Non-renewable Energy Resources Research Articles

An Overview of Scientific Production of Renewable Energies in Ghana

Ghana is experiencing an increase in energy demand as a result of increased industrialization activities. Nonrenewable energy sources, such as combustible fuels like petroleum, are the primary source of energy. Nonrenewable energy resources are associated with a number of issues, including environmental pollution. Renewable energy is a sustainable source of energy that is critical to the energy sector and the economy’s progress. Hydropower, biomass, solar energy, and wind energy are among the renewable energy resources available in Ghana. In Ghana, key institutions are responsible for the management and development of energy sources in the renewable energy sector. Among these institutions is the Ministry of Energy, which is responsible for the formulation and implementation of laws and policies, for instance, the Renewable Energy Act of 2011. Volta River Authority (VRA), Ghana Grid Company (GGC), and Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) are among the institutions under the Ministry of Energy. There are also regulatory agencies established by parliamentary act to ensure that all actors in the sector are working properly. Among these are the Energy Commission, the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PUR), and the National Petroleum Authority. Active nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), research institutes and universities, and industry are also involved in renewable energy activities.

Does the green finance initiatives transform the world into a green economy? A study of green bond issuing countries.

Green finance initiatives have received global support in modern times, relatively in response to safeguard the environment and preserve natural resources through channelizing the investments to create a green economy. This paper attempts to evaluate and compare the green finance growth in green bond issuing nations across the world. This study also assesses the effect of green finance growth on the dependence of non-renewable energy resources especially fossil fuels that have been creating several environmental issues for the past years. This study develops a pressure-state-response framework to evaluate the comprehensive system of green finance growth that depicts the interaction of sub-aspects. We employ the entropy technique to calculate the weights at each level within the evaluation system. We also constructed empirical models to assess the relationship between green finance growth and dependence on fossil fuel consumption and found that there exists a negative relationship between the two. The results convey that proliferation of green finance instruments can reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and smoothen the transition towards a carbon negative world.

RECOVERY OF BIOETHANOL FROM FOOD WASTE USING SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

<p>Excessive use of fossil fuels results in the rapid depletion of non-renewable fossil energy resources, a rise in fuel cost, and an uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases which causes a severe threat to the environment. Bio-fuels are being scrutinized as substitutes for current high-pollutant fuels obtained from conventional sources. To meet the global demands, it becomes necessary to find an alternate source of fuel which is bioethanol. In this work, a strategy to promote ethanol production from Leftover Cooked Rice (LCR) by comparing the different types of hydrolysis was proposed. Process integration comprised of mechanical pretreatment of the leftover cooked rice followed by hydrolysis which was then followed by fermentation. The food wastes of weight 50g taken in each of the 3 fermenters were subjected to acid hydrolysis, enzyme hydrolysis, and combined hydrolysis respectively. Commercially available Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used for the fermentation process. The fermented samples were subjected to distillation to separate the bioethanol from them. The amount of bioethanol obtained from combined hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis, and enzyme hydrolysis was 400ml, 150ml, and 350ml respectively. Qualitative analysis of ethanol was done by using the Jones reagent. Hence, bioethanol can be produced from leftover cooked rice using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</p>

TRENDS IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS IN BRICS: ANALYZING THE DATA AND THE FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

There has been growing awareness about global warming and sustainable development, especially because of the dependence on non-renewable energy resources and its effect on emissions. This paper analyses the trends in energy consumption and CO2 emissions in BRICS nations for the period 2000-2020. Data shows that though there has been a rise in both energy consumption and emissions, the inter-country trends are quite different after population differences have been included. Therefore per capita trends are equally important because countries with large population need more energy resources to meet the growing needs of people. Analysis of trends in energy intensity and emission intensity shows both to be declining, thereby indicating a move towards greater energy efficiency. A panel data fixed effects model is used to estimate the effect of various factors on the energy and emission intensities. Results show that GCF has a negative relation with both intensities, while the effect of population is positive. Paris Agreement dummy variable shows that average intensities were lower after the implementation of the Paris Climate Accord.

Determining the size of batteries and solar sources in a zero cost building using PSO algorithm

The production and consumption of non-renewable energy resources have disrupted the environment's biodiversity cycle. Global climate change, including worldwide warming, has made human life both now and in the future. The construction industry in the world has a significant share in the demand for energy consumption in these challenges. Therefore, the primary purpose of this paper is to implement standards to save and prevent energy loss to control and limit the demand for energy requested from the power network. Constructing a building with self-sufficient energy production that meets its energy needs by producing clean energy becomes more important. It also sells the excess energy to the grid, known as zero energy buildings. In the present paper, the issue is a constrained optimization problem that aims to minimize the total annual cost, including the initial investment cost for PV and batteries and their maintenance costs, as well as the cost of network exchanges. Among the limitations, the proposed model can mention the restrictions governing the battery, such as the limitations of the battery state of charge (SoC). The problem under optimization is a mixed integers nonlinear programming (MINLP) that will be solved by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm considering the total cost minimization.

Systematic literature review of сarbon-neutral economy concept

The purpose of the article is to study trends in the development of scientific interest in the issue of implementing a carbon-neutral economy. The authors performed a bibliometric analysis of the publications indexed in the Scopus database using VOSviewer 1.6.16 software and Microsoft Excel. This analysis contributes to determining prospects for transitioning to a carbon-neutral economy and priority areas requiring special attention to accelerate this process. The obtained results of the study of the patterns of the development of the carbon-neutral economy indicate that this concept has a dynamic development, which traces the prerequisites for the formation of a powerful scientific school that investigates the influence of changes in the level of energy efficiency in the process of carbon-neutral development of the national economy. Analysis of the dynamics of publication activity demonstrates a reasonably rapid growth in the number of publications. From 1992 to March 2023, the average growth rate of published research results in the analyzed field was 28.50%. A comparison of subject areas in the study of the carbon-neutral economy shows the predominance of energy, ecology, and socio-economic studies. As a result of the bibliometric analysis of 654 publications indexed by the scientometric database Scopus during 1992-2023 on the topic of the carbon-neutral economy using the software VOSViewer v. 1.6.10, six scientific clusters were identified, which study the possibilities of building an economic system with minimal carbon emissions, taking into account the technical, technological, climatic, social and economic aspects of this issue. However, there is an urgent need to study the organizational and economic mechanisms of replacing non-renewable energy resources with renewable ones in the conditions of rapid changes in the global energy market. The study of the geographical affiliation of the authors of scientific works in this area showed that scientists from China, the USA, Great Britain, Germany, India, Canada, Italy, Japan, Switzerland, and Spain published the most significant number of publications. The share of publications by geographical affiliation to these countries is 75%. At the same time, the number of publications in the Scopus database published by domestic authors is relatively small, which once again confirmed the lack of research and timeliness of the study carried out in Ukraine.

Comprehensive evaluation and analysis of a porous polymer coating for highly efficient passive radiative cooling

The ever-increasing global energy consumption has brought intense concerns about the deficiency of non-renewable energy resources. In the meantime, cooling inevitably plays an indispensable role in daily life by consuming energy. Therefore, passive radiative cooling has gradually attracted more attention due to its vast potential to reduce energy consumption. Herein, a porous polymer radiative coating (PPRC) with poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-HFP)) is fabricated and the cooling performance is evaluated. The spectral reflectivity of a 360-μm thick PPRC within the wavelength band of 0.38–0.78 μm (visible wavelength band) and the wavelength band of 0.25–2.5 μm (ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength band) is measured to be about 93% and 87%, while the emissivity within the wavelength band of 8–13 μm (atmospheric window) is measured to be about 94%, indicating that the fabricated PPRC can produce a remarkable radiative cooling capability. The efficient optical properties of the PPRC originate from the high reflective capability of the nano/micro-porous structures and the high emissive capability of the intrinsic material feature. The PPRC cooler can continuously show outstanding cooling performance outdoors due to its angular-independent reflectivity, long-term stability, and high static water contact angle. The outdoor cooling performance test results show that the temperature drop and cooling power of the PPRC cooler can reach 7.6 °C and 85.9 W/m2 at noon. At the same time, they can further be increased by 25% and 15% by adopting a nano-porous polyethene (PE) shield under the same conditions relying on the auxiliary reflection by nano-porous PE film. In a word, the environmental-friendly PPRC cooler is likely to have a growing influence in the foreseeable future for energy saving and emission reduction.

H2 impact on combustion kinetics, soot formation, and NOx emission of hydrocarbon fuel flames

Soot and carbon dioxide released from internal combustion engines became the key issues when using fossil fuels. The use of zero-carbon fuel, hydrogen, with hydrocarbon fuels can play an important role in reducing the exhaust effect on the environment and mitigating the reliance on nonrenewable energy resources. A numerical approach was executed to elucidate the H2 impact on combustion kinetics, soot formation, and NOx emission of hydrocarbon fuel under premixed and diffusion flame conditions. The results showed that hydrogen deteriorated the formations of particle number density, the volume fraction of soot, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons thru the reduction of small chain hydrocarbons at both premixed and diffusion flame conditions. The soot volume fraction and soot particle number density formation were prevailing in the air region of the combustion chamber at diffusion flame conditions. NO3 produced from fuel-related species such as CHO and air-related species such as NO. H2 reduced the peak molar fraction of small chain HC including CHO related species, resulting in a reduction in NO3 emissions. C3H3 species dominantly participated to reduce the CO2 and NO3 emissions, while C2H2 and C5H4CH2 were the main species to control the soot precursors formation in both HC fuel flames. Besides, NH3 emission was limited by C2H2 in DS flames.

Determinant and Impact of Renewable Energy Utilization on Farm Productivity in South-South Nigeria

Nigeria is endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources but despite this abundance, the country is currently facing inadequate supply and widening demand for energy. In this study, we examine how farmers’ use of renewable energy is related to their productivity in Nigeria. Since not all farmers are using renewable energy in the study area, it is important to separate them into 2 groups, “Users” and “Non-users” in order to estimate the productivity level of each group. Primary data was analyzed using an endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) with a sample size of 313 farm households. The result of the study indicates that renewable energy use increased agricultural productivity by 39%. The study also reveals that of the farmers surveyed, 75% are willing to use renewable energy. These results provide knowledge to stakeholders on the need to protect agricultural land and increase agricultural production and productivity through continuous use of renewable energy.

Biohythane: a Potential Biofuel of the Future.

Today, the world is becoming more dependent on fossil fuels. The major drawbacks of these non-renewable energy resources include an extreme environmental pollution and an extinction threat. Several technologies including microalgal biodiesel production, biomass gasification, and bioethanol production have been explored for the generation of renewable energy especially, biofuels. One such promising research has been carried out in the generation of biohythane which has the potential to become an alternative fuel to the existing non-renewable ones. It has been reported that biohydrogen can be produced from organic wastes or agricultural feedstocks with the help of acidogens. Dark fermentation can be carried out by acidogens to produce biohydrogen under anaerobic conditions by utilizing lignocellulosic biomass or sugarcane feedstocks in the absence of light. The spent medium contains volatile short-chain fatty acids like acetate, butyrate, and propionate that can serve as substrates for acetogenesis followed by methane biosynthesis by methanogens. Therefore, the sequential two-stage anaerobic digestion (AD) involves a production of biohydrogen followed by the biosynthesis of methane. This combined process is termed as a single eponym "Biohythane" (hydrogen + methane). Several studies have demonstrated about the effectiveness of biofuel, and it is believed to have a greater energy recovery, environmental friendliness, and shorter fermentation time. Biohythane can serve as an alternative future green biofuel and solve the present energy crisis in India as well as the entire world.

Impact of non-renewable energy and natural resources on economic recovery: Empirical evidence from selected developing economies

Panel data examines the effects of renewable and natural resource usage on Green economic recovery in the top 10 nations adopting non-renewable energy from 1975 to 2018. Misunderstandings of sustainable energy legislation are often a result of structural breakout that go unnoticed. Fourier-based approaches are used to examine the nexus of non-renewable energy and natural resources on green economic recovery in selected countries. Economic recovery in eight of the ten nations depends on natural resource development, whereas sustainable energy contributes to economic recovery in Germany, Denmark, and France over the long term. Italy, Malta, the UK, and Greece are examples of countries where the energy-led growth theory holds. Even though Italy's economy relies on non-renewable energy, the preservation theory holds for both power parameters in Germany and sustainable power in China. While non-renewable energy is not as powerful as exhaustible power, the total findings demonstrate that natural resource development has the potential to be a significant driver of green economic recovery. Policies to combat energy ineffectiveness should thus check an overworked world-ecology, reduce urban oddities, and encourage ecological learning for a better atmosphere.

Modified Ni Nanoparticles as Additives in Various Greases: Assessment of Comparative Performance Potential

China’s rapid industrial development requires more energy consumption based on non-renewable energy resources. The energy consumption caused by unnecessary friction accounts for about 4.5% of the GDP in China. Although grease effectively lubricates machines, lubrication failure may occur under severe conditions. Nanomaterials exhibit intriguing tribological performances and have received much attention regarding lubrication. In this study, oleylamine-modified Ni nanoparticles (OA-Ni) were synthesized and used as lubricant additive in four kinds of commonly used greases: lithium, calcium, composite calcium, and polyurea grease. The OA-Ni were uniformly dispersed in the greases through electromagnetic stirring, ultrasonic vibration, and three-roll grinding. The physicochemical properties and the structure of OA-Ni-doped grease were investigated, while the feasibility of OA-Ni as various grease additives at different contact modes was evaluated by a four-ball friction tester and a UMT-tribolab tester. Tribological tests results revealed that the friction-reducing and anti-wear properties of point-to-point contact were increased by 56.7% and 70.3% in lithium grease, respectively, while those of the point-to-face contact were increased by 59.5% and 68.9% in polyurea grease, respectively. The present work provides not only theoretical guidance of nano nickel modification but also a practical reference for the application of modified nanomaterials to various greases.

Thermal performance analysis of a flat-plate solar heater with zigzag-shaped pipe using fly ash-Cu hybrid nanofluid: CFD approach.

Regarding the detrimental impacts of using non-renewable energy resources on the environment and the importance of increasing heat transfer in heat exchangers, this research is aimed to increase the heat transfer surface of the collector pipe in contact with the absorber plate at the flat-plate solar collector by designing the pipe in a zigzag shape instead of conventional straight pipe. The 3D coupled investigation of fly ash-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids and analyzing the thermal performance of the proposed solar collector comprising zigzag pipe are the innovation of this research. Also, the effect of variations in mass flow rate, fluid inlet temperature, the volume fraction of nanoparticles on thermal efficiency, Nusselt number, pressure drop, Rayleigh number, and rate of heat transfer coefficient in three irradiations with two types of working fluids have been investigated. Results indicate that due to the enhancement in heat transfer surface in the case where the fluid path is zigzag, the thermal efficiency has improved compared to the straight pipe. In addition, with enhancing mass flow rate, temperature, and irradiation, the average Nusselt number increased. The heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop have the highest value by utilizing 0.5% and 3.5% nanoparticle concentration up to 10.84% and 7.603%, respectively, at a mass flow rate of 0.0089kg/s, and irradiation of 800W/m2. Finally, by calculating the efficiency index of the proposed flat-plate solar collector, the proper volume concentration for using copper-fly ash/water hybrid nanofluid is obtained at fraction of 0.5% and a mass flow rate of 0.0045kg/s.

Coupling Microbial Fuel Cell and Hydroponic System for Electricity Generation, Organic Removal, and Nutrient Recovery via Plant Production from Wastewater

The world is predicted to face serious threats from the depletion of non-renewable energy resources, freshwater shortage, and food scarcity. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are innovative bio-electrochemical devices capable of directly converting chemical energy into electrical energy using microorganisms as a catalyst. This ability has been explored for generating electricity using wastewater as an energy source, while simultaneously treating wastewater. On the other hand, hydroponics is the cultivation of plants in water without soil. The goal of this study was to develop a novel integrated microbial fuel cell-hydroponic system (MFC-Hyp system) that possesses the ability to concurrently generate electricity while degrading organic pollutants (Chemical oxygen demand, COD) in wastewater, remove and recover nutrients (phosphorus, P and nitrogen, N) from the wastewater, and produce edible plants. The MFC-Hyp system developed in this study produced a power density of 250.7 mW/m2. The power density increased by approximately 19% and the phosphorus recovery increased to 7.5% in the presence of Allium tuberosum compared to 4.9% without the plant (e.g., in the control). The removal efficiencies of nitrate, phosphate, and COD are 32%, 11%, and 80%, respectively. The results indicate that the novel integrated MFC-Hyp system can remove COD from wastewater, generate electricity using wastewater as an energy source, and utilize nutrients for growing plants; however, this system requires further improvement for field implementation.

Planning a novel regional methane network: Demand forecasting and economic evaluation

• Planning a new regional gas network without historical data on gas consumption. • Use of causal spatial autoregressive (SAR) models for out-of-sample forecasting. • Evaluation of gas demand with municipal data and gas supply by LNG plants. • Smoothing point forecasts for spatial mapping and optimal network design. • Evaluation of economic sustainability on the basis of scheduled costs and revenues. Planning the use of non-renewable energy resources is a crucial issue for social and environmental development, both at global and local scales. Although fossil fuel depletion is still far in time, their rational use is essential to prevent energy shortages and avoid economic and political crises. Natural gas (NG) is one of the preferable sources since it is comparatively clean and cheap, and its energetic power covers a wide range of purposes, especially in domestic heating and electric generation. This paper aims to design and evaluate a novel methane infrastructure in the insular region of Sardegna, which has not yet an NG network. We provide a statistical methodology to forecast gas demand at the municipal level in the absence of historical data on gas consumption, by using spatial autoregressive (SAR) models with exogenous (X) variables. Specifically, the model identification is performed by fitting various SARX systems on the data of the main cities of continental Italy, for which data on gas consumption and its covariates (X) are available. Next, the most suitable model is selected by optimizing the out-of-sample prediction performance on a subset of continental cities which are similar to those of Sardegna from the environmental and social viewpoint and are held outside of the estimation. Then, the coefficients of the model with the smallest prediction errors are applied to the spatial covariates of Sardegna cites, obtaining the predicted per-capita gas demand. Finally, using the global demand and its spatial diffusion, the entire gas network, at central and peripheral levels, is designed and its economic sustainability is evaluated. This analysis considers several categories of fixed and variable costs, together with the revenues of the private companies of gas transportation and distribution, that are involved in the realization of the project. The analysis demonstrates the economic viability of gas infrastructure for Sardegna under 70% of the market penetration rate, as it allows a break-even point within 15 years.

Daylighting Performance of Integrated Venetian Blinds with Horizontal Light Pipe System for Deep Plan High-Rise Office in Tropical Climate

A substantial amount of daylight is received by tropical countries like Malaysia. There are advantages and disadvantages to using this renewable resource in a high-rise office building. Such buildings' deep plan spaces make it difficult to create a uniform daylight distribution across the space. A solution for this issue is the usage of an integrated Venetian blind (VB) with a horizontal light pipe (LP). Using an overcast and intermediate sky in South orientation, seven (7) distinct types of VB angle configurations were simulated using the Integrated Environment Solution Virtual Environment (IESVE) to evaluate how well they performed in daylight with an integrated LP. The findings demonstrated that the daylight uniformity throughout the room was improved by the integration of the VB and LP systems. When compared to a room with only a LP installed, VB with 0o and -15o angles had the best performance. The combination of LP and VB allowed for the shading of the front portion of the space and at the same time, illuminating the rear portion of the space. The results of this study encourage building designers to utilise the integrated VB and LP in the deep open-plan high-rise office building and reduce the use of non-renewable energy resources.

Pathways to low carbon energy transition through multi criteria assessment of offshore wind energy barriers

A decrease in energy resources has motivated nations around the world to shift their focus to low carbon energy transition through renewable sources of energy. Offshore wind farms have emerged as a viable resource due to their many advantages. Wind energy boasts a positive image globally but does possess certain challenges. With this consideration, this study examines the challenges and barriers involved in the implementation of offshore wind energy through multi criteria assessment. Beginning with an examination of the common barriers identified from current literature resources, this study then consults a focus group and analyzes the barriers through a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach known as DEMATEL. This study considers both technical and functional barriers and it offers a particular focus on the developing nation of India, because India's energy demands are significant. The role of employing an Indian context is primarily due to the significant decrease in non-renewable energy resources. Further, developing nations like India are often hampered by the challenges of initial installation of vital clean energy sources. Few existing studies offer empirical case studies for India. Our study finds that a lack of awareness is the most influential barrier, and if that barrier can be eradicated, offshore wind energy systems may contribute to easing India's energy burdens. Hence, this study assists offshore wind engineers in exploring the technology's barriers and limitations and in securing appropriate eradication strategies. Among five different challenge dimensions, this study finds governance (D1) is the key influential dimension and Lack of awareness (B4) is the most influential factor among 25 considered factors. With these results, this study bridges the gap between engineers and top-level management to explain the some of the core issues related to the implementation of offshore wind farms. Finally, this study presents useful insights considering future enhancements and recommendations for an effective implementation of offshore wind farms with the assistance of identified influential barriers for achieving effective low carbon energy alternatives.

Agro-Industrial Food Waste as a Low-Cost Substrate for Sustainable Production of Industrial Enzymes: A Critical Review

The grave environmental, social, and economic concerns over the unprecedented exploitation of non-renewable energy resources have drawn the attention of policy makers and research organizations towards the sustainable use of agro-industrial food and crop wastes. Enzymes are versatile biocatalysts with immense potential to transform the food industry and lignocellulosic biorefineries. Microbial enzymes offer cleaner and greener solutions to produce fine chemicals and compounds. The production of industrially important enzymes from abundantly present agro-industrial food waste offers economic solutions for the commercial production of value-added chemicals. The recent developments in biocatalytic systems are designed to either increase the catalytic capability of the commercial enzymes or create new enzymes with distinctive properties. The limitations of low catalytic efficiency and enzyme denaturation in ambient conditions can be mitigated by employing diverse and inexpensive immobilization carriers, such as agro-food based materials, biopolymers, and nanomaterials. Moreover, revolutionary protein engineering tools help in designing and constructing tailored enzymes with improved substrate specificity, catalytic activity, stability, and reaction product inhibition. This review discusses the recent developments in the production of essential industrial enzymes from agro-industrial food trash and the application of low-cost immobilization and enzyme engineering approaches for sustainable development.

Microbial fuel cell design, application and performance: A review

Population and industry growth as well as the usage of non-renewable energy resources are the main causes of greenhouse gases released into the earth's atmosphere and climate change. Also, finite, depleting supplies and the impact on the environment of fossil fuels make them unsustainable for energy production. Hence, causing a worldwide energy crisis. Therefore, research into alternative renewable energy generation becomes of great importance. In the past years and up to now, Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) has been widely studied. It does not appear only as a gifted technique for energy generation but also is an eco-friendly approach for generating electricity. MFC is an electrochemical technique in which organic substrates are oxidized through the action of microorganisms acting as a catalyst to produce electricity. This review mainly states the fundamental of microbial fuel cells: the basic principle of how MFCs operates, the bacteria used in MFC technology, MFC components, their relevance, and parameter affecting MFC performance and MFC designs. Electron transfer mechanisms are also explored.

Biomass energy consumption and carbon neutrality in OECD countries: Testing pollution haven hypothesis and environmental Kuznets curve

Rising pollution enhances the need for eco-friendly measures such as technological development and the enhancement of nonrenewable energy resources to achieve sustainable economic progress. Biomass energy consumption is an innovative form of renewable energy source which influences the environment positively. The current study explores the impact of biomass energy consumption and foreign direct investment on the environmental degradation of 32 OECD countries under the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis from 1990 to 2018. The cross-sectional ARDL estimation method has been deployed to address slope heterogeneity and cross-section dependency. The long-run result shows that biomass energy consumption reduces environmental pollution, while foreign direct investment exerts pressure on environmental quality, endorsing the pollution heaven hypothesis. Moreover, the findings validate the EKC hypothesis in the long run. The error correction term is significantly negative, confirming the convergence towards long-run equilibrium with a 46% adjustment rate. The robustness of the estimated model is also verified using alternative estimators. The study’s outcome is encouraging the policymakers to devise policies for using biomass energy sources as an alternative clean energy source to ensure a sustainable environment.