Non-specific Adaptive Reactions Research Articles

Assessment of formed elements, vitamins B12, folic acid and iron in the blood of men with mental work

Changes in the components of the hemogram respond to the influence of living and working conditions. The goal is to assess blood parameters, vitamins B12 and B9 in men of mental work. A random sample of blood was collected from men permanently residing in Krasnoyarsk (n = 58). We assessed the degree of anthropogenic load and working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger. A clinical blood test was performed, and the state of the body’s nonspecific adaptive reactions was assessed using lymphocytes. Vitamins B12, B9, and iron were determined. In terms of intellectual, emotional stress and work schedule, the work is harmful (3.3). Signs of anemia were revealed (decrease in erythrocytes in 12.1 %, hemoglobin in 10.3 %, hematocrit in 10.3 %), macrocytic (average erythrocyte volume increased in 10.3 %), hypochromic (reduced average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocyte in 22.3 %), developing due to deficiency of vitamin B12 (in 67.2 %) and B9 (in 32.8 %), iron (below the median in 51.7 %). The proportion of rod-nuclear neutrophils was reduced, the proportion of eosinophils (in 13.8 %) and monocytes (in 25.6 %) was increased, indicating sensitization, allergization, a decrease in nonspecific defense mechanisms and the presence of an inflammatory reaction in the body. The presence of stress in the body was evidenced by indicators of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body (reactivation in 27.6 %), an increase in the proportion of monocytes in 25.6 % of those examined. It can be assumed that an environmentally unfavorable living environment and hard work in conditions of inadequate provision of the body with cyanocobalamin, folic acid and iron negatively affect the composition of the blood, which, in turn, can affect health.

Clinical and psychological characteristics of alcohol-dependent patients in the formation of high quality therapeutic remission

Objective. To identify clinical and psychological features that contribute to the formation of therapeutic remission in patients with alcohol dependence (PAD).Materials and methods. A comprehensive (clinical, experimental, psychological, statistical) comparative study was conducted of 79 PAD at the stage of therapeutic remission (icnluding 39 people in high-quality remission and 40 in low-quality remission) and 42 practically healthy individuals aged 27 to 55 (40.18 ± 10.2) years.Results. It was found that the condition of patients with high-quality PAD in remission differed from the condition of patients with the threat of relapse and healthy individuals with significantly fewer health complaints (p < 0.05), higher indicators of psychological functioning (p < 0.01) and a high level of activation of the nonspecific adaptive reaction of the body (NARB) (p < 0.001).It was found that the state of PAD in high remission differed from that of patients at risk of relapse and healthy individuals by a significantly lower number of health complaints (p < 0.05), higher indicators of psychological functioning (p < 0.01) and a high level of activation of nonspecific adaptive response of the body (NARB) (p < 0.001).Conclusion. The formation of qualitative and long-term therapeutic remission in PAD requires not only specific changes with a weakening of the manifestations of the disease, but also a high level of NARB, which provides energy support for the process of recovery with integration into a healthy society.

Dynamic Changes in the Immune Status and Biochemical Markers of the Blood in Patients after Cardiac Surgery in Conditions of Artificial Circulation

On a limited contingent of patients who died and survived after cardiac surgery under conditions of artificial circulation, a general nonspecific adaptive reaction is considered – stress, which develops during the sequential implementation of the “anxiety stage”, “resistance” and “resolution”. The immune markers of the stress response, its ambiguous changes in deceased patients and those discharged from the clinic with improved health are considered. Interesting innovations in changes in patients have been discovered that can be used in assessing the condition of patients, predicting the outcome of cardiac surgery, and even substantiating the use of immunomodulatory therapy in alternative clinical and immunological changes in the state of health in patients.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ГИПЕРБАРИЧЕСКОЙ ОКСИГЕНОТЕРАПИИ В КОМПЛЕКСНОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ЖЕЛЕЗОДЕФИЦИТНОЙ ПОСЛЕРОДОВОЙ АНЕМИИ

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of postpartum anemia due to food habits, insufficient maternal iron reserves at the beginning of pregnancy, in-creased iron requirements associated with pregnancy, and blood loss during childbirth. As a non-drug treatment the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is proposed. The main essence of the action of HBO is reduced to a rapid in-crease in oxygen tension in tissues due to an increase in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the blood, an increase in its diffusion rate between the blood and the hypoxic tissue site. Non-specific adaptive reactions developing during the use of HBO provide a wide range of therapeutic effects. At the same time, along with the beneficial effect, hyperoxia can also have a toxic effect, the clinic of which de-pends on the duration of exposure, individual sensitivity to oxygen, on the influ-ence of concomitant factors: temperature environment, physical activity, density of the gas mixture. The implementation of the compensatory capabilities of HBO is promising only with timely optimal use of the method.

Health Assessment in Adolescents Transitioning from High School to University Based on Their Hematological Parameters

Background: The transition from high school to university can impair the adaptive potential of adolescents. Objective: To assess the level of adaptation of freshmen to higher education environment based on their blood parameters. Materials and methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy 17-year-old adolescents (n = 50) on the first week at university and then two and six weeks after. The general blood test was accompanied by measurements of protein and protein fractions, immunoglobulins A, M and G, cortisol and testosterone levels. Nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body were assessed by the lymphocyte count. Results: The level of cortisol in the blood was higher or equal to the upper limit of the normal range in 50.0 to 70.0 % of the adolescents at different stages of observation. At the beginning of the study, the lymphocyte count indicated stress in 10.0 % of the students, and 1.5 months after, it demonstrated overactivation of the immune response already in 35.0 % of the freshmen. The levels of albumins and α1-globulins increased while α2 -, β-, and γ-globulins decreased; serum immunoglobulins M increased and immunoglobulins A were below the normal range, indicating impairment of humoral immunity. The compensatory response was manifested by an increased mean corpuscular volume, a decreased amount of hemoglobin in erythrocyte, a low hemoglobin concentration in the cell volume, and a decreased mean platelet volume. High albumin levels in conjunction with changes in red blood demonstrated an electrolyte imbalance, while decreased testosterone levels against the increased cortisol ones showed the prevalence of catabolic processes in the body. Conclusion: Hematological parameters provide objective information about the health status of first-year university students. They are related to previous competitive selection that included evaluation of medical contraindications and physical fitness, examination stress, and adaptation to novel learning conditions, and require timely correction.

Nonspecific adaptive reactions in outpatients of dermatovenereological profile

BACKGROUND: Changes in the morphological composition of the blood are among the most important criteria for diagnosing and predicting the course of diseases, allowing to assess the physiological state of the body. Calculated indices that can catch minimal changes in the indicators of the leukocyte blood formula in the early stages of the development of the pathological process make it possible to judge complex changes, sometimes imperceptible during the clinical examination of the patient. A well-known method characterizing the state of homeostasis is a method for assessing the state of homeostasis by adaptation reactions, which has been successfully used in patients with various pathologies.
 AIMS: Study of the state of homeostasis of outpatients of the dermatovenereological profile to assess the severity of the disease and determine the tactics of their management and further treatment.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood of 58 patients of dermatovenereological profile was examined. As a control ― peripheral blood of 24 practically healthy individuals. A complete blood test was performed on the device ABX Micros ES 60 (France) with kits of the same company. The state of homeostasis was assessed according to adaptation reactions determined on the basis of the leukocyte blood formula by the method of L.H. Harkavy and E.B. Kvakina (1998). To increase the diagnostic value of the method, calculated integral hematological indicators were simultaneously used, characterizing the severity of the inflammatory process, intoxication, allergic reactions, and the state of the immune system.
 RESULTS: In most outpatients of the dermatovenereological profile, physiological adaptation reactions prevail (90%, Z58;0.05=6), represented mainly by reactions of high levels of adaptation ― reactions of increased and calm activation (77%, Z40;0.05=12), which indicates a high functional activity of protective and adaptive mechanisms and the preservation of the constancy of homeostasis. In patients who made an outpatient appointment for problems from the urogenital tract, physiological adaptation reactions were observed more often (95%). At the same time, the physiological adaptation reactions in the majority (57%) of patients showed signs of tension, which indicates a violation of the harmony and functioning of the bodys subsystems and a decrease in the level of reactivity that require attention from the attending physician when prescribing treatment, choosing the appropriate drug and individually selecting doses. Signs of tension were more common (67%) observed in patients with a dermatological profile. Pathological reactions were observed in 6 (10%) patients and were represented by reactions of reactivation (4 patients), as well as reactions of acute (1 patient) and chronic (1 patient) stress. Among patients with pathological adaptation reactions, persons with skin diseases prevailed.
 CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive assessment of the state of homeostasis by adaptation reactions and calculated leukocyte indices significantly expands the diagnostic capabilities of a clinical blood test and allows assessing the course, severity of the inflammatory process and endogenous intoxication, the level of immunoreactivity of the body in outpatients of a dermatovenereological profile.

Nonspecific adaptive reactions of hen’s body under the influence of light wavelength

The sources of artificial light of the latest generation in poultry farming are LED lamps, which are able to give monochrome light. It is known that the wavelength of light affects the behavior, well-being and productivity of birds, but the effect of changing the wavelength of light under monochrome light has not yet been studied. Nonspecific adaptive reactions of hens under the influence of light wavelength of monochrome light have been studied. For this purpose, in the conditions of a modern complex for food eggs production, 4 groups of hens of industrial herd «Hy-Line W-36» were formed, each of which was kept in a separate poultry house-analogue in terms of area and cage equipment. Hens of the 1st group were kept using LED lamps with a peak light wavelength of 460 nm, the 2nd group — 600 nm, the 3rd group — 630 nm and the 4th group — 650 nm. To assess the adaptive and overall reactive immunological potential of hens, integrated immunohematological indices of intoxication, inflammatory activity and nonspecific reactivity were determined on the ba­sis of an extended general blood test. It was found that a decrease in the wavelength of light increases the indices of leukocyte shift, the heterophiles to leukocytes ratio, immunoreactivity, the heterophiles to monocytes ratio, the lymphocytes to monocytes ratio and the lymphocytes to eosinophils ratio. This indicates a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left, the predominance of nonspecific protective cells due to a functional increase in bone marrow proliferative activity and is expressed in increased heterophiles, increased activity in the microphage-macrophage immune response system and indicates the presence of high levels in the body and impaired immunological reactivity, and can inform about the autoimmune nature of the pathological process. It is shown that at the same time there is a decrease in lymphocytegranulocyte index, leukocyte-ESR ratio, total and lymphocyte indices, which confirms the shift of the leukocyte formula to the left and indicates a predominance of activation of the cellular link due to intoxication. Simultaneous increase in the leukocyte shift index and decrease in the lymphocyte-granulocyte index indicates the development of endogenous intoxication in hens and impaired immunological reactivity due to autointoxication of the body during the destruction of its own cells.

Modifying the effect of stressed spring wheat seeds on intact ones

Spring wheat seeds react to the effect of stress factors of various natures with a nonspecific adaptive reaction, accompanied by intense emission of stress ethylene in trace amounts during the entire time, while. On the one hand, they remain viable, and on the other hand, have mechanical, radiation-chemical and temperature damage. Damaged air-dry seeds are not able to regenerate damaged organs and tissues and, being in a state of chronic stress, permanently induce ethylene biosynthesis. The effect of stressed seeds on intact ones is achieved remotely when they are stored together in the air environment and are blocked by active aeration, air-insulating materials and a decrease in temperature. The stronger the damaging effect on seeds is caused by the stress factor, the more intense is the accumulation of stress ethylene. An increase in the duration of exposure of intact by stressed seeds is accompanied by a more pronounced physiological modifications in seedlings of intact seeds with a sequential change in time in their stimulation of the initial growth processes and a sharp deterioration in sowing qualities.

ИММУНОПРОФИЛАКТИКА ОРГАНИЗМА СТЕЛЬНЫХ И НОВОТЕЛЬНЫХ КОРОВ

The research was performed to identify the most effective bio immunostimulant. We used PS-2 and Prevention-N-E biologicals developed on the basis of the Chuvash State Agrarian University, as well as widely used in veterinary practice - PDE and E-selenium. Injection of PS-2 and Prevention-NE preparations to dry cows at a dose of 10.0 ml three times 45-40, 25-20 and 15-10 days before calving, as well as PDE and E-selenium at a dose of 20.0 and 10.0 ml 20 days before calving, respectively, prevents postpartum diseases. The mechanism of action of the PS-2 and Prevention-N-E drugs developed and tested by us is manifested, first of all, due to the consecutive processes of macrophage activation, as a result of the action of polysaccharide corpuscles and drug components on macrophage receptors. Secondly, information from the receptors of macrophages and chemoreceptors is transmitted along the afferent pathway to the cerebral cortex, then the signals go to the hypothalamus, which leads to liberin secretion by the nuclei of the ashen tuber of the hypothalamus. Liberins, in turn, increase the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland - the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary gland releases tropic hormones: somatotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, etc. These hormones are involved in metabolic processes in the body. Under the influence of preparations, in cows the time of membranes sweep was reduced, the risk of uterus subinvolution and endometritis decreased. In cows, the timing of the onset of estrus, the insemination rate, and the service period were shortened, and the conception rate increased in one estrus. In such a way, against the background of the use of biologicals with the help of nonspecific adaptive reactions, the body retains the relative constancy of the internal environment necessary for life - homeostasis, and it actively resists the adverse effects of the external environment, increasing its phylactic power. Consequently, new opportunities are opening up for the implementation of the reproductive and productive qualities of cattle due to the body immunoprophylaxis with complex biological products of a new generation.

Some Molecular and Cellular Stress Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegenerative Diseases and Atherosclerosis.

Chronic stress is a combination of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body to the influence of various adverse stress factors which disrupt its homeostasis, and it is also a corresponding state of the organism’s nervous system (or the body in general). We hypothesized that chronic stress may be one of the causes occurence of several molecular and cellular types of stress. We analyzed literary sources and considered most of these types of stress in our review article. We examined genes and mutations of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and also molecular variants which lead to various types of stress. The end result of chronic stress can be metabolic disturbance in humans and animals, leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, energy deficiency in cells (due to a decrease in ATP synthesis) and mitochondrial dysfunction. These changes can last for the lifetime and lead to severe pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. The analysis of literature allowed us to conclude that under the influence of chronic stress, metabolism in the human body can be disrupted, mutations of the mitochondrial and nuclear genome and dysfunction of cells and their compartments can occur. As a result of these processes, oxidative, genotoxic, and cellular stress can occur. Therefore, chronic stress can be one of the causes forthe occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. In particular, chronic stress can play a large role in the occurrence and development of oxidative, genotoxic, and cellular types of stress.

Features of the adaptation of the indigenous people of the Arctic

To determine age-specific differences in adaptation of indigenous residents, nonspecific adaptive body reactions (NARs) have been studied among the Evenki men aged 13 to 86, permanently living in the Arctic. The results indicated the presence of age-specific differences in NARs. The decline of nonspecific body resistance in every fourth teenager is correlated with adaptive reactions developing in parallel with underlying low-level body reactivity. Adaptive reactions in men aged 75-90 were characterized by a medium to a high reactivity level, which enabled preservation of body reserves even under extreme climate conditions. Two age groups (22-35 and 61-74) included the highest percentages of people with adverse NARs. Therefore, men in these age groups should be considered as a major risk group for developing both psychosomatic and somatic diseases.

The solution on enigmas in COVID-19: the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis

Infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are representative, of which etiology is known in all human diseases. However, many enigmas persist in relation to COVID-19, including different clinical phenotypes and incubation periods across individuals, species-specificity, appearance of cytokine storm and lymphopenia, and the mechanism of damage to organ cells. Current immunological concepts have limitations to explain these unsolved issues. Meanwhile, results of clinical, pathological, and animal studies have suggested that the virus itself is not a direct cause of acute injury to the lung or other organ cells. For better understanding of COVID-19, a presumed immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 is presented under the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis; every disease, including COVID-19, has associated etiological substances, and the host immune system controls these diverse substances according to the size and biochemical property. These etiological substances, inducing inflammation and subsequent tissue injury, are smaller substances derived from virus-infected cells. Initially acting nonspecific adaptive immune reaction with cytokine imbalance may be responsible for target cell injury. Furthermore, substances from initial target cell injury and secondary bacterial invasion can induce further inflammation if released from local or systemic circulation. COVID-19 patients with pneumonia show hypercytokinemia with lymphocytopenia corresponding to the severity of pneumonia at early stages. Thus, early immune-modulator treatment, including corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, has an immunological rationale. It could help reduce the morbidity and possibly mortality of older patients with underlying conditions.

Evaluation of the cytokines response in the organism of cursors of the higher education institution at adaptation to the conditions of education

Introduction. Changes in a number of cytokines are shown not only during inflammation: during physical exertion or stress; moderate hypoxia Material and methods. We evaluated the rates of interleukins 6 and 8 and white blood among cadets of a military educational institution during adaptation, dividing into 2 stages: initial, 2 and 3 months of observation, as well as the pre-seasonal - rise-decrease in the incidence of respiratory diseases (4-6 months). By the response of white blood, the state of non-specific adaptive reactions of the body was assessed. Results. When IL-6 level was within normal limits, it increased 1.5 times after 2 months (not significantly), which was probably due to a stress response. During this period, adequate adaptive processes proceeded, confirmed by indices of the absolute content and percentage of lymphocytes characterizing non-specific adaptive responses of the body. The average IL-8 was within normal limits. However, in 9.1% of individuals, it initially exceeded or was at the level of the upper limit of normal; in the pre-season period it increased by 29.1% ((p = 0.042): an increase of 63.6%, of which 42.5% - to the level of the upper limit of the norm or above it. In 30.0%, the leukocytes were above the norm, which proved the infection of the team members. At the peak and with a decrease in the incidence of interleukin, IL-6 increased within normal limits, IL-8 decreased. IL-8 exceeded the norm in patients and individuals after clinical recovery. A group of persons was determined in whom it spent 4-6 months of observation within the upper limit of the norm or exceeded it. Among them were people who did not apply for illness. The second group of individuals with no signs of disease, but with high IL-8 values, was isolated in the pre-season period. Conclusion. An increase within the normal range of IL-6 is not enough to cause acute systemic inflammatory effects. Determination of individual indices of IL-8 allows using as a prognostic criterion for exacerbation of the epidemiological situation for respiratory diseases.

Evaluation of the cytokines response in the organism of cursors of the higher education institution at adaptation to the conditions of education

Introduction. Changes in a number of cytokines are shown not only during inflammation: during physical exertion or stress; moderate hypoxia Material and methods. We evaluated the rates of interleukins 6 and 8 and white blood among cadets of a military educational institution during adaptation, dividing into 2 stages: initial, 2 and 3 months of observation, as well as the pre-seasonal - rise-decrease in the incidence of respiratory diseases (4-6 months). By the response of white blood, the state of non-specific adaptive reactions of the body was assessed. Results. When IL-6 level was within normal limits, it increased 1.5 times after 2 months (not significantly), which was probably due to a stress response. During this period, adequate adaptive processes proceeded, confirmed by indices of the absolute content and percentage of lymphocytes characterizing non-specific adaptive responses of the body. The average IL-8 was within normal limits. However, in 9.1% of individuals, it initially exceeded or was at the level of the upper limit of normal; in the pre-season period it increased by 29.1% ((p = 0.042): an increase of 63.6%, of which 42.5% - to the level of the upper limit of the norm or above it. In 30.0%, the leukocytes were above the norm, which proved the infection of the team members. At the peak and with a decrease in the incidence of interleukin, IL-6 increased within normal limits, IL-8 decreased. IL-8 exceeded the norm in patients and individuals after clinical recovery. A group of persons was determined in whom it spent 4-6 months of observation within the upper limit of the norm or exceeded it. Among them were people who did not apply for illness. The second group of individuals with no signs of disease, but with high IL-8 values, was isolated in the pre-season period. Conclusion. An increase within the normal range of IL-6 is not enough to cause acute systemic inflammatory effects. Determination of individual indices of IL-8 allows using as a prognostic criterion for exacerbation of the epidemiological situation for respiratory diseases.

The influence of the anti-stress pharmacological complex “SPAO” on the effectiveness of preventive immunization of chickens against Newcastle disease

Methodology. The assessment of the appropriateness of using the anti-stress pharmacological complex of SPAO for prophylactic immunization of hens with egg productivity against Newcastle disease was started at 45 days old before intramuscular vaccination against Newcastle disease with Gallimune ND vaccine at 47–48 days old. SPAO-complex — stress protector antioxidant — pharmacological complex for birds was developed at the Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pharmacology of the South Ural State Agrarian University, which was used at a dose of 185 mg/kg of body weight according to the scheme with water through a system of medications two days before, on the day of exposure and within two days after exposure to stress factors. Antibodies to the Newcastle disease virus were tested by hem agglutination inhibition test. Results. As a result, it was proved that vaccinations by parenteral administration of vaccines cause the development of non-specific adaptive reactions in chickens. The level of development of reactions corresponds to the formation of stress. The use of the SPAO-complex reduces the immunosuppressive effect of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal system during the development of adaptive reactions in birds under industrial stresses. In the prophylaxis of Newcastle disease chickens of the egg productivity direction on the background of stress prevention by the pharmacological complex of SPAO antibody production is more uniform throughout the herd. In the experimental group, titers are in the range of 9.40–13.40 log2, in the control group — 8.52–12.36. The level of statistical differences in the intensity of antibody production log2 is at the level of P = 0.0277. After transferring the hens to the production shop in the experimental group a higher level of productivity is noted compared to the control: egg production in the experimental group is 2.04% higher, the livestock safety over the period from 105 to 250 days of life of hens reached the highest values in the experimental group and amounted to 99.72%, in the control group — 99.44%.

APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF LOW INTENSITY FOR IMPROVING THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF ATHLETES

Aim. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of quantum and micro-vibration effect on nonspecific adaptive reactions and the blood system of wrestlers. Materials and methods. Athletes of the first category or those having master of sport title with at least a five-year experience aged 18–22 years participated in the study. All participants underwent a course of therapy with low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of quantum and micro-vibration effect. The exposure was performed on a daily basis according to the principle ‘one day – one exposure zone’. The course consisted of 10 procedures. Non-specific adaptive reactions of the body, some morphological indicators of red blood, leukogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate were determined. Mathematical and statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out. Results. It was revealed that low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of quantum and micro-vibration effect improved and stabilized the blood system and nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body. Conclusion. The course treatment with low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of quantum and micro-vibration effect contributes to the redistribution of nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body with an increase in training reactions, calm and increased activation. An increase in the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes, a slight decrease in hematocrit, a change in the composition of leukogram, and a decrease in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were registered.

Non-specific adaptive reactions in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Non-specific adaptive reactions in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Basis of the general theory of pathology (Part 3. Sepsis as an adaptive protective response of organism)

A problem of the essence of sepsis remains unresolved. Sepsis isseen as inadequate, insufficient, or perverted body's response to microbial invasion. The authors analyze the problem of sepsis from the opposite (paradoxical) position based on the well-known postulate that any pathological process (disease) is an adaptation i. e. a protective mechanism. The authors describe known antimicrobial protective barriers ("physiological" and "pathological") and determine a role of different variants of sepsis in protective reactions of human body. The article describes the nature and mechanisms of adaptation under the different variants of sepsis: Wissler – Fanconi’ssubsepsis, intravascular infection, septicopyemia, septicemia and septic shock. These mechanisms might form the basis of pathogenetic therapy. The authors believe that a degree of effectiveness of "pathological" protection of the internal environment is determined by time, i. e. by a duration of a protective effect. In the launch of a septic reaction an important role belongs to a massive invasion of microorganisms into the internal environment of a host by unnatural way – bypassing protective barriers created by evolution. Thus, from the authors' point of view, sepsis is a general pathological process ("pure" infection). Sepsis is a non-specific adaptive (defensive) reaction of human body to a massive microbial invasion.

Basis of the general theory of pathology (Part 3. Sepsis as an adaptive protective response of organism)

A problem of the essence of sepsis remains unresolved. Sepsis isseen as inadequate, insufficient, or perverted body's response to microbial invasion. The authors analyze the problem of sepsis from the opposite (paradoxical) position based on the well-known postulate that any pathological process (disease) is an adaptation i. e. a protective mechanism. The authors describe known antimicrobial protective barriers ("physiological" and "pathological") and determine a role of different variants of sepsis in protective reactions of human body. The article describes the nature and mechanisms of adaptation under the different variants of sepsis: Wissler – Fanconi’ssubsepsis, intravascular infection, septicopyemia, septicemia and septic shock. These mechanisms might form the basis of pathogenetic therapy. The authors believe that a degree of effectiveness of "pathological" protection of the internal environment is determined by time, i. e. by a duration of a protective effect. In the launch of a septic reaction an important role belongs to a massive invasion of microorganisms into the internal environment of a host by unnatural way – bypassing protective barriers created by evolution. Thus, from the authors' point of view, sepsis is a general pathological process ("pure" infection). Sepsis is a non-specific adaptive (defensive) reaction of human body to a massive microbial invasion.

ЗДОРОВЬЕ СТУДЕНТОВ КАК ПРОГНОСТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАЦИИ

The paper presents the results of a 10-year monitoring of the health of a group of students, totaling more than three thousand people. Methods of research were: full-time, corre-spondence questioning using the «Health» test, which allowed to assess the level of health in terms of health indicators, adaptation, physical condition, and psycho-emotional status. The priority risk factor for the development of diseases is the unsatisfactory physical state. The results of the health program aimed at increasing physical endurance and general nonspecific adaptive reactions of the body. Recommendations for optimization of medical and sanitary services for students of higher educational institutions are grounded.