2020 period.Keywords: low birth weight, placenta accreta spectrum

Correlation between Maternal Factors and Risk of Low Birth Weight

This case control study on correlation between maternal factors and the risk of low birth weight were done at RPMCH, Rangpur from January 2010 to April 2010. This study was carried out on 100 LBW babies irrespective of their gestational age to identify the various risk factors related to LBW. Another 100 normal birth weight babies were studied as control. This study showed that 65% of LBW babies were preterm and 35% were term LBW and the mean weight, length and OFC of LBW babies were 1450 gm, 42cm and 29.05cm respectively. The mean gestational age of LBW babies in this study was 34 weeks. The incidence of male LBW babies were higher. Young mothers (less than 20 years) and primipara were responsible for 37% and 40% deliveries of LBW babies. Maternal body weight (below 40 kg) was responsible for 59% of LBW deliveries in contrast to only 28% in the control group of NBW babies. This difference was highly significant (p&lt;0.001). Maternal height (140-150cm.) of LBW babies were 71%. On the other hand, in the control group maternal height in between 140-150cm. These difference was highly significant (p&lt;0.0001). Therefore, this study also is in conformity with other studies that nutritional status of the mother has influence on birth weight of the babies. Other risk factors of LBW having significant associations with maternal characteristics in this study were upto primary level of education (72%). Housewives (84%), poor socio-economic status (55%), no and irregular antenatal checkup (76%). Impact of the adverse maternal conditions on LBW babies are seen as idiopathic (25%), premature rupture of the membrane (24%), twin gestation (14%), toxaemia of pregnancy (10%), hypertension and APH (12% and 3%) were responsible. This study on 100 LBW babies, has been able to detect the risk factors related to low birth weight in our country. Since this study was conducted on relatively small number of low birth weight babies, the findings in the study may not reflect the overall risk ....

Relationship between Perceived Quality of Prenatal Care and Maternal/Infant Health Outcomes.

Studies have shown that quality of care affects patient health outcomes and well-being. In this study, we examine the relationship between perceived quality of prenatal care, birth outcomes, and postpartum depression (PPD). We use data from the third wave of the Listening to Mothers dataset (2013). After removing missing data, the analytic sample size included 2168 women. Through linear and logistic regression analyses, we test the following hypotheses: higher perceived quality of prenatal care will have a positive association with a likelihood of vaginal delivery and normal birth weight outcomes, and a negative association with a likelihood of preterm birth; and higher perceived quality of prenatal care will have a negative association with a likelihood of PPD risk. Women who perceived higher quality of prenatal care were significantly less likely to have a preterm birth relative to women who reported lower quality care. Women who reported (any) medical jargon during their prenatal visits were less likely to have a normal birth weight baby. Women who reported provider use of medical jargon, lower perceived quality of interaction with a prenatal care provider, and lower perceived quality of US maternity care in general were more likely to be at risk for PPD. Negative prenatal care experiences may exacerbate adverse patient outcomes. Positive prenatal care experiences may buffer/improve adverse outcomes. Quality of care measures were most consistently predictive of PPD outcomes. Providers should focus on improving the quality of prenatal care as one of the means to improve maternal and infant health and well-being.

Analysis of Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight Events

Low birth weight (LBW) babies weighing less than 2500 grams have a general condition that they are smaller than normal birth weight babies. Infants with low birth weight are a major factor in increasing infant and child neonatal mortality, morbidity and disability and have a long-term impact on their lives in the future.The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors associated with the incidence of low birth weight at Aulia General Hospital, South Jakarta.The research method is an analytical survey design with a cross sectional approach. The sample was 64 patients who gave birth to mothers in the maternal care room at RSU Aulia, South Jakarta. Sampling using purposive sampling with a questionnaire. The analysis was carried out by using the chi square test.The results of the study from 64 mothers giving birth at RSU Aulia, South Jakarta, obtained 50% of low birth weight babies. Bivariate analysis obtained all variables age (p value 0.000), anemia (p value 0.001), knowledge (p value 0.024), hypertension (p value 0.002), and anxiety (p value 0.000) &lt;0.05 were significantly related to birth weight. low.The conclusion is that mothers who are at risk, have anemia, have low knowledge, have a history of hypertension, and feel anxious are likely to experience low birth weight.Suggestions for pregnant women to pay attention to their pregnancy and the condition of the fetus through ANC visits to health workers..

Association of placental morphology and fetal birth weight

Background: The placenta plays a crucial role in sustaining pregnancy and supporting healthy foetal growth and function. Placental morphology predicts illness patterns in adults and foetal development. Birth weight is a significant predictor of a child's survival, healthy development, and growth. The connection between birth weight and perinatal outcome has long been understood in obstetrics. As is generally known, low birth weight is a known risk factor for the child's long-term health. The aim of the study was to find any association between birth weight, gender and placental morphology. Methods: An analytical cross sectional study was conducted in the anatomy department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical college and Hospital, Chennai. Placentae of 200 were collected. Morphological analysis including placental weight, number of cotyledons, site of umbilical cord insertion and fetal and maternal surface area, were measured in normal and low birth weight babies. Results: Birth weight showed a positive connection with gestational age. Birth weight and greater values in men were positively and significantly correlated with placental parameters (p 0.001). Regression models employing the newborn's sex and placental morphometry were used to estimate the birth weight; weight (R2=0.461), surface area (R2=0.411), and volume (R2=0.456) were calculated.