Non-participant Observation Research Articles

The dynamics of utilizing youtube to enhance the quality of islamic education learning

The process of digitalization, technology and information is an important momentum and opportunity for humanity to take advantage of all forms of contemporary developments in the digital world, including its use as a learning medium. Video media is an alternative used in learning activities and one of them is YouTube. However, not all teachers accept changes in circumstances and technology to be used as evaluation material in order to improve themselves better. Not a few teachers persist in past teaching patterns because they think that their teaching experience has shown success in the students they teach. Such understandings are reluctant to make changes, because they are considered to threaten patterns that have existed for a long time. In fact, technological developments have influenced every line of life and required new adaptations from humans in interacting with each other, including in the educational process. This problem does not occur with PAI teachers at SDN Semen. Existing PAI teachers have been able to adapt to increasingly advanced and developing technology. Even PAI teachers at the school are accustomed to using online features in learning activities. What's more interesting is that PAI teachers are able to use YouTube media even though they are still faced with several inadequate supporting facilities and also limited internet wifi in some classes. Based on this phenomenon, the aim of this research is to describe more fully the implementation of YouTube as a learning medium and will describe how PAI teachers implement this media-based learning. This research uses qualitative research with a descriptive approach, collecting data through non-participant observation, unstructured interviews and documentation. The research results show that YouTube implementation goes through three stages, namely planning, implementation and evaluation.

Teaching Peace: A Blueprint for Interfaith Harmony through Cultural Programmes in Religious Institutions

This study aims to explore the role of religious educational institutions in promoting peace-building by examining the programmes implemented at Klaten Hindu Dharma College, Central Java. Specifically, it investigates how these programmes foster interfaith harmony, respect, and social solidarity in a pluralistic society. A qualitative research design with a sociology of religion approach was employed, utilising non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis to gather in-depth insights into the institution's peace-building practices. The research found that peace-building programmes, including Pasraman Astika Siddhi, blood donation drives, and youth exchanges, effectively promote tolerance and respect among diverse religious communities. The success of these initiatives is attributed to their foundation in Hindu teachings and local cultural values, fostering a harmonious campus environment and strengthening ties with the surrounding community. These findings suggest that religious educational institutions can play a transformative role in peace-building by integrating cultural values and community engagement into their programmes. Such institutions offer a replicable model for fostering interfaith harmony and tolerance from an early age, contributing to broader societal peace. This study provides a unique perspective on peace-building by focusing on an educational setting within a religious institution, a context often overlooked in existing literature. It highlights the potential for religious colleges to serve as agents of social harmony, addressing the challenges of interreligious conflict through culturally informed and values-based approaches.

Understanding patient and family experiences of critical care in Bangladesh and India: What are the priority actions to promote person-centred care?

Patients' experiences in the intensive care unit (ICU) can enhance or impair their subsequent recovery. Improving patient and family experiences on the ICU is an important part of providing high quality care. There is little evidence to guide how to do this in a South Asian critical care context. This study addresses this gap by exploring the experiences of critically ill patients and their families in ICUs in Bangladesh and India. We elicit suggestions for improvements from patients, families and staff and highlight examples of practices that support person-centred care. This multi-site hospital ethnography was carried out in five ICUs in government hospitals in Bangladesh and India, selected using purposive sampling. Qualitative data were collected using non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. A total of 108 interviews were conducted with patients, families, and ICU staff. Over 1000 hours of observation were carried out across the five study sites. We identified important mediators of patient and family experience that span many different aspects of care. Factors that promote person-centred care include access to ICU for families, support for family involvement in care delivery, clear communication with patients and families, good symptom management for patients, support for rehabilitation, and measures to address the physical, environmental and financial needs of the family. This study has generated a list of recommendations that can be used by policy makers and practitioners who wish to implement person-centred principles in the ICU.

The Role of Cultural Institutions in Promoting Well-Being, Inclusion, and Equity among People with Cognitive Impairment: A Case Study of La Pedrera—Casa Milà and the Railway Museum of Catalonia

Background: Museums and cultural institutions are increasingly aware of the needs and interests of the society they serve. Simultaneously, these institutions play a more significant role in public health and well-being, such as by conducting activities for people with cognitive impairment. Moreover, they prioritize their contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations within the framework of the 2030 Agenda, thus connecting both objectives. Method: A comparative case study was conducted to determine how the characteristics of cultural institutions conducting activities for individuals with cognitive impairment can affect their outcomes and promote well-being, inclusion, and equity. Data-collection techniques included non-participant observations, interviews, and document reviews. Results: This research suggests that certain characteristics of cultural institutions can influence the management and execution of cultural activities aimed at people with cognitive impairment, as well as their ability to promote well-being, inclusion, and equity. Conclusions: The characteristics of cultural institutions influence the management and execution of cultural activities aimed at people with cognitive impairment, as well as their impacts and benefits. Collaboration between diverse institutions enhances outcomes, promoting well-being, inclusion, and equity among participants.

Successfully initiating an escalation of care in acute ward settings-A qualitative observational study.

To address knowledge gaps by (i) developing a theoretical understanding of escalation and (ii) identifying escalation success factors. Non-participant observations were used to examine deteriorating patient escalation events. Escalation event data were collected by a researcher who shadowed clinical staff, between February 16th 2021 and March 17th 2022 from two National Health Service Trusts. Events were analysed using Framework Analysis. Escalation tasks were mapped using a Hierarchical Task Analysis diagram and data presented as percentages, frequency and 95% CI. A total of 38 observation sessions were conducted, totaling 105 h, during which 151 escalation events were captured. Half of these were not early warning score-initiated and resulted from bleeding, infection, or chest pain. Four communication phenotypes were observed in the escalation events. The most common was Outcome Focused Escalation, where the referrer expected specific outcomes like blood cultures or antibiotic prescriptions. Informative Escalations were often used when a triggering patient's condition was of low clinical concern and ranked as the second most frequent escalation communication type. General Concern Escalations occurred when the referrer did not have predetermined expectations. Spontaneous Interaction Escalations were the least frequently observed, occurring opportunistically in communal workspaces. Half of the events were non-triggering escalations and understanding these can inform the design of systems to support staff better to undertake them. Escalation is not homogenous and differing escalation communication phenotypes exist. Informative Escalations represent an organizational requirement to report triggering warning scores and a targeted reduction of these may be organizationally advantageous. Increasing the frequency of Spontaneous Escalations, through hospital designs, may also be beneficial. Our work highlights that a significant proportion of escalation workload occurs without a triggering early warning score and there is scope to better support these with designed systems. Further examination of reducing Informative and increasing Spontaneous Escalations is also warranted. Extensive PPIE was completed throughout the lifecycle of this study. PPIE members validated the research questions and overarching aims of the overall study. PPIE members contributed to the design of the study reviewed documents and the final data generated.

Echoes of the gothic: transmedia reinterpretations of Edgar Allan Poe’s legacy in independent films and video games

This study critically examines the development of audiovisual and interactive content that draws on Edgar Allan Poe’s oeuvre, with a particular focus on the interplay of transmedia storytelling and gothic elements within these narratives. Utilizing summative content analysis and non-participant observation, this research investigates five films and five independent video games that reinterpret Poe’s literary themes. The results underscore the necessity of incorporating Mythos, Topos, and Ethos in adaptations to faithfully evoke the profound emotional resonance and explore the psychological and existential dilemmas inherent in Poe’s works. Our analysis reveals distinct narrative strategies in cinema and video games: while horror predominates in film, integrating supernatural elements to evoke fear, video games predominantly leverage noir, crafting complex crime narratives infused with cynicism and dark ambiance. Additionally, the study highlights how gothic elements of abjection and sublimity are leveraged to navigate themes of mortality, morality, and the uncanny, thereby ensuring the continued relevance of Poe’s legacy in contemporary media landscapes. This adaptation process not only preserves the essence of Poe’s narrative but also dynamically engages a modern audience through innovative transmedia platforms, illustrating the enduring impact of his work on popular culture.

Komunikasi Ko-Kreasional Program Sehat Sejahtera (SESERA) PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja dengan Masyarakat Pulau Kemaro

The purpose of this study is to investigate the co-creative communication of the Sehat Sejahtera Program (Sesera) and to construct a collaborative model between corporate and community in the context of implementing ecotourism at the Kemaro Island tourist attraction in Palembang City. This study uses qualitative methodologies and a case study design to handle primary data based on interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation as secondary data. The data analysis employs the Miles and Huberman Interactive Model in three steps, beginning with data reduction and structured in a relationship pattern to facilitate interpretation and drawing or verifying results. Research findings show that co-creational communication referring to Co-Creation Theory is implemented through social responsibility strategies focussing on tourist experiences and interactive relationships with the surrounding community. The collaboration carried out is PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang's social and environmental responsibility (TJSL) approach to the Kemaro Island tourist destination.

The Grass Roots Curriculum Model in Basic Education through Self-Development Programs

The self-development program that is implemented in madrasas is motivated by various moral and ethical issues: such as bullying, fights, lack of manners, and even criminal acts that are rife today. This study aims to analyze the implementation the curriculum model grassroots through self-development programs in madrasas. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach with a case study type. To obtain research data, researchers used non-participant observation techniques, structured interviews, and documentation. The data sources in this study were the head of the madrasah, the deputy head of curriculum, and teachers. The data selection technique uses a purposive sampling technique. This research's data analysis technique uses triangulation of data sources. The results of the research findings indicate that the self-development program is carried out in madrasas in stages: (1) bullying and lack of manners are identified; (2) Madrasas review the programs that have been implemented; (3) Madrasas propose various types of programs; (4) Self-development programs at madrasah ibtidaiyah can overcome bullying and lack of manners; (5) The self-development program has been well implemented including programs this tahfid camp, Ramadan Ceria, Qoilulah, Rihlah, Outschool, Tasmi' Parade, Pioneer Class, and Home Visit. The grassroots curriculum model has been well implemented through self-development programs in madrasas. In the future, a more accurate and measurable evaluation of the implemented self-development program will be carried out.

Portrait of Teaching Writing in Online Classroom

Nowadays, online classrooms are growing in popularity. Especially given the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia, which has forced online learning. This study aims to investigate online learning in EFL learners’ writing classrooms. This study uses a qualitative method and a descriptive qualitative research design to examine in detail how teachers teach EFL learners in online writing. Researchers collected data through the technique of nonparticipant observation, and the researcher "observes from the sidelines" the action being observed. The results of this study reveal that the observed teacher's teaching method is not consistent with the four reference strategies employed by the researchers. The four strategies include; building knowledge of field, modeling of text, joint construction of text, and independent construction of text. Because, after being observed, the teacher employs only one strategy to teach writing, specifically building knowledge of field.

Language Policy Dynamics in Early Childhood Education through Basil Bernstein’s Lens

This paper examined the implementation of local language policy in privately owned early childhood centers through Bernstein’s lens theory. It focuses on the benefits and implications of using local languages as media of instruction in early grades drawing on Basil Bernstein’s framing and control lens. This study is qualitative in nature and it used descriptive research design to examine the implementation of local language policy in privately owned early childhood centers through Bernstein’s lens theory. Simple random sampling technique was used to select ten (10) privately owned centers and ten (10) teachers that formed the sample. Ten (10) center managers were purposely selected bringing the total number of participants to twenty (20). The study used participant and non-participant observation and interviews to collect data and a total of 10 lessons were observed with a focus on the language of the instruction used. The results of the study show that there are major divides that linger among the classes in society which are visible in geographical locations of schools and have a great influence on the language of instruction. The results further show that local languages are not taught in private schools due to limitations in language command and skill set required to adequately teach. The study recommends that the pre service training programs should equip early childhood education teachers with adequate skills in local language teaching. Further, there is need for wider consultation with all stakeholders if issues of medium of instruction are to be a consensus at pre-grade.

Analysis of Bigetron E-Sport Team Branding Strategy via the Instagram Platform

This research aims to analyze the branding strategy used by the Bigetron E-Sport Team via the Instagram platform, with a focus on symbolic aspects of strategy, brand as a friend, nostalgia and event branding. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection through non-participant observation of feed posts and reels from the @bigetronesports account. The theory used in this research refers to branding strategy concepts in the book "Strategic Brand Management". The results obtained from this research are that the Bigetron E-Sport Team has succeeded in implementing an adaptive, idealistic and differentiated branding strategy through the Instagram platform. They utilize symbols such as the color red and silhouette images to build a strong brand identity and attract fans' attention. Apart from that, the Bigetron E-Sport Team also uses Event Branding as part of their branding strategy, by holding offline events to increase brand visibility, attract media attention, and introduce players and sponsors to fans. By selecting these aspects, this research provides a deeper understanding of how the Bigetron E-Sport Team utilizes branding strategies through the Instagram platform to strengthen brand identity, deepen relationships with fans, and increase their presence in the E-Sport industry. It is hoped that this research will provide valuable insight for branding practitioners and E-Sport fans in understanding effective branding strategies in the context of social media.

Strategi Adaptasi Pedagang Pasar Tradisional Dalam Mempertahankan Kelangsungan Usaha Saat Pandemi Covid-19 di Pasar Baru Baturaja

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many business actors have experienced a drastic decrease in income due to the lack of buyers; one of the affected business actors is the Baturaja Baru Market trader. The existence of this pandemic makes traders experience stuttering, so it takes work to maintain their business. Therefore, traders are required to make efforts to adapt strategies so that they can continue to keep their business during the pandemic. In this study, the research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques used are in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, and documentation. This research uses Suharto's concept of adaptation strategy. The results of this study indicate that the adaptation strategy carried out by traders initially showed a feeling of optimism, but after that, traders began to experience stuttering. Traders who successfully apply the three adaption strategies will arrive at a sound stage and can adapt to the new conditions that existed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IDENTIFIKASI KETERAMPILAN PUSTAKAWAN DALAM MEMASARKAN DIGITAL REPOSITORY DI PERPUSTAKAAN STIKES YARSI PONTIANAK

Digital repository is a storage medium for the academic community that is open access. The selection of marketing media and content that has not attracted users utilizes digital repositories and affects the user level. The method used is qualitative with non-participant observation techniques, in depth interviews. Data analysis techniques through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion, while data validity tests use credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results showed that the skills possessed by librarians include 8 skills, namely: Digital marketing skills, direct marketing, policy aspect abilities, technical abilities, target analysis, information technology, marketing media creativity, managing time, evaluating. identification is carried out through the concept of 4P, marketing is not optimal for libraries and librarians externally.

The street begging economy: investigating the economic strategies of street beggars in Ghana

PurposeThis study investigates the economic strategies street beggars (SBs) employ in Ghana to gain a competitive advantage within the contested urban spaces they occupy. By conceptualising SBs as economic actors, the research shifts the focus from perceiving them as passive recipients of charity to recognising their intentional decision-making and strategic behaviour to maximise financial benefits.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopts a qualitative case study approach, using non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 40 SBs in Kumasi, Ghana. Thematic analysis was used to identify the economic strategies used by SBs to gain a competitive advantage.FindingsThe study reveals three main strategies adopted by SBs: child advertisement, body marketing, and narrative marketing. These strategies emerge from the SBs' contextual understanding of the public’s social protection needs and are used to develop strategies that give them an advantage over other SBs within contested urban streets.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could explore the effectiveness of different economic strategies employed by street beggars and compare their financial outcomes. Investigating the public’s perceptions and attitudes towards these strategies could provide valuable insights.Practical implicationsPolicymakers and city authorities should acknowledge some street begging as an economic activity and develop regulations, designate begging areas, and establish guidelines for acceptable practices. Creating targeted skill training, entrepreneurship programs, and access to microfinance can facilitate the transition of street beggars from begging to more sustainable forms of livelihood.Social implicationsThis study challenges the perception of street beggars as passive victims, highlighting their agency and strategic decision-making. Recognizing their economic strategies can inform policies that regulate begging as an economic activity, create alternative opportunities, and prevent exploitation of vulnerable groups, ultimately promoting more sustainable and dignified livelihoods for street beggars.Originality/valueThis study seeks to enrich the current literature and bridge the research gap by investigating the phenomenon of street begging and the diverse economic strategies street beggars employ to gain a competitive advantage within urban areas. This research moves beyond computing financial income and regulating begging by conceptualizing SBs as economic actors and begging as an economic activity. It explores how SBs use conscious efforts and rational strategies to maximize financial benefits from passers-by and outperform other SBs, providing novel insights into the complex dynamics of street begging.

Quality of hospital labour and delivery care: A multilevel analysis in Southern Nations and Nationalities People's Region of Ethiopia.

Ethiopia has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in Africa. Few have examined the quality of labour and delivery (L&D) care in the country. This study evaluated the quality of routine L&D care and identified patient-level and hospital-level factors associated with the quality of care in a subset of government hospitals. This was a facility-based, cross-sectional study using direct non-participant observation carried out in 2016. All mothers who received routine L&D care services at government hospitals (n = 20) in one of the populous regions of Ethiopia, Southern Nations Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR), were included. Mixed effects multilevel linear regression modeling was employed in two stages using hospital as a random effect, with quality of L&D care as the outcome and selected patient and hospital characteristics as independent variables. Patient characteristics included woman's age, number of previous births, number of skilled attendants involved in care process, and presence of any danger sign in current pregnancy. Hospital characteristics included teaching hospital status, mean number of attended births in the previous year, number of fulltime skilled attendants in the L&D ward, whether the hospital had offered refresher training on L&D care in the previous 12 months, and the extent to which the hospital met the 2014 Ethiopian Ministry of Health standards regarding to resources available for providing quality of L&D care (measured on a 0-100% scale). These standards pertain to availability of human resource by category and training status, availability of essential drugs, supplies and equipment in L&D ward, availability of laboratory services and safe blood, and availability of essential guidelines for key L&D care processes. On average, the hospitals met two-thirds of the standards for L&D care quality, with substantial variation between hospitals (standard deviation 10.9 percentage points). While the highest performing hospital met 91.3% of standards, the lowest performing hospital met only 35.8% of the standards. Hospitals had the highest adherence to standards in the domain of immediate and essential newborn care practices (86.8%), followed by the domain of care during the second and third stages of labour (77.9%). Hospitals scored substantially lower in the domains of active management of third stage of labour (AMTSL) (42.2%), interpersonal communication (47.2%), and initial assessment of the woman in labour (59.6%). We found the quality of L&D care score was significantly higher for women who had a history of any danger sign (β = 5.66; p-value = 0.001) and for women who were cared for at a teaching hospital (β = 12.10; p-value = 0.005). Additionally, hospitals with lower volume and more resources available for L&D care (P-values < 0.01) had higher L&D quality scores. Overall, the quality of L&D care provided to labouring mothers at government hospitals in SNNPR was limited. Lack of adherence to standards in the areas of the critical tasks of initial assessment, AMTSL, interpersonal communication during L&D, and respect for women's preferences are especially concerning. Without greater attention to the quality of L&D care, regardless of how accessible hospital L&D care becomes, maternal and neonatal mortality rates are unlikely to decrease substantially.

Enhancing the Quality of Judicial Service Delivery through E-Filing System: The Case of Rukwa District Courts in Tanzania.

E-filing system is advocated for improving the quality of judicial service delivery worldwide; andthis has proved successful in developed countries. In 2016, the Tanzania judicial organ piloted e- filing system and later in 2018, a countrywide rollout proceeded. Despite the adoption of the e- fil ing system, anomalies in the procedures for case filing are common especially in Rukwa Region. Previous studies have not given enough consideration to the aspects and dimensions of quality judicial service delivery through e-filing system such as duration, accessibility and convenience in district courts. This knowledge gap made it difficult for scholars and policy implementers to comprehend the current situation in district courts where reforms in judicial service delivery are ongoing. This study aimed to examine the contribution of e-filing system in the quality of judicial service delivery in Rukwa District courts. This work applied a mixed approach with a case study design using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 78 respondents through survey method, while seven (7) key informants were involved in interviews and supplemented by non-participant observation method. On the other hand, secondary data were collected through a documentary review. The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to generate frequencies, percentages followed by correlation analysis. Findings revealed that e-filing system had a potential to improve the quality of judicial service delivery through time saving, increased accessibility and enhanced convenience of specific judicial services such as the case filing. However, the potential of the e-filing system was challenged by disruptions in internet connectivity, limited interoperability and inadequate ICT facilities mainly desktops. The study recommends fostering reliable internet connectivity, enabling the system to operate off-line, to integrate the system with more technological innovations, and optimizing ICT facilities such as laptops or desktops to meet the needs.

Proactive review for people with diabetes in hospital: a cluster randomised feasibility trial with process evaluation, protocol V3.1

BackgroundDiabetes inpatient specialist services vary across the country, with limited evidence to guide service delivery. Currently, referrals to diabetes inpatient specialists are usually ‘reactive’ after diabetes-related events have taken place, which are associated with an increased risk of morbidity/mortality and increased length of hospital stay. We propose that a proactive diabetes review model of care, delivered by diabetes inpatient specialist nurses, may contribute to the prevention of such diabetes-related events and result in a reduction in the risk of harm.MethodWe will conduct a cluster randomised feasibility study with process evaluation. The proactive diabetes review model (PDRM) is a complex intervention that focuses on the prevention of potentially modifiable diabetes-related harms. All eligible patients will receive a comprehensive, structured diabetes review that aims to identify and prevent potentially modifiable diabetes-related harms through utilising a standardised review structure. Reviews are undertaken by a diabetes inpatient specialist nurse within one working day of admission. This differs from usual care where patients are often only seen after diabetes-related harms have taken place. The trial duration will be approximately 32 weeks, with intervention delivery throughout. There will be an initial 8-week run-in phase, followed by a 24-week data collection phase. Eight wards will be equally randomised to either PDRM or usual care. Adult patients with a known diagnosis of diabetes admitted to an included ward will be eligible. Data collection will be limited to that typically collected as part of usual care. Data collected will include descriptive data at both the ward and patient level and glucose measures, such as frequency and results of capillary glucose testing, ketonaemia and hypoglycaemic events. The analysis aims to determine the fidelity and acceptability of the intervention and the feasibility of a future definitive trial. Whilst this study is primarily about trial feasibility, the findings of the process evaluation may lead to changes to both trial processes and modifications to the intervention. A qualitative process evaluation will be conducted in parallel to the trial. A minimum of 22 patients, nurses, doctors, and managers will be recruited with methods including direct non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The feasibility of a future definitive trial will be assessed by evaluating recruitment and randomisation processes, staffing resources and quality of available data.DiscussionThe aim of this cluster randomised feasibility trial with a process evaluation is to explore the feasibility of a definitive trial and identify appropriate outcome measures. If a trial is feasible and the effectiveness of PDRM can be evaluated, this could inform the future development of inpatient diabetes services nationally.Trial registrationUK Clinical Research Network, 51,167. ISRCTN, ISRCTN70402110. Registered on 21 February 2022.

A Long-Term Study on the Effect of a Professional Development Program on Science Teachers’ Inquiry

In this study we explore the effect of a professional development (PD) program on four science teachers’ views and practices nearly a year after its completion, regarding inquiry implementation in everyday school practice. The PD program aimed to familiarize participants with current trends in science education (SE), putting emphasis on the inquiry approach. The basic research question guiding this study is whether science teachers’ inquiry practices and views changed, and to which extent, long after their participation in the PD program. Teachers’ practices were recorded, both during and after the PD, through non-participatory observation and were analysed through a semi-quantitative method. Teachers’ views were also recorded both during and after PD through structured questionnaires and reflective interviews, producing qualitative data that were analysed. Findings are encouraging concerning the preservation of guided inquiry practices obtained during the program, while more open inquiry practices proved to be limited. Teachers’ views concerning inquiry remained positive, also maintaining their innovative character.

Development of Piety Through Community-Based Islamic Religious Education

This study aims to describe and discover the uniqueness of piety through community-based Islamic Religious Education. Piety in this context is defined as human steadfastness in faith and its implementation, namely diligence in actualizing Islamic principles in life. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and literature review. The data analysis steps began with concrete description, experiencing the whole, creating units of meaning, transforming and reducing, creating constituents and structures, conveying findings, and interpreting findings. The collected data were tested for validity through source and technique triangulation. This study found that the religious experiences of the research subjects do not always come from family education. The religious community they belong to, the environment they live in, and demographic data also significantly contribute to their piety. Inner and spiritual experiences are dominant factors in the piety of research subjects. The development of piety among research subjects is influenced by their diverse experiences. For the research subjects, piety is interpreted as a principle of life. The true meaning of piety will give birth to a perspective and attitude of sincere devotion as a form of manifestation of true piety.

Classroom communications post pandemic: a case study

This cross-sectional case study (n = 20) took place in Qatar over a 3-month period spanning from September until the end of November in 2021. It examined the impacts of a post-COVID classroom arrangement that incorporated preventive measures like social distancing and the use of face coverings. Using the case study methodology, we employed two qualitative research methods, namely non-participant observation and semi-structured interviews, to gather primary data. We also conducted an extensive literature review to identify the key themes for investigation in the field. The primary focus of our study was on proxemics (personal space and crowding), technology (Zoom), non-verbal communication, and ergonomics (lighting and acoustics). Our study uncovered new areas for future research, particularly in how proxemics change in socially distanced classrooms, affecting personal space and perceptions of crowding. Additionally, it highlighted themes in post-pandemic classroom design, emphasizing the impact of factors like seating arrangements and available amenities (e.g., pinup walls) on student engagement, especially in design-studio classrooms. The study also revealed unexpected challenges, such as issues with microphone usage due to users’ lack of familiarity with their operation. In summary, the research underscores the ongoing importance of adaptable learning methods and communication strategies, particularly in response to preventive measures like social distancing and face-covering, which have reshaped our concept of personal space and emphasized the crucial role of telecommunication in crisis resilience for communities and organizations.