Non-restrictive Relative Clause Research Articles

RELATIVE CLAUSE AND ITS TRANSLATION FOUND IN “THE GOOD EARTH”

This research study focuses on English relative clauses and its translations into Indonesian found in the story entitled “The Good Earth”. This study aims to: (i) analyze the types of relative clauses found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation in the translation process from source language into target language. The research study applied the theory of relative clauses proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and the theory of translation shift which was proposed by Catford (1965). The process of collecting data is started by reading the entire data source in order to understand the story and observe the possibility of the data source which could be taken from the data source. The data source was read to find out the types of English relative clauses which were found in the story in the method and technique of collecting the data. The research study found that one type of English relative clauses was found in the story entitled “The Good Earth”. It was the type of Restrictive relative clause found in the novel entitled “The Good Earth”. First, it can be seen that the types of English relative clauses found in the data sources are called as restrictive relative clause as subject, restrictive relative clause as object, restrictive relative clause as prepositional object, non-restrictive relative clause as subject, and non-restrictive relative clause as object. Secondly, there are two types of translation strategies used in translating from source language into target language.

The RELATIVE CLAUSE AND ITS TRANSLATION FOUND IN THE “HOUSEBOY AND MAID”

This research study focuses on English relative clauses and their translations into Indonesian found in the “Houseboy and Maid”. This study aims at finding out the types of English relative clauses found in the story “Houseboy and Maid” and the types of shifts occured in the translation process. The analysis used the theory of relative clauses that is proposed by Quirk (1985), Sneddon (1996) and the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford (1965). The process of collecting data is started by reading the entire data source in order to understand the story and observe the possibility of the data source that can be taken from the story “Houseboy and Maid”. The method of collecting data is firstly, the data source is read to find out the types of English relative clauses. This research study indicates that there are two types of English relative clauses found in the story “Houseboy and Maid”, they are: Restrictive relative clause and non-restrictive relative clause. There are some types of relative clauses found in the data source. First, it can be seen that the types of English relative clauses found in the data sources are restrictive relative clause as subject, restrictive relative clause as object, restrictive relative clause as prepositional object, non-restrictive relative clause as subject, and non-restrictive relative clause as object. Secondly, the types of translation shifts that are found in the novel are as follows: structure shifts, level shifts, and unit shifts. This study intends to: (i) analyze the types of relative clauses and its constituent structure found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of relative clause in the translation process from source language into target language.

A study on Relative Clause in English, Indonesian and Arabic Language: A Comparative Analysis

The research is conducted to an analysis on relative clause in three languages. The aim of this paper is to compare of relative clause in three languages, namely Indonesian, English and Arabic. The research stage in analyzing the data was data collection, data classifying, data presenting. The result of the research is similarities and differences in the structure of relative clause in English, Indonesian and Arabic. Types of relative clause in English are defining and non-defining clauses, types of relative clause in Indonesian are Restrictive and Non-Restrictive relative clause and types of relative clause in Arabic are definite and indefinite relative clause.

Presupposition Triggers of Teacher Talk in Higher Education

The present study is aimed at investigating the way of presupposition triggers realized in the lecturer talk. This qualitative research is conducted in English class of the State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Salatiga by purposive sampling. The present study serves reading class recordings as the data. Reading class was chosen for the reason of similar process in making prediction on reading, i.e. schemata theory, with presumption on presupposition. It is equipped by observation and documentation in order to enhance confidence in the ensuing findings. The finding shows that presupposition triggers realized by the several categories; they are definite description, factive verb, implicative verb, change of state verb, iterative, verb of judging, temporal clause, comparison and contrast, non-restrictive relative clause, and question. The most frequent used category is definite description, with the simple structure of possessive construction and definite noun phrase. Another important result is the preference to use question as the next favored triggers.

ELEMENTOS DE RETOMA EN LA CLÁUSULA RELATIVA EN ESPAÑOL

This research studies the resumptives in the relative clause in Spanish. Previous studies point to the influence of various factors for the use of the resumptive element in the relative clause (non-restrictive relative clause, indefinite nucleus, attribution of pragmatic function, relativization of the direct object position). Here we investigate the influence of these factors for the use of the resumptive from a functionalist perspective that understands the grammatical component as constituted by the pragmatic, semantic, morphosyntactic and phonological levels, structured hierarchically. For that, data are selected from six varieties of Spanish, extracted from the PRESEEA. By means of a quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is verified that the resumptive can be a morphosyntactic mark of the codification of the non-restrictive relative clause and can be support for the attribution of pragmatic function in the subject relative clause.

The <i>pro</i>-head analysis of the Japanese internally-headed relative clause

The objective of this paper is two-fold. One is to advance the view (call it the pro-head analysis) that the so-called internally-headed relative clause (IHRC) in Japanese is a nonrestrictive relative clause whose external head position is occupied by pro functioning as an E-type pronoun. It demonstrates that this view provides a natural framework in terms of which sundry and significant phenomena associated with Japanese IHRCs can be accounted for, including their characteristic properties contrasting with the corresponding change relatives and the doubly-headed relatives. The pro-head analysis contradicts a currently popular claim propagated by a series of papers that rely on null operator movement leading to the thesis that: (i) Japanese IHRCs may exhibit a “change sub-variety” (i.e., “Change IHRC”) that is not reducible to gapless externally light-headed relatives; (ii) Japanese IHRCs are strictly island-sensitive; and (iii) they disallow definite referential semantic heads. The other objective of this paper, therefore, is to present this long overdue challenge by arguing that their claims (i) ~ (iii) are not empirically sustainable, although their claim (iii) presents some difficult issues that defy clear-cut treatment as yet.

KEMENANGAN DONALD TRUMP SEBAGAI PRESIDEN AMERIKA SERIKAT KE-45 MELALUI ANALISIS KONSTRUKSI KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SECARA SEMANTIS

<p><em>This research aims (1) to comprehend the relative construction of English and Indonesia language on some texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the 45<sup>th</sup> President of USA in 2016 semantically, and (2) to describe the analysis of relative constructive clauses between English and Indonesia language semantically. The research method is descriptive qualitative. Meanwhile, method of collecting data is agih method and the techniques are substitution, expand, interuption, and mutation. Based on the texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the President of USA in 2016, it is found that the analysis of relative constructive clause of English and Indonesia language is based on the use of conjunction. In Indonesia language texts, there is one conjuction, namely: “yang”, meanwhile in English language texts, there are five conjuctions, namely: “who, whom, which, whose, and that”. If it is viewed from its semantics adjacent, relative clause can be divided into two sections based on its orthographics, namely: (1) restrictive relative clause which refers to the explained antecedent or as the integral unity from antecedent and unmarked by comma, and (2) non-restrictive relative clause as the additional information from antecedent explained and marked by comma. </em></p>

AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSE IN THE NOVEL PAPER TOWNS BY JOHN GREEN

In novel, the author makes a sentence with it structure including grammar. Every language has its grammar. In English, grammar hold an important role to be good at English, one should comprehend the structure. One of the English grammars is relative clause. The aims of this research are to find out the types and functions of relative clause used in the novel Paper Towns, and to find out what noun types that usually modified by either restrictive relative clause or non-restrictive relative clause in the novel Paper Towns. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The result showed that there are 109 relative clause sentences used in the novel Paper Towns by John Green. There are 50 sentences classified into restrictive relative clause and 59 sentences classified into non-restrictive relative clause. From 109 sentences, the writer found there are 90 sentences used as a subject, 12 sentences used as an object, 2 sentences used as an object of preposition and 5 sentences used as possessive. There are 6 sentences used pronoun, 34 used proper noun and 69 used common noun. Therefore, the noun type that usually modified by either restrictive relative clause or non-restrictive relative clause is common noun.

Split-antecedent relative clauses and the symmetry of predicates

This paper presents the results of two experiments in German testing the acceptabilityof (non-)restrictive relative clauses (NRCs/RRCs) with split antecedents (SpAs). Accordingto Moltmann (1992), SpAs are only grammatical if their parts occur within the conjuncts ofa coordinate structure and if they have identical grammatical functions. Non-conjoined SpAsthat form the subject and the object of a transitive verb are predicted to be ungrammatical. Ourstudy shows that the acceptability of such examples improves significantly if the predicate thatrelates the parts of the SpA is symmetric. Moreover, it suggests that NRCs and RRCs behavedifferently in these cases with respect to the SpA-construal. We can make sense of this observationif we follow Winter (2016) in assuming that transitive symmetric predicates have to beanalyzed as unary collective predicates and thus provide a collective antecedent for the RC atthe semantic (not the syntactic) level. As we will argue, this accounts for some of the disagreementwe found in the literature and gives us new insights into both the semantics of symmetricpredicates and the semantics of NRCs.Keywords: non-restrictive relative clause, restrictive relative clause, symmetric predicate, splitantecedent.

Processing Relative Clause Extractions in Swedish.

Relative clauses are considered strong islands for extraction across languages. Swedish comprises a well-known exception, allegedly allowing extraction from relative clauses (RCE), raising the possibility that island constraints may be subject to “deep variation” between languages. One alternative is that such exceptions are only illusory and represent “surface variation” attributable to independently motivated syntactic properties. Yet, to date, no surface account has proven tenable for Swedish RCEs. The present study uses eyetracking while reading to test whether the apparent acceptability of Swedish RCEs has any processing correlates at the point of filler integration compared to uncontroversial strong island violations. Experiment 1 tests RCE against licit that-clause extraction (TCE), illicit extraction from a non-restrictive relative clause (NRCE), and an intransitive control. For this, RCE was found to pattern similarly to TCE at the point of integration in early measures, but between TCE and NRCE in total durations. Experiment 2 uses RCE and extraction from a subject NP island (SRCE) to test the hypothesis that only non-islands will show effects of implausible filler-verb dependencies. RCE showed sensitivity to the plausibility manipulation across measures at the first potential point of filler integration, whereas such effects were limited to late measures for SRCE. In addition, structural facilitation was seen across measures for RCE relative to SRCE. We propose that our results are compatible with RCEs being licit weak island extractions in Swedish, and that the overall picture speaks in favor of a surface rather than a deep variation approach to the lack of island effects in Swedish RCEs.

KEMENANGAN DONALD TRUMP SEBAGAI PRESIDEN AMERIKA SERIKAT KE-45 MELALUI ANALISIS KONSTRUKSI KLAUSA RELATIF BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SECARA SEMANTIS

This research aims (1) to comprehend the relative construction of English andIndonesia language on some texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the 45thPresident of USA in 2016 semantically, and (2) to describe the analysis of relativeconstructive clauses between English and Indonesia language semantically. Theresearch method is descriptive qualitative. Meanwhile, method of collecting data isagih method and the techniques are substitution, expand, interuption, and mutation.Based on the texts relating to Donald Trump is elected as the President of USA in2016, it is found that the analysis of relative constructive clause of English andIndonesia language is based on the use of conjunction. In Indonesia language texts,there is one conjuction, namely: “yang”, meanwhile in English language texts, thereare five conjuctions, namely: “who, whom, which, whose, and that”. If it is viewedfrom its semantics adjacent, relative clause can be divided into two sections based onits orthographics, namely: (1) restrictive relative clause which refers to the explainedantecedent or as the integral unity from antecedent and unmarked by comma, and(2) non-restrictive relative clause as the additional information from antecedentexplained and marked by comma.

Presupposition Triggers in Editorials of the Jakarta Post

The objectives of the study were to find out: (1) the realization of presupposition triggers in editorials of The Jakarta Post (2) the reasons for using presupposition triggers. The study was descriptive qualitative. The source of data was The Jakarta Post online website. The data of the study were the sentences or clause which triggered the presupposed meaning in editorials. The data were identified, analyzed, and categorized based on Levinson’s theory. The findings of the study showed that: (1) 12 from 13 presupposition triggers were found namely: definite description, factive verb, implicative verb, change of state verbs, judging verbs, iterative item, cleft sentences, questions, temporal clause, comparison clause, counterfactual conditional sentence and non-restrictive relative clause, while implicit cleft with stressed constituents was not found. (2) The reasons were a) commonly to present the background information which is assumed to be true, b) to recall the readers toward the information of the event that they have not unintentionally acknowledged, c) to interpret the editorialists’ attitude on the fact of the event and d) to awaken the readers’ curiosity to the questioning things. Keywords: Editorials, Presupposition Triggers, Levinson theory.

O papel da gramática nos livros didáticos de língua portuguesa: um olhar sobre o ensino da oração subordinada adjetiva

This paper studies how the textbooks of Portuguese Language of Secondary School, approved by the Programa Nacional do Livro Didático-2014, approach the teaching of grammar, in particular as regards the treatment of the relative subordinate clause. For this, first we start with the comparison between the proposals manuals for teaching grammar and what was accomplished in the student book. Furthermore, we propose here an interface between the results of the analysis of textbooks and functional description of the relative clause. In other words, we try to verify as some descriptive aspects can be used in the teaching of relative clause, with the aim of developing reading and writing skills. In order to do that, we take as theoretical framework the different conceptions of grammar proposed in Travaglia (2009, 2011) and Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008). This research points to the need to emphasize the cohesive role established by the relative pronoun that introduces the relative clause, to understand the non-restrictive relative clause from its argumentative function and to review the distinction between subtypes of adjective clause from the criteria of omission of the subordinate clause.

A Comparative Study of “as” and “Which” in Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses

Both “as” and “which” can introduce a non-restrictive relative clause. But each of them has its own particular function in meaning, part of speech and sentence structure. Therefore sometimes they can have similar usage in a certain situation, while most often they are quite different and can not be used alternatively.

Auxiliaries: To's company

In a 1982 paper in the journal Glossa, Pullum outlined a set of arguments for treating English infinitival to as a defective auxiliary verb. Twenty years later, in his entry on infinitival constructions in The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CGEL, 2002), Huddleston argues that several distributional facts about auxiliaries fit poorly with this hypothesis. He proposes, on the basis of significant structural parallels, that to is a subordinator (complementizer). I show that Huddleston's arguments constitute a flawed analysis in CGEL's otherwise superb coverage of English descriptive grammar, and that the facts run strongly counter to his claims, often falling out independently from generalizations about auxiliaries that Huddleston overlooks. Several of these points were anticipated in Pullum's paper, but recent research on an idiosyncratic auxiliary-specific pattern of English nonrestrictive relative clause formation provides a powerful new argument in support of the auxiliary claim. In this respect, as in all others, the assignment of to to the class of auxiliaries provides the simplest and broadest account of its syntactic behavior.

Nominalization in Formosan Languages (review)

Reviewed by: Nominalization in Formosan Languages Lawrence A. Reid Elizabeth Zeitoun , ed. 2002. Nominalization in Formosan Languages. In Language and Linguistics 3(2) (Special Issue) (ISSN: 1606-822X). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica. This volume is a collection of ten papers focusing on various aspects of nominalization in Formosan languages from different theoretical perspectives. (Two of the languages discussed are not actually Formosan: Yami is spoken on an island to the southeast of Taiwan and subgroups genetically with the Philippines, and Tagalog is, of course, a Philippine language.) The papers are the output of a workshop of the [End Page 546] same name held at Academic Sinica in Taipei, October 21-22, 2000. This is an important contribution to the rapidly growing literature on Formosan (and Philippine) linguistics, not only because of the highly focused nature of the studies, enabling comparisons to be drawn with similar phenomena in other languages of the groups, but also because several of the studies are on highly endangered or nearly extinct languages. Following the papers on nominalization is a careful review by Elizabeth Zeitoun of the recently published Pazih Dictionary by Paul Jen-kuei Li and Shigeru Tsuchida. The volume should be on the shelves of any linguist concerned with the analysis and description of these languages. It is in general well edited, although typographical errors appear periodically throughout. The remainder of this review consists of evaluations of each of the papers in the volume. D. Victoria Rau's "Nominalization in Yami" (165-196), is a well-written paper providing a succinct account of various nominalization processes in Yami within the context of a brief overview of the syntax of the language, characterized by her as showing morphological ergativity. Rau first outlines the processes involved in the formation of nouns from different lexical categories, by, for example, reduplication of nouns to form plural nouns, or of verbs to form instrumental nouns. She then discusses the use of various so-called focus affixes, to wit, the well-known mi-/ma- (AF), -en (PF), -an (LF), and i- (IF) types, as well as the prefix ka-, to form participant nominals from verbs. Various other nominalization types, for example, of nouns from numerals and from other nouns, are exemplified. The following section discusses action nominals using ka-, which occur following case markers, and compares these forms with similar ka- forms that are either marked for recent past, or sequential activity, and an adjectival ka- form that indicates degree of strength. Although she is nonspecific about the other functions of ka-, Rau treats sequential ka- forms explicitly as nominal, because A nominals following them are encoded as genitive, and O nominals are encoded as oblique. Gerundive or clausal nominatives are discussed within the context of content questions, in which such forms occur as the subject, while the question word is the predicate of the sentence, and within the context of relative clauses, in which such forms occur either preceding the modified noun to form a nonrestrictive relative clause, or following it to form a restrictive relative clause. An interesting feature of Yami syntax is the variable position of genitive pronouns. Typically they occur after a nominal in a modified noun phrase. They likewise occur immediately following a transitive verb to mark the A of that verb, and they occur immediately following a nominalized verb marked by ka-. However, in some constructions, the pronoun is fronted to a position immediately preceding an action nominal but following initial elements such as time adverbs, conforming to a second position rule. Finally, in what R describes as "nonnarrative, involved style" (186), the pronoun may occur at the beginning of the sentence. These three positions Rau considers to represent three stages in the development of indicative verbs from nominalizations, and a transition from complete "nouniness" to complete "verbiness," with the intervening stage being ambiguous as to whether the form is a noun or a verb. She notes that nominative pronouns marking the A of intransitive sentences are following the same trajectory of development, with Yami moving from a head-initial to a head-final language. [End Page 547] Lillian M. Huang's "Nominalization in Mayrinax Atayal" (197-226) and Paul...

The difference between English restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses

A nonrestrictive relative clause (henceforth NRR) is shown in (I) and a restrictive relative clause (henceforth RR) in (2).(1) The swans, which are white, are in that part of the lake.(2) The swans which are white are in that part of the lake.Example (1) implies that all the swans under discussion are white. Example (2) implies that the white swans are being distinguished from some other not white swans which are also under discussion. There are many superficial differences between restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses; in this paper I show that there is no need for construction-specific stipulations which distinguish between them. The differences arise from the fact that the RR is a modifier, while the NRR is not, and in fact has no syntactic relation to its host/antecedent. Co-indexing (involving a referential index) between the relative clause and its antecedent is central to this account. I examine the requirement that a relative pronoun must have an antecedent, which in the case of a NRR is the sole manifestation of the relationship between the relative clause and its host), and suggest that this holds at a level of discourse structure.

A Note on Preposed Participles in Russian

This is an informal attempt to provide a simple description of sentences (1) sinejas', mal'6ik vySel 'laughing, boy left' and (2) smejuscijsja mal'c'ik vyel 'the laughing boy left.' Sentences (1) and (2) are each similar to (3) mal'Zik, kotoryj smejalsfa, vysel, which, as a written sentence at least, is ambiguous. The meaning is either (a) the boy, who was laughing, left, where clause is nonrestrictive, or (b) the boy who was laughing left, where clause is restrictive. The nonrestrictive clause of sentence (3a) is close in meaning to smnejas' of sentence (1), while restrictive clause of sentence (3b) is close to smejuscijsja of sentence (2). This correspondence is more clearly seen in case of an antecedent noun which does not admit both types of relative clauses, e.g., a proper noun. Smejas', Ivan vysel correlates with grammatical (if awkward) Ivan, kotoryj smejalsfa, vySel, while unacceptability of *smejus.Jijsfa Ivan vysel mirrors impossibility of a restrictive relative clause following Ivan. Let us formalize semantic closeness of smnejas' and nonrestrictive relative clause on one hand and of smejuscijsja and restrictive relative clause on other by positing a single underlying representation for (1) and (3a) and another for (2) and (3b). And from these underlying representations let us derive formal differences between (1) and (2). A significant formal difference between sentences (1) and (2) is comma intonation which sets smejas' off from rest of sentence. Soviet grammarians call this comma intonation (obosoblenie). Isolation is a necessary feature of (1) and necessarily absent from (2): *smejas' mal'cik vysel is not a sentence of Russian, nor is *smejuscijsja, mal'cik vysel. Are there features of (3a) corresponding to comma intonation of (1) which might justify positing isolation as a feature of underlying representation which it is proposed that they share? As spoken sentences (3a) and (3b) are not necessarily homophonous. It is possible that a longer, or in some way different, pause can separate noun from relative clause in (3a) compared to (3b).x Be that as it