Nonwoven Samples Research Articles

Tensile behavior of virgin and recycled polyester nonwoven filter fabrics

This study deals with two different categories of needle-punched nonwoven fabric samples developed from virgin and recycled polyester fibers. To understand the effect of tensile behavior (strength and extension) of these filters, fabric samples have been developed varying fabric weight, needling density and depth of needle penetration. This study also established the efficacy of use of recycled polyester for preparation of filter fabric. The study revealed that the tensile strength of fabric made using recycled fiber is 8–10% lower compared to virgin. Tensile strength is more in cross direction as compared to machine direction for both virgin and recycled polyester fabrics due to the higher number of fibers oriented in cross direction during cross lapping process. Increase in needling density and depth of penetration has resulted in increase in the extent of tensile strength initially but decrease in the extent of tensile strength later in all the cases of fabric weight. The study further reveals that heavy weight fabric, needling density and depth of penetration results in decrease of elongation at break (%). The elongation at break (%) of fabric prepared from recycled fiber was found to be 7–8% higher in machine as well as in cross direction compared to virgin. Since strength parameter is not very essential in case of filter fabric made of recycled polyester, which is lesser in strength (8-10%) compared to virgin polyester may be considered.

Development of Nettle–Polypropylene-Blended Needle-Punched Nonwoven Fabrics for Oil Spill Cleanup Applications

ABSTRACT In this work, the effects of fabric weight, needling density, and blend proportion of nettle and polypropylene (PP) fibers on diesel engine oil and crude oil sorption were studied. Needle-punched nonwoven fabric samples were prepared as per Box and Behnken experimental design. Highest crude oil sorption (23.59 g/g) and diesel engine oil sorption (17.02 g/g) of the fabric were obtained at nettle/PP (30/70) needle-punched nonwoven with lower needling density and lower fabric weight. Further, oil retention capacity of nettle/PP (30/70) needle-punched nonwovens and other factors influencing the oil sorption behavior of textile substrates such as stirring speed, salinity, temperature, and hydrophobicity-oleophilicity were investigated. From the reusability test, it is noted that the sorption capacity of nettle/PP (30/70) nonwoven fabric after the eighth cycle was 9.15 g/g and 8.45 g/g against crude and diesel engine oil, respectively. From this study, it is concluded that nettle/PP (30/70) can be efficiently used for removal of oil spill.

Effect of microfiber layers on acoustical absorptive properties of nonwoven fabrics

There are several types of sound absorptive materials, such as natural and synthetic fibers, acoustic mineral wool, acoustic polyester panels, acoustic foam, cotton batts, that reduce the acoustic energy of a sound wave as the wave passes through. In this work, the use of nonwoven materials made of cotton, polyester, and polypropylene fibers for the development of sound absorptive nonwoven materials has been investigated. Samples of different materials (cotton, cotton/polyester blend, polyester fibers needle punched, and polypropylene melt blown nonwoven) and multilayer structures were tested on the designed impedance tube. Acoustic absorption properties of the fiber assemblies were studied in the frequency region of 100–1500 Hz. The values of sound absorption coefficient for different samples indicated that polypropylene microfiber melt blown nonwoven sample displayed a good sound absorption behavior in the entire frequency range. The use of multilayer samples improves the sound absorption coefficient with the condition that one of the layers is a thin melt blown nonwoven layer. The formation of nonwoven absorbent material consisted of hybrid layers, significantly reduces the resultant average sound absorption coefficient, especially when the upper layer is made from finer fibers of melt blown nonwoven of low air permeability value, and in this case the improvement reaches 50%. The use of melt blown layers of fine fibers values of noise reduction coefficient may reach 0.8. The multilayer nonwoven sound absorber design should take into consideration specific noise reduction coefficient values, not the absolute ones, particularly when the weight of the absorber is playing a decisive role.

Promising agrofibers based on biodegradable polymers

Nonwoven fibrous materials from biodegradable polymers: polylactide and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate were obtained. Water vapor sorption by nonwoven fiber samples was investigated. It was determined that the substrate of non-woven material does not have a negative impact on the growth and development of cress plants. It is shown that the studied fiber samples are actively subjected to destruction in the soil, on the sample of PLA-PHB composition is decomposed faster than pure PLA.

Microbiological study of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide on сopolymer of styrene

Issues of discovery and development of antiseptics and disinfectants are engaged in the world. Requirements for medication severely limit the range of chemical compounds that can be used as an active start of disinfectants. Chlorinated compounds (bleach, chloramine, hypochlorite) are traditional disinfectants. The emission of active chlorine from immobilized sodium N-chlorosulfonamides was studied and the stability of the resulting solutions was evaluated. For microbiological tests, non-woven samples of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide were provided on a copolymer of styrene with divinylbenzene grafted to a polypropylene filament. The content of active chlorine is 6%, the thickness is 2.5 mm, the surface density is 340 g/dm3. Nutrient media used for research: Meat-peptone agar (MPA); yolk-salt agar (Chistovich); blood agar (CA); Saburo; Endo Before the study, the growth properties of nutrient media were controlled in accordance with the method of controlling the growth properties of nutrient media, which is presented in the State Food and Drug Administration – 2011.The antibacterial and antimycotic action of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide on a copolymer of styrene with divinylbenzene was determined. It is set that that test samples of immobilized N-chlorosulfonamide on styrene copolymer with divinylbenzene, in the form of nonwoven material, have expressed antibacterial activity to the microorganisms: E.сoli АТСС 25922, E.coli K12, P.aeruginosa АТСС 27853, S.аureus АТСС 6538, S.epidermidis ATCC 12228, S.haemolyticus АТСС 14990, P.vulgaris ATCC 33420, В.subtilis 168, В.cereus 96, and antimycotic action on C.albicans ATCC 10231.

Carbon Containing Material in Non-Woven Fabrics for Thermoinsulation of Winter Apparel

Nowadays different types of carbon containing fibers become more and more popular in textile. Pure carbon fibers, fibers with carbon particles, graphene and even carbon containing dyes began to apply in textile for different purposes. Fibers may contain from about 1% of black carbon for antistatic property up to 40% of graphene for special mechanical and moisture management properties. Carbon has pro and contra as thermoinsulating material. It possesses great ability to absorb heat but, at the same time, carbon is good thermoconductive material, and heat escapes quickly due to high thermal conductivity. Heat loss from human body is realized through several channels. For example, thermoconductive heat loss is only 10-15%, whereas irradiative heat loss can reach up to 80% from total heat loss value. Based on this information, we developed non-woven carbon containing compositions which is targeted for maximizing capture of outgoing irradiation heat and minimizing heat loss in thermoconductive channel. In this work, we presented result of development of different carbon containing non-woven compositions for insulation. As a result, some of our non-woven paddings with density 100 g/m2 have clothing insulation value (CLO) equal 4, which makes them close to natural down insulation. We also provided wide characterizations of non-woven samples such as stiffness, IR absorption and reflection, washing stability, analysis of economic feasibility of industrial production.

Study on the sound absorption behavior of multi-component polyester nonwovens: experimental and numerical methods

This study presents an investigation of the acoustical properties of multi-component polyester nonwovens with experimental and numerical methods. Fifteen types of nonwoven samples made with staple, hollow and bi-component polyester fibers were chosen to carry out this study. The AFD300 AcoustiFlow device was employed to measure airflow resistivity. Several models were grouped in theoretical and empirical model categories and used to predict the airflow resistivity. A simple empirical model based on fiber diameter and fabric bulk density was obtained through the power-fitting method. The difference between measured and predicted airflow resistivity was analyzed. The surface impedance and sound absorption coefficient were determined by using a 45 mm Materiacustica impedance tube. Some widely used impedance models were used to predict the acoustical properties. A comparison between measured and predicted values was carried out to determine the most accurate model for multi-component polyester nonwovens. The results show that one of the Tarnow model provides the closest prediction to the measured value, with an error of 12%. The proposed power-fitted empirical model exhibits a very small error of 6.8%. It is shown that the Delany–Bazley and Miki models can accurately predict surface impedance of multi-component polyester nonwovens, but the Komatsu model is less accurate, especially at the low-frequency range. The results indicate that the Miki model is the most accurate method to predict the sound absorption coefficient, with a mean error of 8.39%.

Influence of sea polymer removal on sound absorption behavior of islands-in-the-sea spunbonded nonwovens

This work presents the results of efforts focused on the development of relatively lightweight and fibrous acoustic webs. For this objective, nonwoven webs that contain bicomponent filaments with islands-in-the-sea cross sections were produced by spunbonding, which involves the extrusion of sea and island polymer melts through dies, cooling and attenuating the bicomponent filaments by high-velocity air streams. Nylon 6 and polyethylene were used as the island and sea polymers, respectively. Webs were hydroentangled with high-pressure water jets prior to the dissolving process to obtain fiber entanglement. Sea polymer was removed from the spunbonded nonwovens by using a reflux dissolution setup. Weight, thickness, air permeability, pore size and sound absorption coefficients of the nonwoven samples were measured before and after the sea polymer removal. Results demonstrated that sea polymer removal led to further bicomponent filament fibrillation, which affected sound absorption positively. The structure with the higher number of island fibers had better acoustical properties. Lightweight and fibrous acoustic nonwovens can be obtained with the method given in this study.

Influence of structural parameters on thermal performance of polypropylene nonwovens

Multilayered polypropylene nonwoven fabrics were developed, and different properties of the nonwoven fabric samples were studied and compared for their suitability as thermal insulating material. The main aim of this study is to investigate the influence of structural parameters such as weight, thickness, density, porosity, fiber morphology, and fiber diameter on the thermal performance of multilayered nonwoven structures which was focused on the influence of weight, thickness, density, porosity, fiber morphology, and fiber diameter. The results of the study demonstrated that the thermal properties of the nonwoven materials vary significantly, depending on the structural parameters of the fabric.

Electrospinning for polymeric implants in cardiovascular applications

Abstract Electrospinning is a method for producing fibrous polymer scaffolds that can be applied in drug delivery systems as well as for polymer-based implants. Biodegradable polymers for the purpose of cardiac tissue engineering are often applied as fibrous scaffolds for morphological mimikry of natural matrices but also drugeluting approaches are very promising. Hydrolytic degradation is one of the key parameters for successful application. The focus of our investigations is on monitoring accelerated in vitro degradation of electrospun nonwoven scaffolds. In the presented study degradation of poly(Llactide) is accelerated by alkaline hydrolysis. The process is characterized by weight loss, loss of molecular mass, surface morphology and thermal behavior of nonwoven samples, showing a fast degradation of the fibrous material within two weeks.

Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Stitched Non-woven Engineered Fabrics Containing Activated Carbon Fiber

Smart textile is considered to be a new trend that can revolutionize the functionality of clothing. One of the most promising fields of smart textiles is in energy storage devices. Recently, many research efforts focus on supercapacitor as an energy storage device that can overlap the gap between conventional batteries and traditional capacitors. Activated carbon fiber (ACF) is one of the important candidate for this application. Different groups of non-woven polyester fabrics were prepared with and without adding the activated carbons. The effect of structure of the samples on the permittivity, dielectric loss as well as the ac-conductivity is investigated and interpreted. The mechanism of the storage of the charge carriers is given by two different capacities. The first one is the capacity of the electric double layer at the interface between the electrode and the dielectric material. The second is the capacity due to the redox or what is called pseudo capacity. In this work, the broadband dielectric spectrometer, BDS, is employed to study the effect of frequency in the range of 1mHz – 10 MHz and sometimes temperature (20 – 60 oC). The non-woven samples prepared with ACF showed the best results among the prepared nonwoven samples without activated carbon fibers and even nonwoven samples with carbon granules. This is due to the good electrical conductivity of activated carbon fiber used in the nonwoven samples.

Investigation of sound absorption properties of nonwoven webs produced from chicken feather fibers

As a consequence of modern life and technology, noise causes many negative side effects, especially with regard to health. Today, the presence of acoustic problems in transport vehicles such as airplanes, cars and train wagons has become one of the major problems of modern life. Many methods and materials have been developed to provide acoustic comfort in indoor spaces. One of them is the development and application of sound-absorbing materials. Nonwoven webs, which are considered to be the most ideal materials for sound insulation, have micron-sized pores as well as large surface areas. Among these materials, materials with double-layered porosity have greater effect. In recent years, researchers are increasingly turning to the development of sound-absorbing materials from production waste and natural materials that are easily decomposed in the environment. In this study, the sound-absorbing properties of nonwoven webs produced from chicken feather fibers, a by-product in chicken production and a significant amount of waste, were investigated. For this purpose, nonwoven web samples with different parameters were produced by using different binding materials by using thermal bonding method. The sound absorption coefficient and sound transmission loss values of the samples were measured and evaluated. As a result of the analyses, the influence parameters such as thickness, bulk density and porosity on the sound insulation properties of the produced samples was revealed. The assumptions concerning the mechanism of sound insulation of nonwoven webs produced from chicken feather fibers are detailed. Studies have shown that nonwoven webs from chicken feather fibers can be used as soundproof materials because of their good sound-absorbing properties.

Development, characterization and thermal performance of insulating nonwoven fabrics made from textile waste

This paper reports a study on potential applicability of nonwoven samples made from textiles waste in building industries. Four nonwoven fabrics based on acrylic and wool waste were made using the needle punching technique, and tested in terms of thermo-physical properties. Results show that all developed nonwovens have an excellent insulation performance, the thermal conductivity is in the range of 0.03476–0.04877 W/(m·K); these values are comparable with that of conventional insulation materials. The lowest value of the thermal conductivity is observed for the nonwoven made from washed wool Wr (0.03476 W/m.K). In order to evaluate the thermal performance of manufactured nonwoven, a reduced-scale thermally controlled cavity was used; each wall of the cavity is outfitted with one nonwoven. The comparison is based on the outside surface temperature walls. The fixed inside surface temperature was 36 ℃; however, the outside surface temperature was less than 19 ℃. This result is in accordance with the obtained thermal conductivity values and confirms that materials based on textile waste have competitive thermal properties and could be used in building insulation materials.

Manufacture of Reclaimed Fiber Non-Woven for Sound Absorption

Recycling is the process of making or bringing out new products from a product that has originally served its purpose. The use of non-woven for noise reduction is based on two major advantages of these materials, namely low production costs and small specific gravity. Through this thesis, an attempt was made and implemented an innovative technique of developing stitch bonded non-woven by using recycled fiber. Knitted wastes were collected from cut and sew knitwear factories and recycled by using fabric opening machine in Adey abeba textile factory. The opened fibers are carded by mechanical carding machine by varying the number of layers. Six nonwoven samples are manufactured by stitching the web structure with core spun yarn. The manufactured reclaimed fiber stitch bonded nonwoven sound absorption coefficients were measured according to ASTM E 1050 standard by an impedance tube. The results revealed that the sound absorption coefficient increased with increasing frequency level of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1500 Hz, 2000 Hz, 2500 Hz and 3000 Hz. Factors influencing sound absorption of nonwoven materials such as fabric thickness, areal density, air permeability and thermal conductivity were tested. The results revealed that while thickness increases the sound absorbing performance also increases. Low frequency sound absorption has direct relationship with thickness. However, at higher frequencies thickness has insignificant effect on sound absorption. Less dense and more open structure absorbs sound of low frequencies. Denser structure performs better for frequencies above 2000 Hz. Air permeability of the stitch bonded nonwoven decreases the sound absorption performance increases. The mechanism of sound absorption was conversion of sound energy in to heat but the effect of thermal conductivity of stitch bonded nonwoven structure was very small.

Effect of sea component dissolution on fibrous structure of islands-in-the-sea spunbond nonwovens

This work presents the preliminary results of our efforts that focused on the development of lightweight and more fibrous nonwoven. For this objective, nonwoven webs that contain bicomponent filaments with island-in-the-sea cross section was produced by spunbonding, which involves extruding of sea and island polymer melts through dies, cooling, and attenuating the bicomponent filaments by high velocity air streams. Nylon-6 and Polyethylene were chosen as the island and sea polymers, respectively. Bonding process was applied to web first to keep structural integrity after removing the sea polymer. The web was hydroentangled with high speed water jets prior to the dissolving process to obtain fiber entanglement. Xylene, which is one of the few chemical that can dissolve Polyethylene, was used for the dissolution of the sea component from the fibrous structure of the spunbond nonwoven. Removal of the sea polymer from spunbond nonwovens that contain bicomponent filaments with islands-in-the-sea cross section was achieved by the developed dissolution process. Weight, thickness, and area of the nonwoven samples changed after the dissolution. After removing the sea polymer, spunbond nonwoven contains only thin island fibers and also gets lighter. Lightweight and more fibrous nonwovens can be obtained with the method given in this study.

Determination of Air Permeability Property of Air-Laid Nonwoven Fabrics Using Regression Analyses

Air-laid nonwoven fabrics are generally used for hygienic care products such as diaper, adult nappy and sanitary napkins. Air permeability is one of the foremost properties that affect the usage performance of these hygienic care products. In this study, 10 different air-laid nonwoven fabric samples are produced. The porosity ratios of these samples are determined by digital image processing methods. Air permeability of the samples is tested by digital air permeability test device. Then regression analyses were applied to the experimental results using SPSS 21.0 package program. Finally regression equation was obtained for prediction of air permeability by using porosity, thickness and fabric weight.

Assessment of the non-woven, goose down and duck down as thermally insulating materials for the clothing protecting against cold

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare morphological and physical features of three kinds of materials intended for the insulating layer in the clothing protecting against cold – high-bulk non-woven, goose down (GD) and duck down (DD).Design/methodology/approachComparison of thermal performance of developed textile systems with the non-woven, GD and DD content was based on basic biophysical properties related to comfort sensations of the user such as thermal resistance, water vapor resistance and air permeability. In this study, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods were employed to visualize the surface and internal structure of non-woven, GD and DD samples.FindingsThe paper indicates the advantages and disadvantages of each of selected insulating material. For the down samples, significantly higher thermal resistance in a dry state than for the non-woven samples can be achieved. Meanwhile, textile systems with the non-woven provide lower value of water vapor resistance. The selected textile systems for the research were characterized by a comparable air permeability.Originality/valueThis paper allows for an evaluation of high-bulk non-woven, DD and GD samples in terms of providing optimal thermal performance in clothing protecting against cold.

Modelling fibre laydown and web uniformity in nonwoven fabric

The mechanical and functional performance of nonwoven fabric critically depends on the fibre architecture. The fibre laydown process plays a key role in controlling this architecture. The fibre dynamic behaviour during laydown is studied through a finite element model which describes the role of the parameters in defining the area covered by a single fibre when deposited on the conveyor belt. The path taken by a fibre is described in terms of the radius of gyration, which characterises the area covered by the fibre in the textile, and the spectrum of curvature, which describes the degree of fibre looping as a function of the arc length. Starting from deterministic and idealised fibre curvature spectra, stochastic Monte Carlo simulations are undertaken to generate full nonwoven web samples and reproduce the uniformity of fibre density. A novel image analysis technique that allows measurement of the uniformity of real spunbonded nonwoven samples from images of textiles is used to confirm the validity of the model. It is shown that the main parameter that governs the fibre density uniformity is the ratio of the fibre spinning velocity to the velocity of conveyor belt, while fibre oscillations prior to deposition play a secondary role.

Sound absorption enhancement of nonwoven felt by using coupled membrane - sonic crystal inclusion

The experimental results from laboratory test on the sound absorption performance of nonwoven felt with an array thin tubes and sonic crystal inclusions reported in this paper. The nonwoven felt sample was produced by a local company with 15 mm in its thickness and 900 gsm. The 6.4 mm diameter plastic straw was used to construct the thin tubes array while the sonic crystal is arranged in a 4 × 4 lattice crystal formation. It made from a PVC cylinder with 17 mm and 50 mm in diameter and length respectively. All cylinders have two holes positioned on 10 mm and 25 mm from the base. The results show that both treatments, array of thin tube and sonic crystal inclusions are effectively increased the sound absorption coefficient of the nonwoven felt significantly especially in the low frequency range starting from 200Hz.

Sound absorption enhancement of nonwoven felt by using coupled membrane - sonic crystal inclusion

The experimental results from laboratory test on the sound absorption performance of nonwoven felt with an array thin tubes and sonic crystal inclusions reported in this paper. The nonwoven felt sample was produced by a local company with 15 mm in its thickness and 900 gsm. The 6.4 mm diameter plastic straw was used to construct the thin tubes array while the sonic crystal is arranged in a 4 × 4 lattice crystal formation. It made from a PVC cylinder with 17 mm and 50 mm in diameter and length respectively. All cylinders have two holes positioned on 10 mm and 25 mm from the base. The results show that both treatments, array of thin tube and sonic crystal inclusions are effectively increased the sound absorption coefficient of the nonwoven felt significantly especially in the low frequency range starting from 200Hz.