Nonviolent Research Articles

Woman Violence in Afghanistan and The Return of Taliban in Contagious Violence Perspektive

This research shows that contagious violence is playing important role in spreading violence against women in Afghanistan. This research argues that it is important to pay attention on how violence expose a subject, when it happened and who ie exposed by violence at that time. It is important also to produce immunity amidst society in Afghanistan. It is important to prevent wider transmission of violence in Afghanistan. Contagious violence and immunity theory shows that Taliban is the Host of violence that needs to overcome. Taliban massively spreading violence to disrupt immune system of anti violence in Afghanistan. Hiding the prove and preventing report activity will causes horrible silent spreading of violence. This research also shows that tracing and immediate response to any violence act is needed to cut off chain of contagious violence. Finding violence cluster and directly intervene is needed to prevent the subject who already exposed becoming more violent than perpetrator. Produce immunity system and direct intervention into all cluster of violence amidst society is more effective than urging Taliban to stop violence itself.

The philosophy of nonviolent resistance in Fela's Afrobeat

The philosophy of nonviolent resistance in Fela's Afrobeat

The Grammar and Socio-Political Implications of Kierkegaard’s Christian Virtue of Meekness

This paper argues that in Kierkegaard’s works, in his upbuilding discourses and late journal entries in particular, meekness or gentleness (Danish: Sagtmodighed) is presented as a distinctive moral and spiritual quality that exhibits a number of characteristics that are usually regarded as attributes of a virtue. Following a “grammatical approach” to what counts as a virtue, rather than a specifically Aristotelian-Thomistic interpretation, it is argued that Kierkegaard presents meekness as an encompassing attitude, a character trait, which can be acquired through imitation of exemplary persons, Christ, in particular, which aims for the good life, is conducive of the good, and is for the benefit of others and the self. It is demonstrated that according to Kierkegaard, meekness differs from other virtues such as courage and patience by its forgiving attitude towards the wrongdoer and nonviolent resistance to injustice and evil. As a virtue that disposes a person to nonviolent resistance, meekness has socio-political implications: injustice is uncovered and criticized for the benefit of “the poor”. A meek person does not confirm the world in its evil, but criticizes it, albeit in a way that is appropriate to meekness, i.e., in a forgiving and nonviolent way.

Study on Deep Learning Techniques for Finding Suspicious Violence Detection in a Video Surveillance

Detecting suspicious visual objects is essential to applying automatic violence detection (AVD) in video surveillance. Continuous monitoring of objects or any unusual things is a tedious task. Learning about video surveillance is an emerging research problem in AVD applications. Deep learning is an intelligent and trustworthy technique for detecting or classifying suspicious data objects. It classifies suspicious video frames by modeling specific categories of videos. The current deep models convolutional neural network (CNN), convolutional long-term and short-term memory (ConvLSTM), AlexNet, VGG-16, MobileNet, and GoogleNet, are wildly succeeded in real-time violence detection with the input of video clips. This paper presents the findings of experimental studies for deep models using classification measures to demonstrate the models' efficacy for our AVD application. Benchmarked violence (V), non-violence (NV), and weapon violence (WV) video datasets are used in the experiment to describe the model's performance while classifying suspicious videos for public safety.

Study of Gandhian ideology and its main Principles

The life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, a towering figure in the history of civil rights, nonviolent resistance, and social justice, can be better understood via the study of Gandhian ideology and its fundamental principles. This article presents an in-depth analysis of Gandhi's political philosophy, delving into its fundamental tenets such as nonviolence (ahimsa), truth (satyagraha), self-reliance (swadeshi), welfare for all (sarvodaya), equality, simplicity, decentralisation of power, constructive work, fearlessness, and cleanliness. This research sheds insight on the ongoing legacy of Gandhian ideology by examining the historical context in which these ideas developed, how they were applied in the movement for Indian independence, and how they continue to be relevant in modern global efforts for justice and peace. The ideology of Mahatma Gandhi serves as a timelessly relevant source of motivation for people and movements committed to social reform. It provides a road map for ethical leadership, conflict resolution, and the quest of a world that is more equal and compassionate.

Study of the need of Gandhi ideology in the Present Era

This review paper examines the enduring relevance of Mahatma Gandhi's ideology in the contemporary world. Gandhi, an iconic figure in the Indian independence movement, was a proponent of nonviolent resistance, self-reliance, social justice, and ethical leadership. In an era marked by global conflicts, environmental challenges, and social inequalities, Gandhi's principles of nonviolence and peaceful resistance continue to offer valuable insights for addressing complex issues. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of Gandhi's ideas in modern contexts, drawing on examples from various regions and disciplines. It explores how his philosophy resonates with contemporary concerns such as environmental sustainability, social justice, and ethical leadership. By critically assessing the strengths and limitations of Gandhi's ideology, this paper provides a nuanced understanding of its relevance in addressing pressing challenges in the 21st century. The findings of this review paper underscore the timeless wisdom of Gandhi's principles and their potential to inspire positive change and progress in the present era.

Strategic Alliance of Science and Theology: Nonviolent Resistance to Global Challenges and Antagonism

The starting point of this paper is that science and religion, alongside social and political dynamics, have massive effects on global challenges such as conflicts (national, geopolitical, ideological, or religious), environmental matters, growing radicalism, nationalism, or influence social justice. Historically, the relationship between science and religion has recently ranged from conflict to hostility. The normative action of mutual understanding and the interaction and cooperation between science and religion depend primarily on the participants (non-politized theologians and scientists), in constructive dialogue, particularly regarding global issues. Conflicting narratives between science and religion is an opportunity for joint learning and contribution to a better world and a compassionate culture. Therefore, the leading ideas of the discourse across borders are the promotion of synergy between sciences and religions, as well as cooperation between nations in promoting a compassionate society – an empathetic civilization. Nonviolent dissent to global challenges should be involved in changing the power imbalance as a source of structural violence, but the practice of liberation must focus on social justice, sociopolitical stability, and critical human security. In facing global challenges, science and religion must have diplomatic value by promoting mutual understanding and using a common language through collaboration. Religious traditions, and science, strengthened by global non-religious spiritualism as the valuable means of general spiritual growth, should assert a culture of peace and dialogue for transnational challenges. However, material science and theology are not explicitly formative to growing radical nationalism, racism, conflicts, hegemonism, destruction of the earth, and socioeconomic inequality. The healthy strategic union between science and religion enforced by ethical and constructive politics can support and enhance the resolution of global issues and antagonistic practices. Such a normative-formative framework should ensure that knowledge is developed to advance human, social, economic, and environmental goals according to the moral principles of each religion.

Risk factors for violent behaviour before and after the onset of schizophrenia spectrum disorder: A naturalistic case-control study in the Netherlands

BackgroundRisk factors for violent behaviour may differ depending on whether this begins before (VBO) or after (VAO) the onset of schizophrenia spectrum disorder. However, previous studies have been limited by selective samples of forensic patients and crude outcome measures. MethodsThe sample consisted of 1013 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders recruited from various treatment settings across the Netherlands. Putative risk factors and outcomes were measured with standardised instruments. We used logistic regression models to compare patients with VBO (n = 48), patients with VAO (n = 130) and nonviolent (NV) patients (n = 708) on each risk factor, adjusting for sex and age. ResultsPatients with VBO more often lived in a socially disorganised neighbourhood than NV patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.3, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.3–8.0) and patients with VAO (aOR 3.3, 95 % CI 1.1–9.6). Clinical risk factors were more prevalent in patients with VAO than in NV patients, with substance misuse (aOR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.0–2.3), impairments in executive functions (aOR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.0–2.4), poor impulse control (aOR 2.4, 9 % CI 1.5–3.6), delusions (aOR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1–2.3) and lack of illness insight (aOR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.0–2.2) reaching statistical significance. Patients with VBO were also more likely to have poor impulse control than NV patients (aOR 2.6, 95 % CI 1.3–5.1). ConclusionStrategies to predict and prevent violence in schizophrenia spectrum disorders should distinguish between VBO and VAO.

The Conceptual Aporia of Non-Violent Resistance: A Derridean Deconstructive Approach

The aim of this essay is to display, by a Derridean deconstructive reading, that the term ‘non-violent resistance’ is aporetic and paradoxical taking into consideration that the resisting side uses non-violence as a means of psychological and conscience-related manipulation, which contains a certain degree of violence in it, to overcome the oppression in question. The definitions of non-violence seem to be wrongfully restricted to the physical aspects of violence, overlooking other aspects of the term like psychological and emotional violence. Even though violence has been mostly associated with physical damage in human history, the changing definitions of the term today make it necessary to develop a new perspective and conceptual framework for violence-related terms. This essay will interpret the concept of ‘non-violent resistance’ as one such term and attempt to offer a new concept that will represent the psychological and ethical aspects of the practice more eloquently.

Indigenous Ecocentrism, Jungle Satyagraha and the “Judgment Imaginary”: Mahasweta Devi’s “Madhu: A Fairy Tale”

Mahasweta Devi’s short story “Madhu: A Fairy Tale” is an eco-dystopian narrative that tells the story of ecocidal violence and cultural crisis experienced by a forest-dwelling community owing to the clear-cutting of trees in an Adivasi-populated area in Maharashtra to facilitate the expansion of rail network by the British. The story recounts how the destruction of the local forest on which the Korju community depends for shelter, sustenance and survival, causes an existential crisis for them and how the ecology-economy disintegration leads these “ecosystem people” to start a “silent satyagraha,” a nonviolent resistance to interventionist politics and context-insensitive developmentalism, in the form of self-imposed starvation. This story representing indigenous plight and the crisis of traditional ecocentric culture takes an apocalyptic turn when Madhu, the titular character, was transformed into a gigantic figure swallowing almost the entire city of Mumbai after the experiment with his famished body in a scientific laboratory to decode the mystery of the death of the Korjus due to malnutrition. This paper reads Mahasweta Devi’s “Madhu: A Fairy Tale” to show how the reckless felling of trees in colonial India threatened the existence of certain forest resource-based indigenous communities with gradual extinction. It focuses on how the Korjus’ silent protest against the destruction of their immediate natural forest embodies the practice of jungle satyagraha which is an important component of the forest protection movement in both colonial and postcolonial India. It also looks into how the uncanny metamorphosis of Madhu into a monstrous figure is an ecohorror trope in suggesting the revenge of nature against its reckless appropriation and exploitation.

#EndSARS and Digital Persuasion: Moving People to Action through Visuals

Abstract This study examines visual narratives of police brutality in Nigeria, with a view to revealing their ideological potentials and strategic functions. Seven purposively selected cartoons drawn from the social media were investigated using critical multimodality with insights from the speech act theory. The descriptive analysis revealed that two broad ideological strategies – demonisation of SARS and intensification of victims’ innocence – were used to foreground SARS officers’ power abuse in order to instigate the #EndSARS protests. To legitimate the protests, the officers were denigrated through emphasis on their negative acts and generic depiction in connection with gaze and pose that suggested insincerity, fear and unprofessionalism. Also, victims’ innocence was accentuated through the foregrounding of their professions, metaphor, symbols, colour and gaze and pose that suggested sincerity and confidence. The texts realised directive speech acts. The study concludes that visuals are ideological constructs that can instigate resistance against social injustice and oppression. Keywords: multimodality, police brutality, nonviolent resistance, #EndSARS, Nigeria

The military before the march: Civil-military grand bargains and the emergence of nonviolent resistance in autocracies

This article contributes to growing efforts to explain when nonviolent resistance campaigns emerge in autocratic regimes. Building from a novel framework for distinguishing civil-military relations in autocracies, it contends that regimes in which military and political leaders engage in a ‘grand bargain’ generate opportunity structures that are especially amenable to nonviolent resistance. Militaries in these regimes exhibit distinctive characteristics – they are corporate, cohesive institutions as opposed to fragmented in structure and also wield political influence in regime institutions. Consequently, these militaries are especially inclined to care about their societal reputations and to retain their institutional independence from the regime’s political leaders. These factors together can lessen expectations among activists that the military will repress protests and increase the odds of elite splits in the face of mass movements. They also render the military more receptive to nonviolent protest tactics. We operationalize the concept of grand bargains with indicators from three datasets on civil-military relations and autocratic regimes. We then test the argument quantitatively using data on the onset of nonviolent resistance campaigns, as well as events-level data on nonviolent resistance campaigns. The findings support claims that civil-military grand bargains make nonviolent resistance in autocracies more likely, contributing to scholarship on this vital topic.

Gerakan Samin: Konflik Hutan, Ratu Adil dan Perlawanan Kultural Petani Blora

The Samin movement is a consequence of the accumulation of people's misery due to the oppressive policies of the Dutch colonial government and is motivated by the uniformity of the mindset of the masses regarding the belief in the emergence of the figure of Ratu Adil within Samin Suro(se)ntiko. The purpose of this writing is to find out, identify the journey and development of the Samin Movement in Blora and interpret the character of Samin Suro(se)ntiko and his teachings. The Samin movement was not only a rejection of the colonial government's policies, but also influenced the culture, way of life and spirituality of its followers. Spirituality in the understanding of the Samin lies in the teachings of the ‘Agama Adam’ which is not an abstract doctrine but a gaman (weapon/life guide) and not a special ritual to the ‘Pengeran’ (God) but the behavior of everyday life. ‘Agama Adam’is actually the life guide (ageman) of the Samin people which is reflected clearly and concretely in their own lives. ‘Agama Adam’ is the basis for swagraha or non-violent resistance from the Samins. Without this source, it will be difficult to understand how the Samin as innocent poor farmers (wong cilik) have great courage in positioning themselves to oppose state power and reject it.

Role of women in non-cooperation movement

The paper explores the integral role of women in India's Non-Cooperation Movement, a pivotal phase in the nation's fight for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi in the 1920s. Amid this nonviolent resistance against British rule, women assumed multifaceted roles that extended beyond societal boundaries. Engaging in protests, rallies, and boycotts, they vehemently rejected British-made products, institutions, and symbols, showcasing their resolute dedication to change. Despite societal constraints relegating women to domestic roles, they defied convention, organizing picketing and promoting indigenous khadi cloth as alternatives to British imports, fostering self-reliance. Their involvement not only disrupted British economic activities but also reshaped gender dynamics, endowing women with newfound agency and empowerment. This abstract emphasizes that women's contributions were not passive or peripheral; instead, they were driving forces in reshaping the movement's landscape. Their resilience and commitment left an enduring impact on India's struggle for independence, while simultaneously propelling a transformative shift in women's societal roles and aspirations, setting an enduring precedent for their sustained involvement in subsequent phases of the freedom movement and beyond.

Resisting Without Violence: KNPB and Transnational Advocacy Network Towards West Papua Referendum

After Indonesia’s authoritarianism collapsed in 1998, the fight for independence in West Papua became diversified, focused on physical resistance and strategic international diplomatic steps. The National Committee for West Papua (Komite Nasional Papua Barat or KNPB) is an organisation that tends to use a non-physical and non-violence approach. The approach garners support from the international community as they fight for the right of self-determination for the people of West Papua. KNPB’s international diplomacy has become a sort of strategic shift in the struggle of the West Papuan people, which initially tended to be instrumental, but eventually became wider by adopting a transnational advocacy network. This study uses the theoretical framework of non-violent resistance from Gene Sharp in explaining KNPB’s movement and the transnational advocacy network from Keck and Sikkink to explain KNPB’s international political relations. This research relies on documentation studies and interviews with key figures in the struggle for Referendum and Papuan independence. KNPB has consistently linked its local actions with independence movements and the global struggle for human rights. KNPB often frames its efforts as a part of their struggle to reject violence against the people of West Papua. The non-violent resistance movements and actions carried out by KNPB are indeed directed to gain public attention, especially from the international public. Their approach aims to show the Referendum’s importance and create an international agenda related to Indonesia’s actions in West Papua.

Research Note Civil Resistance in the Streetlight: Replicating and Assessing Evidence on Nonviolent Effectiveness

Does civil resistance work? Research emphasizes the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance over violent resistance in achieving campaign goals, with the seminal study Why Civil Resistance Works (WCRW) by Chenoweth and Stephan being the main point of reference to date. I revisit this pivotal finding in three steps. First, I reproduce WCRW's results on nonviolent effectiveness. Second, I discuss how cases may have been over-looked due to a streetlight effect. Third, I quantify the results' sensitivity using simulations. I find that WCRW's main findings on nonviolent effectiveness are highly sensitive to variable selection, under-coverage bias, bootstrapping, and omitted variable bias. As a routine reference in scholarship and the public discourse, assessing the robustness of WCRW's findings is relevant to practitioners and researchers

Between Religious Controversy and Commodification: A Study of Dauroh Poligami Indonesia

While polygamy is the consensus of ulama (Islamic clerics) and is allowed by marriage law 1974, polygamy is still a highly controversial religious-based practice that continuously triggered pros and cons in Indonesian society. Polygamy is considered a form of gender inequality and violence against women. Many movements aspire to eliminate all forms of gender inequality and violence against women, including the campaign of 16- Days Anti Violence against Women initiated by Komnas Perempuan and feminist collectives.However, during the campaign in 2017, a recent pro-polygamous organization named Dauroh Poligami Indonesia came to the public to promote polygamy seminars. The emergence of Dauroh Poligami Indonesiais much criticized on account of commercialization and gender violence. Against this backdrop, this article seeks to understand the emergence of pro-polygamy collectives like Dauroh Poligami Indonesia. To fill the gap in the discourse about polygamy, this article shall presentcredible voices of women's pro-polygamous marriage. Why are there women still supporting polygamy, despite concerns about sexual, psychic, and economic violence to women affected by polygamy. This qualitative study employed extensive observation of pro-polygamous movement’s narratives both on social media and private whatsapp group, interviews, and participative observation from late 2017 to July 2022. By drawing on the commodification and self-autonomy framework, this study finds that the emergence of Dauroh Poligami Indonesia is not solely to gain profit using religious-based practice but also to contest Islamic ideology among Islamic denominations and liberal women rights defenders in Indonesia.

The Role of Violence in Nonviolent Resistance

Over the past two decades, there has been growing scholarly interest in nonviolent resistance—a method of conflict in which unarmed people mobilize collective protests, strikes, and boycotts in a coordinated way. Mass movements that rely overwhelmingly on nonviolent resistance sometimes feature unarmed collective violence, fringe violence, or even organized armed action. What do we know about the effects of violent flanks on movement outcomes? This article reviews findings on the relationships between nonviolent and unarmed resistance, violence, and the outcomes of mass mobilization, as well as the directionality of these relationships. The balance of empirical evidence suggests that organized armed violence appears to reduce the chances for otherwise nonviolent movements to succeed, whereas unarmed collective violence has more ambiguous effects. The field will benefit from greater analytical precision in comparing the units of analysis, scope, intensity, and media framing of violent flank activity.

Tolstoy’s Philosophy of Non-Violence: A Discourse

The title of this paper is Tolstoy’s Philosophy of Non-violence: A Discourse and the major thesis projected in this research is the idea that the actualization of peace, as demonstrated in Tolstoy’s philosophy of non-violence, requires the adoption of a revolutionary approach which has the potential of terminating the vicious circle of violence. Conflict is evidently an inevitable social phenomenon. Consequently, every event of conflict avails us of an opportunity to convert a seemingly destructive occurrence into a constructive outcome. This constructive conversion of conflict is what Tolstoy sought to achieve. This approach to conflict does not only ensure the sustenance of peace but it promotes harmonious social coexistence and entrenches the culture of non-violence. The benefits of non-violence cannot however be overemphasized and every pragmatic method for achieving peace should be studied. This constitutes the rationale behind this paper’s investigation of Tolstoy’s methodology of non-violence. Though most pundits would be aversed to the Tolstoyian method as impracticable, but Tolstoy was inspired by the example of Christ in the Bible and he believed that a passionate commitment to the Biblical teachings of Christ requires that Christians must imitate the examples of Christ.
 The paper utilizes the method of analysis to expose the conflict resolution formula of non-resistance to evil which is the intellectual ferment from which Tolstoy draws inspiration for his philosophy of non-violence. The major problem of this work is to expose the conflict resolution method espoused by Tolsoy and the central objective of the paper is to showcase the method of active passivism; borne out of the law of love, as an instrument of conquering violence in contradistinction to fascism which is based on the law of force and can only generate an unending spiral of violence. Whereas Tolstoy’s approach is contradictory to fascism in the sense that it absolutely negates the use of coercion and oppression, his non-violent non-resistance to evil is however a contrary to the non-violent resistance principle adopted by most freedom fighters like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jnr. Tolstoy’s idea, critically assessed, may be appraised as containing the recipe for the multiplication of social evil; an outcome which Tolstoy vehemently aimed at averting and banishing through his modus operandi.

Repression and Dissent: How Tit-for-Tat Leads to Violent and Nonviolent Resistance

Much research examines the state-dissident nexus by large-n studies and rational choice theories. This article contributes an analysis of dissident reasoning through a computational evaluation of ethnographic interviews. The analysis shows that dissident decision-making is based on tit-for-tat deliberations: Dissidents choose violent means primarily in response to violent repression, and nonviolent means in response to nonviolent repression. Ordinary citizens not participating in dissent consider positive state behavior or safety concerns instead. Consistent with arguments that state-dissident interactions are reciprocal, these findings reveal unexpected cognitive similarities between political dissent and cooperation, which is often associated with tit-for-tat deliberations. They also show the importance of state repression compared with other motivators of dissent, including perceived relative deprivation and social contagion. The findings identify heuristic patterns of reasoning which suggest that dissidents may be more open to change and, ultimately, cooperation with state authorities than what is argued by repressive states.