Norm Violations Research Articles

AN ANALYSIS OF SYNCTATIC ERRORS IN RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF PUBLIC SIGNS IN CHINA

The article analyzed translations of the public signs installed on the territory of China and are aimed at native speakers of the Russian language. It is important to note that when translating from Chinese into Russian, while taking into consideration to the differences in the system of languages, the norms of the contemporary Russian literary language, including syntactic norms, are violated. In this paper, the authors propose a classification of the types of violations of the linguistic norms of the present-day Russian literary language based on the texts of public signs in Russian. The reasons for the occurrence of these violations are presented and a recommended translation option is proposed. Errors in the translation of public signs are described from the point of view of syntactic structures, e. g. various types of phrases and sentences. At the same time, along with the violation of syntactic norms in the translation of public signs into Russian, violations of lexical norms are considered. More precise equivalents for both languages are proposed, taking into account cross-cultural communication aspects. The set public signs translated into Russian can serve as a starting point for further research into graphic, spelling, lexical, grammatical and even pragmatic errors.

Customer misbehavior: The impact of a symbolic recovery strategy and cultural tightness-looseness on observing customers

Customer misbehavior is a major problem in shared service environments. Empirical evidence suggests that customer misbehavior negatively affects the patronage intentions, emotions, and overall service experience of observing customers. Yet, there is limited knowledge on how service providers can restore the satisfaction of customers who witness other customers' disruptive behaviors. To fill this gap, this study examines the impact of symbolic recovery strategies (appreciation vs. apology) and cultural tightness-looseness on observing customers' recovery satisfaction. Through three experimental studies, we find that among bystanders with a tight (vs. loose) orientation, an apology (vs. appreciation) leads to greater recovery satisfaction. A moderated mediation analysis further reveals that perceived norm violation mediates the impact of recovery strategy on bystanders’ recovery satisfaction, particularly among participants with a loose orientation. Theoretically, our study contributes to the literature on service recovery and cultural tightness and looseness. Importantly, our research suggests that hospitality firms operating within cultures characterized by a low tolerance for norm violation should offer an apology, while those in loose contexts may show appreciation to customers observing others' misbehavior. Additional theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

LEGAL REGULATION OF ECONOMIC LIABILITY ACCORDING TO THE LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE

The article analyzes legislative acts that are the basis of economic and legal responsibility. Attention is focused on the fact that issues of economic and legal responsibility are regulated both by codified acts: The Economic Code of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, and special laws. The Economic Code of Ukraine has a section “Liability for offenses in the field of business”, which regulates relations regarding compensation for losses in the field of business; reveal the concepts, sizes, types and procedure of applying fines, operational-economic sanctions and administrative-economic sanctions. The Civil Code of Ukraine contains a number of chapters and articles devoted to compensation for damages; compensation for moral damage; protection of property rights; penalty, withholding, etc. as a form of economic and legal liability. The Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses regulates the general procedure for prosecution for offenses in the field of business. Special legislation of Ukraine regulates certain areas of economic activity and liability for violation of its norms, for example: liability for offenses in the field of urban planning; responsibility for untimely fulfillment of monetary obligations; responsibility in the field of public procurement; responsibility for the use of low-quality and dangerous products; responsibility for violation of banking norms; responsibility for violations in the field of consumer rights protection; responsibility for violation of license terms of economic activity, etc. Key words: legal regulation, legal responsibility, administrative and economic sanctions, licensing of economic activity, public procurement, offense, fine, penalty, reparation, detention, operational and economic sanctions, economic competition.

Giver‐receiver discrepancy in decisions between probabilistic and regular gifts

AbstractPrevious research has identified discrepancies between gift givers and receivers in their attitudes towards certain types of gifts, such as self‐improvement gifts. However, it remains unexplored whether there are divergent preferences between givers and receivers regarding probabilistic gifts (i.e., gifts involving probabilistic goods), despite the growing popularity of such goods. To address this gap, we conducted five studies. Study 1 revealed that when presented with a choice between probabilistic gifts and regular gifts, givers were less likely than receivers to select probabilistic gifts. This discrepancy was replicated in two contexts: vertical outcomes of probabilistic gifts (e.g., travel packages with varying prices) in Study 2, and horizontal outcomes of probabilistic gifts (e.g., T‐shirts with different patterns) in Study 3. Study 4 identified that this asymmetrical preference occurred due to different regulatory focus and perceptions of norm violations among individuals when engaging in gift giving. Givers exhibited a higher inclination towards prevention‐focused strategies, whereas receivers displayed a stronger preference for promotion‐focused strategies. Moreover, givers tend to significantly overestimate the extent to which receivers perceive probabilistic gifts as violating gifting norms. These disparities resulted in an asymmetrical preference for probabilistic gifts between givers and receivers. In Study 5, we found that consideration of creativity in gifting moderated the giver‐receiver asymmetrical preference for probabilistic gifts. Specifically, givers with heightened consideration of creativity were more likely to choose probabilistic gifts. These findings imply that gift givers could give greater consideration to probabilistic gifts, and marketers can capitalize on this by promoting probabilistic goods as viable gift options.

How violation of consumers’ expectations causes perceived betrayal and related behaviors: Theoretical perspectives from expectancy violation theory

Expectancy violation theory was used as a theoretical foundation to predict the influence of brands' norms violation, expectation violation, and moral violation in developing luxury brands' consumers' betrayals. We examined the perceived influence of betrayal on consumers' behaviors, such as vindictive complaining and retaliatory behavior. The present framework also checked the boundary effects of post-purchase regret on the impact of perceived betrayal on vindictive complaining and retaliatory behavior. Data was collected from 378 luxury brand consumers using a web-administered questionnaire. We applied PLS-SEM using SmartPLS 4.0. To analyze the data. Our results revealed that predictors, i.e., norm violation, expectation violation, and moral violation, positively develop consumers' perceived betrayal. Perceived betrayal significantly triggers vindictive complaining and retaliatory behavior. This research found that moderating effects of post-purchase regret strengthen the association between consumers’ betrayal and behavioral outcomes. We enrich our understanding of betrayal and consumer psychology, identifying how positive outcomes cause negative emotions in consumer behavioral responses and offering strategies for managers of luxury brands. We also acknowledge shortcomings and highlight future avenues for research.

FEATURES OF THE APPLICATION OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF GROUNDWATER PROTECTION

The article discusses the issues of groundwater protection and the problems of environmental crimes. The text analyzes the concept of criminal liability for violations of legislation on the protection and use of groundwater and the qualifying signs of such a crime. In addition, the article examines the features of criminal legal impact in violation of environmental and legal norms. In conclusion, the author substantiates specific proposals for improving the legal regulation of relevant relations.

Criminalization Challenge and Analysis of Network Crime Assistance Behaviors

The rapid development of the network society is in sync with the current era's pace. In comparison to traditional criminal methods, the utilization of the internet for criminal activities has progressively emerged and become increasingly prevalent. Nonetheless, this also poses a challenge in characterizing the offender's behavior. The objective of the study is to reveal the inadequacies in existing laws, policies and practices, and clarifying the harm of assisting in cybercrime and the plight of victims will help develop more effective support services and coping strategies, thereby improving the efficiency and quality of assistance to victims. This study focuses on the identification disputes that arise during the adjudication process of practical cases, combined with the existing legal provisions of the data for qualitative and quantitative analysis, and carries out a type study on the identification of helping behavior of cybercrime. Although China has specified the crime of assisting information network criminal activities in Article 287 bis of the Criminal Law, it remains controversial in distinguishing this offense from other crimes in actual cases. The study found that the techniques and means of cybercrime continue to evolve, from simple scams to sophisticated cyberattacks and data breaches, indicating that perpetrators are adapting to technological developments and changes in security measures. Consequently, it is crucial to clearly elucidate the connection between various recognition schemes from the theoretical perspective of norm violation and legal interest infringement, in order to provide an effective solution for the resolution of identification disputes in actual cases.

Integrating Religious and Sexual Education in Aceh: A Comprehensive Approach to Prevent Extramarital Sex and Promote Youth Well-being

Sex outside of marriage is prohibited in Muslim society due to religious rules and its potential negative impacts, such as lineage disruption and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In Aceh, adult sexual relations are governed by Islamic law under Qawun Jinayah, which mandates public punishment for offenders. Despite this law being enforced since 2002, extramarital sex and the spread of STDs remain prevalent. This qualitative research uses data from journals and publications in databases like MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and legal sources. It also reviews textbooks and Qanun Aceh regulations. The study found that prohibitions and preventive measures of Sharia law have not effectively curbed extramarital sexual practices. Young people, especially those under 18, are particularly vulnerable due to inadequate sexual education and insufficient understanding of Islamic law, making them susceptible to sexual violence, STDs, and legal punishments. The research highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to prevention, combining religious, cultural, and comprehensive sexual education for children. Educating youth about religious prohibitions and health risks can reduce their vulnerability and prevent legal repercussions from norm violations. An integrated educational approach in Aceh, which includes collaboration between educators, religious leaders, and policymakers, is crucial. This holistic curriculum would promote healthier and more informed lifestyles among young people, addressing both religious and health education needs.

Emotion norm violations in small communities: The Carter-Brezhnev hotline correspondence

How do international actors move from milder to more serious measures as they handle emotion norm violations that parallel behavioral norm infringements in small communities that would collapse if community members ejected the violator? Here, we trace this process analytically by examining the interaction between President Carter and General Secretary Brezhnev via the Moscow-Washington hotline, which we conceptualize as a small emotional community of Soviet (now Russian) and American leaders of the past, present, and future. Our findings suggest that one community member’s initial mild and tacit demands that the violator emote as expected are followed by other community members in turn committing emotion norm violations, which then erodes these norms. We conclude that such small emotional communities may only survive repeated violations if, at some point, the ejection of the violator becomes possible – for example, following an election loss by the violator – without causing the collapse of the emotional community.

Norm violations and behavioral spillovers—Evidence from the lab and the field

This paper explores the contagion effects of norm-violating behavior across decision situations. Through a series of laboratory and field experiments, we empirically establish the conditions under which norm-breaking behavior in one decision situation leads individuals who observe this to violate norms in other, distinct decision situations. Our laboratory findings show that these spillover effects are more pronounced when the norms underlying the decision situations are perceived to be similar. However, spillovers can also affect decision situations governed by relatively dissimilar norms if the observers of norm violations have had the opportunity to first violate the same norm as the observed violator themselves. In an accompanying field experiment, we underscore the economic importance of norm similarity for spillover effects. When workers are exposed to information about celebrities evading taxes, they exhibit significantly higher rates of workplace theft than those in the control group, yet this exposure does not negatively affect work morale.

Establishment and development of the legislation of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of the formation and development of the legislation of the ZUNR, in particular, it is stated that the beginning of a new stage in the development of state-building processes in the western Ukrainian lands was their inclusion in the Austrian Empire at the end of the 18th century. It was found that during the First World War, political life in the western Ukrainian lands became more active in the context of imperial policy and the national movement aimed at the formation of a national state. It has been found that the intensification of legislative activity in the western Ukrainian lands is connected with the events of November 1, 1918, in particular with the declaration of an independent Ukrainian state in the western Ukrainian lands, with the center in Lviv. The Ukrainian National Council became the main political body responsible for the development of the national state in the western Ukrainian lands. On November 13, 1918, the UN Rada adopted the «Temporary Basic Law on the State Independence of the Ukrainian Lands of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy», which completed the process of constitutionalization of the newly created state. Formation of legal norms that regulated the main spheres of social life. In addition, a number of legislative acts were developed and adopted, which were supposed to regulate a complex of issues related to economic relations, the financial sphere and property obligations, as well as certain aspects of civil and criminal law. It was established that the «Act of Detachment» between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic of Ukraine, adopted on January 22, 1919, was an important document, because it has significant legal, political and historical significance for the Ukrainian present, as it becomes a consolidating factor of public consciousness. The author of the article emphasizes that the characteristic features of national legislation in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic at the time were brevity and the introduction of a system of administrative responsibility for violations of legal norms, as well as the issuance of various by-laws in the form of orders.

To err is human but to persist is diabolical: Toward a theory of interactional policing.

Social interaction is organized around norms and preferences that guide our construction of actions and our interpretation of those of others, creating a reflexive moral order. Sociological theory suggests two possibilities for the type of moral order that underlies the policing of interactional norm and preference violations: a morality that focuses on the nature of violations themselves and a morality that focuses on the positioning of actors as they maintain their conduct's comprehensibility, even when they depart from norms and preferences. We find that actors are more likely to reproach interactional violations for which an account is not provided by the transgressor, and that actors weakly reproach or let pass first offenses while more strongly policing violators who persist in bad behavior. Based on these findings, we outline a theory of interactional policing that rests not on the nature of the violation but rather on actors' moral positioning.

Prevention regulatory focus, desired cultural tightness, civic moral disengagement, and emotional reactions to normative daily transgressions: a serial mediation model among adults in Italy.

Why do people have positive or indifferent reactions to norm violations? The present research hypothesized that individuals who focus on the avoidance of negative outcomes, for example punishments for rule violations, (i.e., a prevention focus) are hypothesized to also have a desire for rigid and clear norms (i.e., desired cultural tightness) as well as punishments for norm violations. Such norms and punishments narrow accepted behavior and, if clearly communicated, can limit rule violations. Consequently, individuals who desire higher levels of cultural tightness should be less likely to justify poor citizenship behavior (i.e., civic moral disengagement) as this behavior is antithetical to desired cultural tightness. Finally, such individuals should also be more likely to react negatively to norm violations. Data for the present study was conducted in Italy. A total of 1,181 participants were included in the analysis; participation requirements were that they be adults who were residents of Italy. Participants completed self-report measures of the prevention focus, desired cultural tightness, civic moral disengagement, and reactions to general norm violations (e.g., exceeding the speed limit, vandalism). The hypothesized serial mediation model was supported. This model can help explain why individuals can fail to react to "everyday" norm violations, as well societal-level violations (e.g., failing to respect hygienic standards during the COVID pandemic). It also calls on the need to develop mass communication approaches that can influence individuals' prevention focus on a large scale, as this can have downstream effects of reactions to such violations.

Media Influence on Bystander Intervention for Health Protective Norms: The Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction Perspective

Drawing upon the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction (IM) and the Bystander Intervention Model, this study investigates the impact of media health information on individuals’ intentions to address violations of health norms, specifically noncompliance with mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our survey results (n=1,426) indicate a positive correlation between seeking health information from the media and the intention to confront norm violators regarding mask-wearing. This correlation is mediated through three intermediary pathways: attitudes, normative beliefs, and perceived behavioral control. These discoveries address a previously unexplored area concerning pro-social health behaviors, bystander intervention, and contribute to the field of health communication by linking them to research on media influences. Combining media and peer interventions could lead to more effective health outcomes. The discussion covers both theoretical and practical implications.

Standing up for close others: the relationship effect on moral courage across care and fairness contexts / En defensa de los más allegados: el efecto de la relación en la valentía moral en contextos de cuidado y de equidad

Moral courage is defined as standing up for others and intervening when a norm is violated. This research aimed to examine the effect of relationship type between the bystander and the victim (close or distant) and the moral context in which the norm violation occurs (care/harm or fairness/reciprocity) on moral courage. Two studies ( n = 164 and n = 200) utilized a scenario method in which participants were presented with short vignettes of another person (close or distant) being victimized (in either a care or a fairness context) and were asked to indicate their willingness to intervene, representing degree of moral courage. As expected, participants reported greater levels of moral courage when the victim was their family member or friend (vs. stranger) and this effect was stronger in the care (vs. fairness) context. Moreover, anger — a moral emotion — mediated the relationship effect on moral courage in both contexts. Consequently, relationship type and context should be considered when addressing interventions against norm violations.

Domestic Facemask Waste Policy Based on Environmental Ethics in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Urgency and Challenges.

The Covid-19 pandemic greatly affected various aspects of life. To prevent and control its spread, people are morally and legally obliged to wear face facemasks. The use of facemasks brings many waste problems. However, the Indonesian policy on facemask waste management does not regard the massive environmental consequences, as the amount of domestic facemask waste reaches hundreds of tons daily with limited management capacity application. Hence, this study aims to assess current issues and policies on facemask waste from the perspective of environmental ethics. This research used the juridical-normative method, where legal rules and principles were processed to address current issues, supported by literature sources. This research employed qualitative approach to collect and analyze data. Results showed that there was a legal void which caused terrible facemask waste management in Indonesia. There was confusion in categorizing facemask waste, whether it is domestic or infectious waste, causing hazards in its management. From a deep ecology perspective, the applied facemask waste management was only beneficial for humans while completely neglecting biotic and abiotic components. To overcome this, several suggestions were: 1) categorizing domestic disposable facemask waste as hazardous waste, 2) applying sanctions for the violation of norms and tight social control on first-level management of facemask waste, and 3) using reusable facemask. The obligation of wearing facemasks that were protective for humans during the Covid-19 pandemic must be followed with policies regulating facemask waste management that consider the environment and its biotic and abiotic components.

Civility norm violations and political accountability

AbstractIntroductionThis short article investigates how violations of civility norms by politicians affect attitudes about the importance of norms and demand for political accountability after wrongdoing.ResultsOur main findings are twofold: (1) support for norms and (2) demand for punishing norm‐breaking increases when parties hold political officials accountable for their actions—especially in the case of in‐group norm‐breaking.ConclusionsThese findings contribute to a growing literature on Americans’ support for norms by implying that elites play an important role in sustaining the standards of democratic exchange. When elites impose punishment on copartisan elites, they signal to the public that accountability is acceptable.

Contextualizing Individual Attitudes on Economic Statecraft

Abstract When do US citizens express greater support for economic intervention abroad in response to violations of international norms? Under what conditions do they express greater support for punitive sanctions or positive inducements? We know little about whether and to what extent citizens offer greater support for sanctions compared to positive inducements and how contextual factors might alter support for each. We design a conjoint survey experiment to gauge support for an intervention—i.e., sanctions or inducements—using comparable counterfactuals. We compare long-enduring bad behavior to recent shocks, differently framed consequences of inaction, as well as varying expertise levels among policy proposal authors. We also consider preexisting attitudes about the target country. In a US sample, we find that policy proposals are supported to a greater extent when they involve sanctions as opposed to inducements, but that preexisting affinity toward the country has a strong conditioning impact.

Особенности функционирования периферийных пунктуационных знаков в эпистолярных текстах малограмотных авторов

The research aims to identify the established norm of using peripheral punctuation marks in epistolary texts and to evaluate the functioning of peripheral punctuation in the letters by semiliterate authors relative to this norm. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the first-ever examination of the functions of peripheral punctuation marks in the context of the private official letters written by semiliterate authors. Additionally, the notion of a fixed function was introduced for the first time as a tool necessary for investigating whether peripheral punctuation marks are used in accordance with the norm established within a specific textual genre. The research findings showed that the use of peripheral punctuation in the letters by semiliterate authors may deviate from the generally accepted punctuation norm in the epistolary genre. It was found that norm violations primarily occur in the use of spatial-graphic signs, such as paragraph breaks, text column changes, increased line spacing and spacing between words. As a result of the study on the functioning of peripheral marks in the letters by semiliterate individuals, the following features of peripheral punctuation were also identified: the interchangeability and universalization of punctuation marks, as well as the standardization of their functions.

I Am Not a Hero: How Heroic Action Divorces the Hero from the Political Community

Most people who perform a heroic act will, afterward, deny that their actions were heroic and claim that anyone would have done the same, even though that is demonstrably false (and, often, others were present who failed to act heroically at all). The literature on the psychology of heroism has never investigated why this is. This theoretical paper proposes an answer and seeks to provoke exploration of a previously unexplored topic. We note that people who undertake heroic action face a unique conflict: they embody their community’s highest values, while simultaneously breaking norms to stand apart from that community. We hypothesize that this conflict takes a psychological toll and is at the heart of a hero’s self-effacing denial. In this paper, we argue that (a) acting heroically is, by definition, committing a violation of social norms and therefore standing apart from the political community; (b) in the moment, heroic agents are willing to violate norms to serve a higher social value (such as saving a life), but afterward they feel the full emotional weight of acting in a non-normative manner; and (c) heroes’ eagerness to downplay or generalize their heroic action is not merely an act of humility, but an attempt to seek readmission to the community and the status of being “normal.” We believe that exploration of this topic can provide insight on what prevents people from acting heroically when needed, and we discuss why alternative possibilities such as humility and modesty are not sufficient explanations.