Non-verbal Clauses Research Articles

Kategori dan Peran Tematis Argumen Klausa Verbal pada Bahasa Batak Toba

This paper describes the types of thematic role categories of verbal clause arguments in the Toba Batak language (BBT). This syntactic study is conducted through a qualitative approach with a listening technique in collecting oral and written data. Then the data is processed through commensurate and 'agih' methods, which are described through distributional and informal methods. The results show that the category of verbal clauses in BBT is divided into two parts: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal clauses consist of (1) transitive clauses, which are divided into medial active clauses, passive clauses, and reciprocal clauses; (2) intransitive clauses; and (3) semi-transitive clauses. Transitive clauses have the structure of P+O+S and S+P+O. Intransitive clauses are structured P+S and P+S+Ket. Furthermore, semi transitive clauses have S+P and S+P+Ket as their structures. The category of non-verbal clauses in BBT, namely clauses with non-verbal predicates, have nominal, numeral, adjectival, and adverbial (prepositional phrases) as categories in their predicates. The thematic role of BBT verbal clause arguments consists of two macro roles as actor and undergoer, while the special thematic role consists of agent, stimulus, experiencer, theme, locative and patient. This research is further expected to positively impact the development of BBT.

Variation in Negation in the Jordanian Arabic Dialect of Ma’an

The study investigates variation in negation in the Jordanian Arabic dialect spoken in Ma’an (Ma’an Jordanian Arabic, MJA hereafter). Both verbal and non-verbal clauses in MJA use different negative variants. The study shows that negation of verbal clauses in MJA is categorical with a strong preference for the old preverbal negative proclitic maa- over the new negative markers that include the discontinuous negative variant maa … ʃ and the enclitic -ʃ. Negation of non-verbal clauses, on the other hand, manifests significant variation with an indication of a change in progress toward more use of the new non-verbal negative variant muʃ at the expense of the remaining two old variants muu and the negative pronouns. The study reveals that variation in the negation system of non-verbal clauses in MJA is constrained by some social factors such as age, sex, level of education, and place of origin. In particular, the study shows that young, female, educated, rural speakers of MJA are leading the change toward the new non-verbal negative variant muʃ. The observations that are based on the distributional and statistical analyses of the study indicate that level of education and place of origin show the highest statistical significance followed by age and sex factors. Finally, we claim that the new non-verbal negative variant muʃ in MJA has not resulted from the Jespersen’s Cycle; rather, it has been borrowed into MJA from other local Jordanian Arabic vernaculars that have already undergone the Cycle. Keywords: Variationist Sociolinguistics, Negation, Language Change, Language Contact, Ma’an Jordanian Arabic.

Penerjemahan Klausa Transitif Dari Bahasa Arab ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia

The objective of this research was to obtain an overall view of translation of transitive clause from Arabic to Indonesian. This study used a qualitative approaching using a content analysis methode. The data used in this study is Arabic transitive clause including its translation procedures and its translation accuracy into Indonesian. The data source in this study is Himar Al-Hakim novel by Taufik Al-Hakim chapter 1-3 and its translation on Indonesia ‘Keledai yang Bijak’ translated by Harits Fadly.The results of this study indicate that the transitive clause of Arabic uses a standard clause 1 pattern (Verb[S] - Object) which is 79%. When viewed from the grammatical structure, the translation of the transitive clauses of Arabic in Indonesian is not always a transitive clause. In certain cases, transitive clauses can be translated into intransitive clauses, passive clauses, non-verbal clauses and even translated into phrases.There are nine procedures used by translators: literal procedures, modulation, transposition, cultural equivalence, functional equivalence, naturalization, recognized-translation, transference and deletion. In general, it can be said that most of the translations are accurate translations, although there are also eight inaccurate translations because there is a deviation of the meaning and omission of the meaning caused by the author's mistake in choosing the equivalent word and the failure of the author in understanding the source text.

CEBUANO-BISAYA UTTERANCES OF GRADE 2 PUPILS

This paper aimed at clarifying and further establishing the Cebuano – Bisaya language through a descriptive analysis of the Cebuano-Bisaya utterances of Grade Two pupils from Don Bosco Technology Center during their Mother Tongue class. Moreover, the study determined the Typological Linguistic Universals by Greenberg (1963) applicable to Cebuano, Tanangkingsing’s (2009) Nonverbal clauses, and Pesirla’s (2010) Verb Predicate forms and Content Words existent in the utterances. The study was a descriptive analysis of two regular classroom sessions or two 40-45 minute class between the Mother Tongue teacher and 45 pupils who were all boys. Interesting results were found such as the use of only three kinds of nonverbal clause, the dominance of nouns in their utterances, the existence of all kinds of verb predicates, and the application of 3 out of 6 typological linguistic universals. The results were taken from a teacher – pupils discourse under the supervision of the said academe. Keywords: Cebuano, clauses, linguistic universals, typology, utterances

The Arabic Negative Cycle: An Example of Historical Changes in the Arabic Language

This study considers negation in 47 modern Arabic varieties. The types of negation investigated are standard negation and non-verbal negation. The study reveals that negation in Arabic is undergoing a cycle in addition to the Jespersen’s Cycle, which has already been identified by several studies. In the first stage of this additional cycle, a single negator is used to negate both verbal and non-verbal clauses. In the second stage, this negator is attached to a personal pronoun to negate non-verbal clauses only. In the third stage, a new single morpheme is coined and generalised to negate any non-verbal clause. In the fourth stage, this new morpheme is used to negate certain types of verbal clauses. In the last stage, verbal and non-verbal clauses return to be negated similarly, and this newly coined morpheme can negate both of them. In the study, this cycle is referred to as the Arabic negative cycle.

Subject licensing in non-verbal clauses in Arabic

Abstract This paper investigates the licensing of subjects in Standard Arabic participial clauses. Unlike verbal clauses, whose subject may appear post-verbally, the subject of participial clauses must precede the participle, having properties of topics of verbal clauses. I claim that this is because the canonical subject position, [Spec, vP], is not available for subjects of participles, due to lack of Nom Case. It is shown that neither tense nor a copula is sufficient to license structural Nom Case on a subject in [Spec, vP]. I conclude that the licensing of Nom Case on post-verbal subjects is dependent on V-to-T raising; that is, Nom Case is licensed by the T-V complex. The present account has implications for the nature of pre-verbal subjects in Arabic as well as for the categorial status of copular elements like kāna.

Language Variations In Madurese across Regions and Age Groups: Looking at Syntactic and Lexical Variations among Regions and Age Groups:

This research is aimed to describe the syntactic and lexical variations of Madurese language based on different ages and regions in Madura. This is due to the changing phenomena of language especially Madurese due to socioeconomic and technological development. Participants of this study were youths and old groups from different regions. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in accordance to the research problems. It was found out that syntactically, Madurese language has similar basic word order structure as Indonesian language. The possessive structure is determined by the last sound of the word, either vocal or consonant. Other structures, noun phrase, prepositions, adjective clause, nonverbal clause, and existential clause are much similar to that of Indonesian language. No differences were found in terms of syntactic variations among different ages and regions in Madura. In terms of lexical, some variations do occur as attributed to the socio-cultural background of each speaker. The level of politeness indicates that social level influences the choice of lexical terms used by speakers based on different ages and regions in Madura.

FUNGSI SINTAKTIS DAN PERAN SEMANTIS ARGUMEN INTI BAHASA MANGGARAI DIALEK MANGGARAI TENGAH

This study examines the syntactic functions and the semantic roles of core arguments in Central Manggarai Dialect of Manggarai Language (CMDML). There are two theories applied in this study, i.e., Lexical- Functional Grammar and Macro Roles. This research uses qualitative method. The source of data is Manggarai language texts in oral and written forms. The results show that the basic structure of verbal clauses in CMDML are S+P+O, P+O+S, S+P+O+Oθ, S+P+COMP, P+COMP+S,P+S+COMP and non-verbal clauses are S+P, P+S. The syntactic functions of core arguments in CMDML are Subject (SUBJ), Object (OBJ) and Object Teta (OBJθ). The semantic roles of core argument in CMDML are devided into two, macroroles and thematic roles. Macroroles consist of Actor and Undergoer, while thematic roles consist of Agent, Experiencer, Effector, Recipient, Theme, Source dan Patient.

Non-Verbal Clauses with Demonstrative Identifiers in the History of Croatian

The paper presents a corpus-based typological and diachronic study of nonverbal clauses with demonstrative identifiers in Croatian. As one of the four types of demonstratives proposed by H. Diessel, demonstrative identifiers occur in copular and non-verbal clauses. They are used to focus the hearer’s attention on entities in the surrounding situation or in the universe of discourse. The paper reviews the typologies of demonstratives discussed in recent literature with respect to the status of demonstrative identifiers. Furthermore, it investigates the history of non-verbal clauses with demonstrative identifiers in Croatian: 1. se človêkь 2. evo čovjeka DEM man-NOM.SG DEM man-GEN.SG ‘Here is the man!’ ‘Here is the man!’ The main change occurred in the case marking on the argument. In the first Croatian literary language, Croatian Church Slavonic (1), the argument appears in the nominative case. In contemporary Croatian (2), the demonstrative identifier is predominantly followed by a genitive argument. Apart from shedding some light on the diachronic development of non-verbal clauses with demonstrative identifiers and their constituents in Croatian, the paper shows how they differ from similar constructions in other Slavic languages, as well as in some major European languages. In addition, they are compared to other non-verbal constructions with genitive and nominative arguments in Croatian.

Negation in Hamar

This study deals with the negation of declarative and interrogative main clauses, imperatives, and non-verbal and existential sentences in Hamar, an Aroid language of the Omotic language family. It describes the ways in which negation is expressed in the language, and positions the discussion in light of cross-linguistic observations made by Dahl (1979, 2010), Payne (1985), Miestamo (2005, 2007), Eriksen (2011) and others. The morpheme -t- is used in Hamar to mark negation in both verbal and non-verbal clauses. This means that Hamar has a morphological or affixal negation (Dahl 2010). The language uses two different sets of subject agreement affixes for the affirmative and negative counterparts. While affirmative sentences employ a shortened pronoun, a set of agreement suffixes is used in the negative. In this study, it is suggested that the negative verbs may have preserved older subject agreement morphemes which are now lost in the affirmative, as negatives are less affected by innovation, cf. Zargulla in Azeb 2009 and Canadian French in Poplack 2001. Moreover, close interaction is reported between negation and TAM (Tense, Aspect and Mood) categories. For example, some of the aspect/tense categories that occur in the affirmative are neutralised in the negative. Negative constructions in Hamar are not only different from their affirmative counterparts due to the presence of the negation morpheme –t-, but also in terms of subject agreement marking and tense/aspect categories. As a result, it is argued that Hamar has an asymmetric negation system, cf. Miestamo 2005.

Processes in Bahasa Indonesia Tourism Promotion Texts and Its Equivalence in English: A Systemic Functional Linguistic Study

Many researchers do research on processes in English but it is still limited research on Bahasa Indonesia and its equivalence in English. It is necessary to do research processes in Bahasa Indonesia since it has two different types of clauses: verbal clauses and nonverbal clauses. This paper tries to figure out the processes on Bahasa Indonesia, especially on Bahasa Indonesia tourism promotion texts and its equivalence in English. The aims of the research are to describe the dominant of the processes found in the Bahasa Indonesia tourism promotion texts and to describe the verb used in each type of the processes and its equivalence in English. The research method employed in the research is descriptive method. The data collected are divided into major types of clauses: verbal clauses and nonverbal clauses. The data analyzed are the verbal clauses in Bahasa Indonesia since the verb as the main part of process then compared to its equivalence in English. The result of the research shows there are four types of processes found in both Bahasa Indonesia tourism promotion texts and its equivalence: material, relational, mental, and existential processes. The dominant process found is material processes 51.7%, followed by relational processes 21.9%, mental process 18.5%, and existential process7.9%. The participants involved are: agent and goal (material process), carrier and attribute (relational process), experiencer and phenomenon (mental process), and existent (existential process). The verbs used in material process in Bahasa Indonesia are tenggelam, berkunjung mencari, dipadu, akan menemani, menyajikan, menjanjikan memberikan, menyimpan, menyuguhkan, memanjakan, berlabuh, menutup, melancong, membentuk, memberi, dapat membeli, memecah, dapat memesan, menyediakan, terabaikan, dapat ditempuh, dikirimkan, dilakukan, digunakan while its equivalence in English are set, visit to look for, were combined, will accompany, serve, promise to give, put, serve, spoil, anchor, can close, visit, shape, give, can buy, break, can order, serve, was ignored, can be through, were sent, can be done, is used. The relational process in Bahasa Indonesia are adalah, berasal dari, memiliki, mempunyai, mengandung, bisa menjadi, tampak, menyerupai, merupakan, berada, terletak, berlokasi and its equivalence in English are is, comes from, have, contain, can become, seem, like, become, is, is located. The mental process in Bahasa Indonesia are dapat menikmati, terpukau, melihat, terdengar and its equivalence in English are can enjoy, will be mesmerized, can see, heard. The existential processes in Bahasa Indonesia are ada, terdapat, tersedia, and its equivalence in English is be.

A grammar of Papuan Malay

This book presents an in-depth linguistic description of one Papuan Malay variety, based on fifteen hours of recordings of spontaneous narratives and conversations between Papuan Malay speakers. ‘Papuan Malay’ refers to the easternmost varieties of Malay (Austronesian). They are spoken in the coastal areas of West Papua, the western part of the island of New Guinea. The variety described here is spoken along West Papua’s northeast coast. After a general introduction to the language, its setting and its history, this grammar discusses the following topics, building up from smaller grammatical constituents to larger ones: phonology, word formation, noun and prepositional phrases, verbal and nonverbal clauses, non-declarative clauses, and conjunctions and constituent combining. Of special interest to linguists, typologists and Malay specialists are the following in-depth analyses and descriptions: affixation and its productivity across domains of language choice, reduplication and its gesamtbedeutung, personal pronouns and their adnominal uses, demonstratives and locatives and their extended uses, and adnominal possessive relations and their non-canonical uses. This study provides a point of comparison for further studies in other (Papuan) Malay varieties and a starting point for Papuan Malay language development efforts.

Subject marking, object-verb order and focus in Mbuun (Bantu, B87)

In this paper it is demonstrated that the marking of argument focus in Mbuun (B87), a western Bantu language from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), relies on syntactic and morphological devices that deviate from common tendencies reported in eastern and southern Bantu languages. Focalising a non-verbal constituent in Mbuun obligatorily involves deviations from the canonical SVO order. A focused object is fronted immediately before the verb in Mbuun, resulting in a SOV word order, which runs counter to the narrow focus site immediately after the verb in many other Bantu languages. The object also moves in Mbuun when other non-verbal clause constituents are focused. Both subjects and oblique arguments are focused in situ but their focalisation triggers a movement of the object to clause-initial position resulting in OSV. Morphologically speaking, Mbuun argument focus is peculiar, because it involves a Class 1 á- versus ká- allomorphy in the verbal subject-concord slot, which co-varies not only with focus, but also with tense/aspect. This morphological focus device has not been reported in eastern and southern Bantu, where the so-called ‘conjoint/disjoint’ distinction in the Tense-Aspect-Mood (TAM) slot is more common. It is, however, a wider western Bantu feature, which may have its origin in an identification copula.

David's I-Thou Discourse: Verbal Chiastic Patterns in Psalm 23

ABSTRACT Based on verbal patterns related to stems and non-verbal clauses, in addition to direct and indirect references to the Divine Name and other parallel thematic elements, Psalm 23 falls into two major chiastic strophes (1b-4a and 4b-6). The usual division of the psalm at the end of v. 4 is changed to the middle of that verse. The first section is present tense and focused on He and me while the second is future and revolves around a I and You relationship. Additionally the entire psalm from vv. 1b-6 (1a being the superscription) is a chiasm as well.

Negation – An Overview of Typological Research

AbstractThis article is an overview of the current state of typological research on negation. Structures expressing standard negation – the negation of declarative verbal main clauses – can be classified on the basis of the status of the negative marker, or on the basis of the structure of the negative clause as a whole. Structural similarities and differences (symmetry and asymmetry) between negatives and affirmatives can be observed and classified into different types which can then be offered functional explanations. Negative strategies used in imperatives, existentials and nonverbal clauses often differ from standard negation; these differences are exemplified and discussed. The interaction between negative indefinite pronouns and standard negation shows interesting cross‐linguistic variation in terms of whether the latter co‐occurs with the indefinite and whether the indefinite is inherently negative. Some cross‐linguistic observations on diachronic developments and on the interaction between negation and modality and negation and focus are also briefly discussed.

Addenda to Non-Verbal Clauses in Old Babylonian

This paper re-examines some issues related to non-verbal clauses in the letter corpus of Mesopotamian Old Babylonian. The various types of non-verbal clauses are classified as follows: 1. unipartite non-verbal clauses: the various sub-types (i.e. natural phenomena, existential and [non]referential) and the special environments and exponents typical of each sub-type are discussed; 2. bipartite non-verbal clauses: bipartites with a personal pronoun are formally distinguished from appositive syntagms of seemingly the same structure, the particle -ma is shown to signal contrastive focus in non-verbal clauses (as in verbal clauses), a few exponents are analysed as rheme markers (e.g. lū, the negative particle and, occasionally, -ma) and the order of elements in a non-verbal clause with an adverbial rheme is shown to be pertinent; 3. locative existentials are sharply distinguished from non-verbal clauses with an adverbial rheme and their special nature is discussed.

The Negation of the Non-Verbal Clause in Early Syriac

In early Syriac texts, the syntax of the negated non-verbal clause mirrors that of the positive non-verbal clause. Clauses that, in their positive form, are constructed with an enclitic personal pronoun, are negated by the composite particle la hwa, declined in accordance with the subject. On the other hand, clauses that do not employ an enclitic personal pronoun in their positive form are negated by the simple particle la. Later Syriac texts show a different syntax for clauses employing the composite la hwd. Therefore the syntax of the negated non-verbal clause may be used as a criterion for dating undated Syriac texts.