Norm Violations Research Articles

NOMINATION TRENDS OF WORKS OF UKRAINIAN LITERATURE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH

Literature for children and youth is a special type of literature. Her literaly and language organization is focused on the child reader, his needs and peculiarities perception of information. From works of art, the child learns about the world around him, gets to know the people’s culture, history and traditions, and this helps in the formation of the worldview and value systems. The title serves a kind of signal that prompts the reader to turn to the text or discard it. The relevance of the research is importance of studying the main trends in the nomination of Ukrainian works for children and youth.
 The article found out that the titles of modern artistic texts for children and youth generally correspond to the rules for creating of the title, but they also have certain ones features that distinguish them from others and give grounds to outline the general and partial tendencies of nomination of works. General trends characterize the works for children and youth in the context of the general literary process and demonstrate the author’s desire to find the original form and veil the content. It is possible thanks to the use of means of the puns which provide an aesthetic effect through the conscious violation of language norms and content elements. The specificity of the representation is analysed elements of the language game at different levels of the language system, in particular: the use of the Latin alphabet (graphical level), use of non-literal signs (graphical and orthographical level), use of assonance and alliteration, rhyming (phonetic level), involvement of antonyms, homophones, homographs, etc. (lexical level), use of occasionalisms, diminutives forms (at the level of vocabulary and word formation), manifestations of intertextuality and attraction to dialogicity (textual level). The specifics of implementing intertextuality are described through allusions to folklore, Ukrainian myths and legends, other literary works, films, works of art, famous personalities, etc. Dialogicity is traced in the titles, which are interrogative, exclamatory sentences or contain appeals, aposiopesis.
 The partial trends in the naming of works have been singled out and summarized, which is clear represented in the literary works of individual modern writers. This, in particular, repetition of a fragment of the title of the work, since the new work is a continuation of the previous one (works by V. Rutkivskyi, S. Dermanskyi, L. Nitsoi, L. Voronina, O. Gavrosh, S. Hridin, G. and T. Mykytchakiv, M. Pavlenko), repetition of a fragment of the title of different works from one cycle (works by O. Esaulov from the series "Children’s Detective"), an indication of the genre of the work (works by N. Devyatko, H. Maniv, N. Voskresenska, O. Kryzhanivska), rhyming (works by O. Mamchich), means of phonostylistics – assonance, alliteration (works by H. Falkovich), of the same type structural models of headings, such as: one-word names (works by O. Krotiuk), negative word forms (works by S. Hrydin), adjective-noun phrases (works by V. Petruk), syntactic constructions that represent a subjunctive part of a complex sentences (works by H. Malyk).
 It is concluded that in order to understand the information contained in the title, it is necessary to take into account a global context that enables the associative relationships of the title to be defined in cultural space. Partial trends in the nomination of works of art provide recognizability of the writer, strengthen the originality and expressiveness of his creative work completion.

Problem issues of criminal liability for violations of domestic tax legislation

The paper reveals the importance of solving the problems of criminal liability for violations of domestic tax legislation as one of the conditions for building a modern democratic society. The legal order in the sphere of public relations is directly dependent on the effectiveness of the measures of legal responsibility, which follows for the violation of the legal norms that regulate them. Criminal liability as a separate type of legal liability is characterized by a special legal, factual and procedural basis for the application of sanctions. Criminal liability for violation of tax legislation is characterized by coercion on the part of state power structures in content and form; provides for the imposition of negative consequences for offenses in the form of certain restrictions in order to protect relationships; contains public and state condemnation of the offender's actions and behavior; the act or inaction committed by the violator is the main reason for prosecution. According to the provisions of the current criminal legislation of Ukraine, guilt is expressed in two forms: intent and carelessness. At the same time, each of these forms also has its own varieties. In accordance with the Criminal Code of Ukraine (Article 212), liability is established for tax evasion, fees (mandatory payments). A special feature of liability for violation of tax legislation is its compensatory and punitive nature. A necessary condition for ensuring law and order in our country in the field of tax relations is the establishment of criminal liability for their non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment. At the same time, the latter should be based on a certain system of principles, i.e., fundamental principles designed to regulate tax relations of a tort nature. The introduction of liability for tax offenses, as well as the corresponding mechanisms for the damage caused to taxpayers, not only allows to protect the rights and interests of taxpayers, but also will contribute to raising the level of legal culture and tax discipline.

Privacy governance not included: analysis of third parties in learning management systems

PurposeThis paper aims to address research gaps around third party data flows in education by investigating governance practices in higher education with respect to learning management system (LMS) ecosystems. The authors answer the following research questions: how are LMS and plugins/learning tools interoperability (LTI) governed at higher education institutions? Who is responsible for data governance activities around LMS? What is the current state of governance over LMS? What is the current state of governance over LMS plugins, LTI, etc.? What governance issues are unresolved in this domain? How are issues of privacy and governance regarding LMS and plugins/LTIs documented or communicated to the public and/or community members?Design/methodology/approachThis study involved three components: (1) An online questionnaire about LMS, plugin and LTI governance practices from information technology professionals at seven universities in the USA (n = 4) and Canada (n = 3). The responses from these individuals helped us frame and design the interview schedule. (2) A review of public data from 112 universities about LMS plugin and LTI governance. Eighteen of these universities provide additional documentation, which we analyze in further depth. (3) A series of extensive interviews with 25 university data governance officers with responsibilities for LMS, plugin and/or LTI governance, representing 14 different universities.FindingsThe results indicate a portrait of fragmented and unobtrusive, unnoticed student information flows to third parties. From coordination problems on individual college campuses to disparate distributions of authority across campuses, as well as from significant data collection via individual LTIs to a shared problem of scope across many LTIs, the authors see that increased and intentional governance is needed to improve the state of student privacy and provide transparency in the complex environment around LMSs. Yet, the authors also see that there are logical paths forward based on successful governance and leveraging existing collaborative networks among data governance professionals in higher education.Originality/valueSubstantial prior work has examined issues of privacy in the education context, although little research has directly examined higher education institutions’ governance practices of LMS, plugin and LTI ecosystems. The tight integration of first and third-party tools in this ecosystem raises concerns that student data may be accessed and shared without sufficient transparency or oversight and in violation of established education privacy norms. However, these technologies and the university governance practices that could check inappropriate data handling remain under-scrutinized. This paper addresses this gap by investigating the governance practices of higher education institutions with respect to LMS ecosystems.

Cultural variations in perceptions and reactions to social norm transgressions: a comparative study.

Humans are similar but behave differently, and one main reason is the culture in which they are born and raised. The purpose of this research is to examine how the perception and reaction to those who transgress social norms may vary based on the individualism/collectivism of their culture. A study (N = 398) conducted in the United Kingdom, Spain, and China showed differences in the perception and reaction to incivilities based on individualism/collectivism. People from highly collective countries (China) perceive uncivil transgressors as immoral and enact more social control over them than people from highly individualistic countries (U.K.). They also experience more discomfort when facing uncivil transgressors, and this discomfort mediates the increasing immorality perceived on the agents of incivilities in contrast with people from less collective countries. Our findings provide insights into how cultural factors shape individuals' perceptions of social norm violations and emphasize the importance of considering cultural differences when addressing incivility.

INSTITUTE OF EXPROPRIATION OF FOREIGN PROPERTY: DE FACTO & DE JURE

Not only Russian, but also foreign modern legal science bypasses the issue of the legal nature of the state’s right to expropriate private property. Its limits and limitations are unclear, as are the guarantees of the right to private property. In most cases, the right to expropriate is perceived as a given and the prerogative of the state. However, it is quite obvious that the principle of the certainty of law presupposes the normative clarity of the regimes and types of expropriation, the conditions for its implementation in relation to other restrictions and methods for the forced termination of the right to private property. In conditions of high turbulence in international relations, the question of the correlation between the norms of international, private international and national (domestic) law in determining the mechanism and legal regime of expropriation is especially relevant. Discussions on the relationship between the legal mechanisms of expropriation and nationalization, on the denition of criteria and the very legal nature of the compensation due to a private owner during expropriation do not leave the agenda. Particularly acute is the question of the grounds and forms of international responsibility of states exercising the right to expropriation, both in violation of the general norms and principles of international law, and special in relation to expropriation in relation to the interests and rights of private owners. The attention of the author is focused on this issue in connection with the emerging negative trends in the development of lawmaking in this area, not only at the national, but also at the international level.

What language does your heart speak? The influence of foreign language on moral judgements and emotions related to unrealistic and realistic moral dilemmas

ABSTRACT Emotional attenuation in a second language is believed to be one of the main causes of the Moral Foreign Language effect (MFLe). However, evidence on the mediating role of emotion in the relationship between language and moral judgements is limited and mainly derives from unrealistic moral dilemmas. We conducted two studies to investigate (1) whether the MFLe is present in both unrealistic (Study 1) and realistic (Study 2) moral dilemmas, and (2) whether this effect can be attributed to reduced emotionality. In Study 1, the MFLe was found in the moral judgements made by Spanish-English bilinguals. However, the same pattern was not observed in Greek Cypriot-English bilinguals’ moral judgements, and this result was attributed to the prominent role of English in Cyprus. In Study 2, the MFLe extended to realistic moral dilemmas when the outcome of the action entailed the violation of a social norm. Study 1 and Study 2 also revealed that these bilinguals experienced a wide range of emotions in their L1 and L2, which did not differ significantly across languages. Mediation analyses further indicated that the MFLe was not mediated by emotional blunting, which made us consider alternative explanations for the MFLe.

How to break a norm and get away with it

Abstract Norm conformity and violation constitute two sides of norm operation: the former maintains the stability of the system while the latter motivates its modification, evolution, and change. While previous studies have concentrated on the constraints of norms in translators’ behaviour and their conformity to them, few have examined norm violation, especially why translators choose violation over conformity and how they get away with the violation. This study explores motivation and risk management concerning norm violation based on a case study of two Chinese translators who violated the norm of standard Chinese and got away with it when translating a dialect in the source text. The case study shows norm violation is the result of an optimal trade-off between translators’ reward-seeking behaviour and risk management in their negotiation with multiple conflicting norms, rather than an abnormal behaviour involving negative consequences, as suggested in previous studies. Whether one can get away with the violation is often related to its impact on the system. The study contributes to norm studies by illuminating the complexity of norm-governed behaviours and norm violation, offering new insights on norm dynamics and risk management in translation.

Some issues of legal liability for violations of environmental protection legislation

The classification of the environmental protection legislation of Ukraine has been carried out. For this purpose, Ukrainian legal acts were analyzed and systematized according to various criteria. The scientific literature, devoted to the issue of legal responsibility for violation of the norms of laws, in which the right to nature protection is enshrined, was studied. It has been proven, that in the conditions of globalization, environmental regulations must take into account international standards in the field of environmental protection, in particular, the achievements of the World Trade Organization and the European Union. The content of certain legal documents of international communities in this area has been clarified.
 The types of legal responsibility are outlined. Some of them were considered in relation to the legal consequences for violating environmental legislation. In particular, material and disciplinary responsibility is characterized as having an indirect effect on environmental protection through employees of the state environmental inspection. This approach is due to the fact that the effectiveness of environmental legislation largely depends on the quality of work of the relevant employees.
 At the same time, the issue of bringing offenders to economic and legal and other types of legal responsibility is considered.
 It has been established, that mitigating the consequences of military actions on the territory of Ukraine requires the improvement of the institution of legal responsibility for violations of environmental regulations. Therefore, the main codified acts that regulate it, such as the Code of Labor Laws of Ukraine, the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, the Economic Code of Ukraine and the Criminal Code of Ukraine, were analyzed. Separate changes to regulatory legal acts are proposed.
 In general, this research is based on the statement about the possibility of improving the state of nature by applying measures of responsibility to violators of environmental norms. This will make it possible to mitigate the consequences of military operations on the territory of Ukraine

When emotional responses conflict with self-interested impulses: A transcranial direct current stimulation study of cognitive control in cooperative norm compliance

This study proposes a conflict between the impulse to express negative emotions and the temptation to behave selfishly in the cognitive control processes of complying with cooperative norms. We conduct an experiment with two tasks (cost and no-cost) in a prisoner’s dilemma game with third-party punishment and apply the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to modulate the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The results indicate significant differences in tDCS effects on third-party punishment between two cost conditions. In the no-cost task, third parties in the cathodal condition report higher negative emotional responses and assign more punishment to norm violators than those in the sham condition. However, the tDCS effect on third-party punishment is not significant in the cost task. Our results help address the inconsistent findings in prior literature regarding the role of the right DLPFC in norm compliance and deepen our understanding of the cognitive control process in enforcing cooperative norms by third parties.

War Trauma as "Social Suffering" in Japan

In Japanese society during and after the war, there has been a long period of repression and denial of trauma in the public sphere. However, in recent years, war trauma and their "social suffering" have become visible through the activities of the children's generation of veterans. In addition, the suffering that occurs in combat and the military cannot be grasped only by the posttraumatic stress disorder model with fear at its core, but "moral injury" related to the violation of moral norms and its long-lasting destructive effects must also be considered in the future.

Implementation difficulties of the administrative responsibility institute for violation of labor legislation

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern problems of institute administrative responsibility realization in the sphere of labor law. In the article is substantiated the necessity of taking into account the peculiarities of the sphere of labor relations, which affect the procedure for consideration and prosecution of guilty persons for violation of the requirements of labor legislation. The focuses on the problems of implementation of the institute of administrative responsibility, demonstrating reformation necessity of administration and labour legislation. Moreover, is described the problem of lack of definition of administrative responsibility for violation of labor legislation, as well as the need to determine the mechanism for the implementation by authorized persons of state bodies in an administrative manner of imposing penalties on persons who, while performing their official duties, committed violations of labor legislation norms for which administrative responsibility. The range of labor legislation violations and the reference nature of articles providing for administrative liability are outlined, the reasons for the inefficiency of the model of administrative responsibility for violation of labor law requirements are analyzed, which indicates the need to improve the current legislation in order to achieve effective regulation. The problems of terminology in administrative and labor legislation, in particular, the application of the concept of «insignificance» in administrative cases of violation of labor law, the mechanisms of application and implementation of protection of labor rights are indicated. The problem of the lack of determination of the composition of administrative misconduct for violation of labor legislation, which leads to erroneous bringing of managers to administrative responsibility, has been noted. Examples of judicial practice of consideration by courts of cases on administrative offenses in the field of labor and labor protection are involved. The problems of a significant number of court cases on administrative offenses defined by Article 41 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, which are closed due to the expiration of the term for imposing an administrative penalty, are outlined.

Preventing Violations of Religious and Social Norms: Judicial Interpretation of 'Urgent Reasons' in Marriage Dispensation at the Wonosari Religious Court, Indonesia

Early marriage in Indonesia has garnered attention from international forums, urging the eradication of this practice to safeguard children’s rights. Despite national regulations raising the minimum age of marriage to 19 for both males and females, this practice persists due to legal loopholes allowing marriage dispensations granted by the court. Utilizing a socio-legal approach, this article analyzes 14 verdicts from the Wonosari Religious Court in 2022. The authors find that religious judges employ juridical, theological, psychological, and sociological argumentations in approving marriage dispensations based on three reasons presented by applicants. Among these reasons, two are granted not based on ‘urgent reasons’ but rather on interpretations of Islamic law and prevailing social norms. In-depth interviews with four religious judges handling these cases reveal variations in interpreting ‘urgent reasons’ in the context of marriage dispensations. The authors argue that the interpretation of ‘urgent reasons’ should prioritize the best interests of the child rather than merely considering potential violations of religious and social norms. This study provides profound insights into the dynamics of legal interpretation in the marriage dispensation decision-making process.

Проблеми у сфері доброчесності суддів в сучасних умовах політико-правової реальності

The article examines aspects of the generalization of problems in the field of integrity of judges in modern conditions of political and legal reality. The integrity of judges is the basis for ensuring civil rights and freedoms, as well as for fulfilling the important role of judges in ensuring a just society. In the context of judicial reform in Ukraine, the integrity of judges acts as a strategic tool for ensuring the independence and transparency of the judicial system, contributes to strengthening citizens' trust in the judiciary and increasing the authority of the court in society. It has been established that in the context of the purification of the judiciary, the integrity of the courts becomes a key tool for identifying and using negative phenomena, such as corruption, impartiality and other violations of ethical norms. This requires judges to follow not only the letter of the law, but also the higher principles of justice, which are based on general human rights and principles of justice. It is motivated that trust in the judicial system is based on society's deep understanding of equality before the law and the independence of the judiciary from the influence of political or other external factors, acting as a key element of the legitimation of power and the legal system as a whole. Therefore, it is summarized that the judicial system, as a reflector in the entire legal system, bears a huge responsibility to society and the state as a whole, contributing to establishing trust in the legal system and supporting the principles of equality and justice. The following problems in the field of integrity of judges in the modern political and legal reality are singled out: moral instability of representatives of the judiciary and the dilemma of individual morality in the context of a court decision; political influence on judges and the process of administration of justice; systemic defects and moral and ethical orientation of the judicial system, here it is important to take into account that the judicial system itself can write internal defects and conflicts of interests that can undermine the integrity of judges; intercultural dissonance and problems of sociocultural adaptation of judges in international aspects of the implementation of multifaceted social space.

Комунікативна культура і філософія моралі

Abstract. The scientific analysis of state-first processes regarding the functioning of the principles of tolerant cooperative interaction in social life gives grounds for drawing attention to the methodological foundations of the legal consciousness of civil society. Verbal/non-verbal aggression during the war for nine years destroys his spiritual values. The deepening of the signs of decline in the normativity of the foundations of tolerant communication leads to the leveling of the principles of freedom of speech, justice and responsibility. These processes are intensifying with the intensification of the information war against Ukraine, the methods of which are becoming new and unpredictable. Language processes are the basis of this phenomenon. Manifestations of a low level of verbal and legal culture deform state and legal reality. Freedom of speech has led to a drop in the level of use of language and etiquette norms and their transformation (to a certain extent) into hate speech. The issues of the ethics of discourse, "dialogical anthropology" are recorded not only as scientific textual universal actions, but primarily as such, which foresee the need for increased legal responsibility for violation of norms of communicative freedom. The article is devoted to newly emerging trends in social communication, which significantly worsen the general cultural level of subjects of law. This is explained by insufficient research attention to the problems of verbal deficiencies in the interaction of communicators. We are talking about changes in the national way of thinking and speaking and their modern deformations caused by the terrorist aggression of a neighboring state and a number of other objective reasons. Unethical intentions signal a wide range of unexplored consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the undeveloped methods of overcoming psycho-sociolinguistic problems related to existence, logic and ethics. The need for responsible communicators to cultivate public discourse and dialogue narrative with caveats regarding communicative irresponsibility was noted. At the household level, the latter can sometimes acquire the characteristics of a verbal/non-verbal crime.

Compliance with the Code of Ethics in the Presentation of Transactional Analysis Concepts Through Statements and Manifestation in Social Networks

This article is based on the report at the SOTA conference (March 25-26, 2023) and is devoted to the study of ways of demonstration and manifestation as a psychologist in the space of social media, safely for this psychologist, clients, subscribers, readers, taking into account the need to exclude the risks of violation the code of ethics. In my opinion, the relevance of this topic is high, since many psychologists have a need to demonstrate themselves, but sometimes the ways that marketing offers may be a violation of ethical norms. In this paper I reflect on how to demonstrate yourself in social media relying on the concepts of Transactional Analysis, and how to realize the needs of a specialist in presenting him- or herself, whether it is a desire to share promotional and useful information, or to reveal him- or herself as a professional to potential future clients, or to receive recognition and be noticeable. At the same time, the novelty of my perspective is that in the article I analyze the ways to realize the need for presence in social networks, taking into account the uniqueness of the specialist. In particular, I consider how to run a channel, blog, website, account with pleasure and interest, thereby making social networking a safe process, both for the specialist and for readers, so that the ethical principles become not an image of a Controlling Parent, but a support and a way to help in taking care of yourself and your customers with respect. In this article, I rely on research in the field of Transactional Analysis by authors such as Eric Berne, Vann Joines, Ian Stewart.

A multi-scenario approach to continuously learn and understand norm violations

Using norms to guide and coordinate interactions has gained tremendous attention in the multiagent community. However, new challenges arise as the interest moves towards dynamic socio-technical systems, where human and software agents interact, and interactions are required to adapt to changing human needs. For instance, different agents (human or software) might not have the same understanding of what it means to violate a norm (e.g., what characterizes hate speech), or their understanding of a norm might change over time (e.g., what constitutes an acceptable response time). The challenge is to address these issues by learning to detect norm violations from the limited interaction data and to explain the reasons for such violations. To do that, we propose a framework that combines Machine Learning (ML) models and incremental learning techniques. Our proposal is equipped to solve tasks in both tabular and text classification scenarios. Incremental learning is used to continuously update the base ML models as interactions unfold, ensemble learning is used to handle the imbalance class distribution of the interaction stream, Pre-trained Language Model (PLM) is used to learn from text sentences, and Integrated Gradients (IG) is the interpretability algorithm. We evaluate the proposed approach in the use case of Wikipedia article edits, where interactions revolve around editing articles, and the norm in question is prohibiting vandalism. Results show that the proposed framework can learn to detect norm violation in a setting with data imbalance and concept drift.

Are the Young Undemocratic? Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment

ABSTRACT Are younger generations less supportive of democracy than older generations? This article adds to ongoing scholarly debates on young people’s support for democracy. We contribute to the field by using evidence from a conjoint experiment embedded in a survey with a representative sample of the Finnish population (n = 1030) to examine whether support for core democratic principles is weaker among the younger generations (Generation Z and Millennials) than the older generations (Generation X and Baby Boomers). Our results do not support the expectation that the younger generations in Finland would be systematically less committed to democratic norms than the older generations. However, we find some generational differences in responses to different democratic norm violations. Our findings make a second contribution to the field of youth and democracy by extending our analyses to the youngest generations of age, Generation Z, whose democratic support has not yet been broadly examined. Our study contributes both to the ongoing debate on democratic deconsolidation in established democracies as well as to the literature on young people’s attitudes towards democratic institutions.

Dialect and colloquial elements in English fiction

The article deals with the study of dialect and colloquial elements in English fiction. The main aim of the study is to identify, analyze and characterize the significance of dialect and colloquial elements in modern fiction. The author studies the following terms “dialect”, “dialect words”, “colloquial words”. In the article dialect-colloquial elements are defined as speech units that characterize a certain dialect and are accompanied by some colloquial elements. The examples of dialect-colloquial elements are taken from the following works: “The Secret Garden” by Frances Hodgson Burnett (1911), “When Marnie Was There” by Joan G. Robinson (1967), “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” by J. K. Rowling (1999). The analysis of the works demonstrates that the functioning of dialect-colloquial elements is observed at different language levels: phonetic, grammatical and lexical. Reduction of sounds, devoicing or voicing of sounds, incorrect reading of the ending ‘ing’ are used at the phonetic level. The lexical level is characterized by the usage of obsolete forms of parts of speech and colloquial words. On the grammatical level a violation of the traditional grammar norms (no ending in the plural, the use of double negation, etc.) is found. The research proves that dialect-colloquial elements help to depict the characters vividly, convey the individuality of their speech, and sometimes serve as a means of satire.

The face of mischief: A stereotyped signal of norm violation within a Magic Circle

The face of mischief: A stereotyped signal of norm violation within a Magic Circle

Combating Islamophobia on the International Stage: The Need for Muslim Unity

Islamophobia has become the global norm, with governments in many countries blatantly discriminating against Muslims. Islamophobia should be recognized internationally as a violation of international human rights norms, and governments that adopt Islamophobic laws and policies should be held accountable for those violations. Muslim countries should take the lead in raising this issue at international fora, but unity on this front, like on other issues, remains elusive. Nevertheless, recent initiatives by Qatar and Malaysia show promise.