Non-participant Observation Research Articles

Children’s behavior at metaverses: Interactions, digital identities, and parent’s perceptions

Children are considered one of the main user profiles of metaverses, since they get into those digital universes by playing sandbox video games as Fortnite, Minecraft, or Roblox. However, a lack of research focused on the how, why and outcomes of this vulnerable target in metaverses has been noted. This study aims to investigate the behavior of children in the metaverses through their use of video games and the perceptions of their parents, considering them an indirect target. A total of 31 semi-structured interviews were conducted with children aged between six and 12 years old and their parents. Also, a non-participatory observation of five children while they were playing video games in their domestic environments were carried out. Results show that children play sandbox video games to have both online and offline presence, interacting with familiar people and strangers to feel connected to the community. Also, they recognize brands in those universes and the importance of designing avatars. For its part, parents identify some negative outcomes of video games, but their perception is mainly positive, above all in terms of collaboration and participation. A dichotomy between observation findings and parents’ response has been noted, reflecting a need of digital literacy in terms of communication.

The Continuity of eSports Athletes’ Careers: Skill Transformation, Personal Development, and Well-Being

Despite the rapid growth of the eSports industry with respect to its economic scale and the demand for eSports players, the career transformation experiences and well-being of eSports athletes have been largely overlooked. This study aims to explore eSports athletes’ personal development in terms of career continuity, associated skill transformation, and well-being after retirement. Employing non-participatory observations and semi-structured interviews, we unpack two different pedagogical contexts of retiring eSports athletes: one is “continuity paths” (three transformation options and associated skill sets), and the other is “desire for continuity” (psychological strengths and explicit tacit knowledge). Our findings provide practical guidance for the career transition experiences of eSports athletes and contribute to understanding the sustainable framework required for the self-development of talent within eSports education and the eSports industry. The findings suggest that psychological consultants and athletic rehabilitation therapists should be employed to provide professional advice, interventions, and treatment to eSports athletes before and after retirement.

Analisis Strategi Promosi Pembiayaan Murabahah dalam Meningkatkan Jumlah Anggota di BMT Al-Iqtishady Kota Mataram: Studi Kasus di BMT Al-Iqtishady Kota Mataram

BMT Al-Iqtishady Mataram City is a sharia-based financial institution. This company operating in the service sector uses 2 promotional media, namely online media and offline media. The online media used by BMT is websites, Instagram and Facebook. Meanwhile, for offline media, BMT uses brochures. This research is qualitative research that is descriptive qualitative in nature, trying to describe the research results obtained in the field. The types of data used in this research are primary and secondary data with the data sources used consisting of; General Manager, Customer Service (CS), Funding, PPOB Unit Manager, and Finance with data collection techniques used by researchers in the form of Non-Participant Observation, Structured Interviews, and Documentation. The data obtained is then processed in the form of words which are then expressed in the form of a description or narrative. The results of this research are financing promotion strategies, especially murabahah, BMT Al-Iqtishady does not carry out specific promotions per product. However, BMT carries out overall promotions where the main aim is to increase the number of members. Because, joining the community as members is one of the requirements that must be met if financing is to be carried out.

Pengelolaan Masjid Dalam Meningkatkan Aktivitas Keagamaan Di Masjid Nurul Iman Desa Sei Sentosa Labuhanbatu

This research found that the management of the Masjid Nurul Iman in Desa Sei Sentosa, Labuhanbatu District, has more active religious activities compared to its previous state. This study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach aimed at objectively describing the actual situation in the field. The research used primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from three individuals from Masjid Nurul Iman's management, namely the chairman, secretary, and treasurer. Meanwhile, secondary data were obtained from two religious figures, two local government officials, and three mosque congregants. Data collection instruments included structured interviews, non-participatory observation, and some field documentation. The results showed that the management of Masjid Nurul Iman is focused on enhancing religious activities, including the five daily prayers, Friday prayers, distribution of zakat fithrah, tarawih prayers, the slaughtering and distribution of qurban meat, solar and lunar eclipse prayers, tabliqh akbar, religious lectures, funeral prayers, the return of Hajj pilgrims, MTQ events, and torchlight processions. This indicates that the mosque's management has been effective in the areas of Idarah, imarah, and ri’ayah.

The riverside way of life as a spatial attribute for the design practice of Amazonian housing

The production of social housing in the Amazon does not differ from that found in other regions of Brazil, as the lack of adequacy in the projects is a historical and ongoing issue. This essay aims to raise questions about the inadequacy of housing projects for Amazonian cities. Reference is made in this investigation to the Amazonian imaginary, the origins of local ways of living, and the results of research projects already carried out by local researchers. Non-participant observations were also conducted in urban housing areas in the city of Belém. In this sense, it was observed that there are strong indications that the closer to the original way of life of the region's inhabitants, the riverside dwellers, the less likely transformations in housing promoted by the government are to occur. In the study reports, a typological language of riverside dwelling was identified in the modifications made to these state-owned housing units, serving as a mechanism of adaptation in housing. It has been noted that there is a mismatch between the user's needs and state action/production, and understanding the symbolic communications established between people and the built space may likely be beneficial in reducing the existing imbalance between user expectations and project quality in state offerings. Therefore, rethinking the ways of designing and producing architectural living spaces from the local user's perspective is a secure path for the sustainability of the project, encompassing the development of people and space vitality.

The Role of Leadership and Communication Competence in Increasing Learning Motivation in the Kampus Mengajar Program

Introduction/Main Objectives: Kampus Mengajar (Teaching Campus) is a program that provides opportunities for university students to learn outside the classroom for 1 (one) semester by becoming teaching partners to make innovation in the development of creative and innovative learning models and strategies in targeted education units. This program focuses on increasing school students' literacy and numeracy skills in targeted schools. Background Problems: This research tries to elaborate further on how university students play a role in efforts to increase students' learning motivation in the target schools. Novelty: The research that examined leadership and communication competencies associated with increasing students' learning motivation has never been described in the Kampus Mengajar Program evaluation. Research Methods: Qualitative approach is used to collect the data. The data used in this study were primary and secondary. Primary data was obtained from non-participant observations, interviews, and focus group discussions with students and teachers. Secondary data were obtained from students' report documents and other relevant literature. Finding/Results: Based on the results of the research, it was found that participants' leadership and communication competencies play an essential role in increasing students' learning motivation, which has a positive effect on increasing their literacy and numeracy skills. Conclusion: it could be concluded that university students, as the program participants were able to build their leadership attitudes successfully.

Resiliensi Akademik terhadap Santri yang Memiliki Tiga Peran

One of the Islamic Boarding Schools located in Bekasi, West Java has a special program that applies to the students, specifically the third level of Aliyah students. The program is in the form of lecture activities that must be followed to meet the graduation requirements for final-year students so that students have three roles. First, the students play the role of third-grade student Aliyah. Second, students play the role of freshmen. Third, the student acts as a student. The three roles of Aliyah third-level students require academic resilience that can help them face difficulties and problems during the learning process. This research uses qualitative methods with a phenomenological approach. The data collection method used semi-structured interview methods and non-participant observation, as well as documentation studies. Furthermore, data analysis uses interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) with atlas. ti software. This study aims to find out how the picture of academic resilience in students who have three roles. The result of this study is that the academic resilience of students is built by the ability of students to regulate emotions, control impulses, be optimistic, conduct environmental and condition analysis, self-efficacy, and reaching out. Keywords:

THE LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION AT PONDOK PESANTREN FADHLUL FADHLAN SEMARANG DUE TO THE ADDITION OF JAVANESE PARTICLES

This research aimed to describe (1) the form and function of Javanese particles in English conversations; and explained the factors behind the occurrence of language interference through the addition of Javanese particles to English conversations by students at the Fadhlul Fadhlan Islamic boarding school in Semarang. This research included field research with a qualitative approach and was presented descriptively. The data for this research was in the form of oral speech from the data source of students at the Fadhlul Fadhlan Islamic Boarding School when they were in the Islamic boarding school environment. The data collection technique method used non-participant observation by observing students' conversations and then taking notes and structured interviews with 27 students. The data analysis technique method used three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The interference theory by weinrich is to identify the interference phenomena. The results of this research showed that there were two types of Javanese particles added by students in English conversations, namely the single Javanese particles and the combination of Javanese particles. The second result was there were two forms of interference were found, namely grammatical interference and lexical interference. Third, the factors that caused interference through the addition of particles were internal factors in the form of bilingualism, lack of mastery of English grammar and vocabulary, and being carried away by mother tongue habits. Furthermore, external factors were the environment, facilitating communication between students, situations, and conditions

Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila dalam Upaya Meminimalisir Bullying di Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to describe the importance of strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile in an effort to anticipate bullying problems among fifth grade students. This research was conducted at SDN Banyurip 1. This research method uses descriptive qualitative where the main focus is on observing the strengthening of the Pancasila Learner Profile, the class observed is class V. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observations, and documentation. The data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and documentation. The interview used is semi-structured, in its implementation it is more free when compared to structured interviews. Researchers carried out non-participant observation data collection. Researchers obtained documents in the form of project modules to strengthen the Pancasila Student Profile, school profiles, teacher data, and student data. Data analysis conducted by researchers is divided into three flows, namely (1) data reduction; (2) data presentation; and (3) conclusion drawing. The results showed that the strengthening of the Pancasila Learner Profile at Banyurip 1 State Elementary School was implemented in the form of the Pancasila Learner Profile Strengthening Project (P5) and School Habituation Culture by means of character building. Through the formation of noble character and courtesy, students can understand that humans as creatures who need each other should always maintain harmony and peace. Therefore, strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile can anticipate and minimize the occurrence of bullying behavior at SDN Banyurip 1.

Komunikasi Pemasaran Offline to Digital (O2O) PT. Bank Aladin Syariah Tbk.

This study investigates PT Bank Aladin Syariah Tbk's marketing communication strategy transitioning from online to offline (O2O) channels, aiming to enhance customer engagement. Employing qualitative descriptive methodology, data were collected through non-participant observation, literature review, and archival analysis, utilizing purposive sampling for key informant selection. Data analysis involved reduction, presentation, and verification. Findings reveal Bank Aladin's active utilization of digital promotional mix via social media platforms and partnership collaborations with Alfamart convenience stores, employing a co-branding strategy to maintain hard-selling approaches for customer acquisition and third-party funds. Moreover, Bank Aladin launched a Shariah-compliant banking application with user-friendly and seamless features, garnering 3.2 million downloads and over 1.7 million registered users since December 2022. This study underscores the efficacy of integrating online platforms and strategic partnerships in enhancing customer outreach and service delivery within the Islamic banking sector.

Challenges of Learning in Second Language among South African School Learners with Developmental Language Disorder

Language in education plays a critical role in effective teaching and learning worldwide. This study aimed to explore the challenges of learning in a second language among secondary school learners with developmental language disorder (DLD). The study also unveils strategies used by professionals to support learners and learners’ attitudes towards support. The study participants were learners (n = 12), teachers (n = 5), a speech Language therapist, and an educational psychologist. A qualitative research approach was utilised employing a case study as the research design. Data generation sources included non-participatory observations, interviews, and focus group discussions. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings indicated that learning in a second language as the medium of instruction posed challenges for learners with DLD. They struggled with comprehension, reading, and word recognition of learning content. Teachers indicated that they used strategies such as remedial lessons and giving learners more reading material to enhance their vocabulary and narrative skills. They also referred learners to other professionals for further assistance. Parental involvement is also encouraged in support of learners. However, one of the factors limiting learners’ support is learners’ attitudes. Learners’ attitudes towards support may be attributed to limited awareness of DLD. Hence, there is a need to raise awareness of DLD among the learners. An in-depth course on special education in secondary teacher training programmes is necessary to further equip teachers with strategies to enhance inclusive classrooms. The promotion of local languages as a medium of instruction must be highly prioritised, even at a secondary level of education.

Changes in social mixing and attitudes and practices to precautionary measures in a maturing COVID-19 pandemic in six communities in Sudan: a qualitative study

IntroductionWith low COVID-19 vaccination coverage, non-pharmaceutical interventions were critical to mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan. We explored changes in social contact patterns, risk perception, attitudes, and practices toward protective measures during an evolving COVID-19 outbreak in six illustrative communities in Sudan.MethodsThis qualitative study took place in six communities in five Sudanese states using focus group discussions with community members and non-participant structured observations in public spaces between March 2021 and April 2021. A total of 117 participants joined 24 group discussions. We used a two-stage thematic analysis.ResultsThe perceived importance of compliance with individual preventative measures among those who believe in COVID-19 was higher than observed compliance with behaviors in most study sites. Adherence was consistently low and mainly driven by enforced movement restrictions. As restrictions were lifted, social contacts outside the household resumed pre-COVID-19 levels, and risk perception and individual and institutional adherence to protective measures diminished. We identified an environment that is socially and economically unsupportive of preventive practices, compounded by widespread rumours, misinformation, and mistrust in the government-led response. However, we identified new social habits that can contribute to reducing COVID-19 transmission.ConclusionThe unfavourable social and economic environment, coupled with the low visibility of the pandemic and pandemic response, has likely modulated the influence of higher risk perception on adopting precautionary behaviours by individuals. Governments and non-governmental actors should increase the visibility of the pandemic and pandemic response, enforce and incentivise infection control measures in public areas, promote emerging preventive social habits, and actively track and address rumours and misinformation related to COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines.

Dear colleague, tell me, do you really know me? The impact of self -verifying feedback on workplace interpersonal relationships and individual workplace behavior .

People need to obtain feedback that verifies the self- views which they hold about themselves, as, it is needed for psychological well-being and consistency. Trying to get self-verifying feedback, namely self-verification strivings research is mostly conducted in personal settings and intimate relationships. Thus, more research studying the topic in organizational settings and business relationships is needed. This paper aimed to study self-verification strivings of employees in organizational settings and to obtain an understanding of the influence of confirmatory feedback on workplace behavior and relationships. The research was exploratory in its nature, thus a qualitative research design was used and in-depth interviews with 30 participants were conducted. Additionally, the researchers made non-participant observation in the workplaces of the participants. The study presents several contributions to the field: It showed that receiving confirmatory feedback improves communication between colleagues; it enables effective division of work which in turn improves teamwork; it ensures the colleagues to have precise expectations about each other’s performances, it contributes to trust between the employee and the verifier, it helps the formation of affective commitment towards the organization and contributes to the development of organizational citizenship behaviors.

Exploring ethical decision-making in Chinese early childhood teachers

ABSTRACT With the advancement of Chinese teacher ethics, the significance of professional ethics among kindergarten teachers has gained prominence. Early childhood professional practice encompasses intricate ethical dilemmas that teachers must promptly identify and address. Consequently, the ability to make ethical decisions has become a crucial skill in teachers’ professional ethical practice. This study investigates the ethical dilemmas and decision-making of Chinese kindergarten teachers (N = 19) through semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation in a specific kindergarten setting. The findings reveal that Chinese kindergarten teachers face ethical dilemmas that revolve around four main themes: matters related to teacher’s work, matters related to parental expectations and requirements, matters related staff’s behaviour, conflicts between common rules. Chinese kindergarten teachers’ ethical decision-making can be categorised into four main types: inadvertently ignoring or giving less consideration, avoiding, delegating, and dialogue. Given China’s current focus on strengthening teacher ethics at the policy level, the results of this research hold significant reference value for enhancing the quality of teacher-child interaction and teachers’ ethical standards.

Strategi Pengembangan Desa Wisata Halal di Kabupaten Samosir

The study aims to analyze the development strategy of the halal tourist village in the district of Samosir. The research was conducted using qualitative descriptive methods. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews of 17 informants obtained through purposive sampling techniques, closed questionnaires, and non-participant observations. Data is analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques and SWOT using IFAS and EFAS matrices. The results of the research showed that the internal factors that are the strengths of the development of Samosir halal tourism village are the potential of nature, regional culture, hospitality of the community, accessibility, facilities, and prices. While internal factors which are weaknesses are the professional SDM, supporting infrastructure, digital promotion, financial support, public participation, as well as the coordination of stakeholders. External factors that become opportunities include global halal tourist trends, central government support, accessibleness and infrastructures, information technology and digital marketing, interests of investment in the halal Tourism sector, and the empowerment of the village tourism community programmes. While the threats faced are competition of halal travel destinations, local tourist interests, synergy between stakeholder, regulatory support and policy risks, social conflict and resilience of the society, and risks of health crises and natural disasters. Future development strategies need to focus on internal turn-around towards balanced and sustainable growth and stability through enhanced SDM capacity, accelerated infrastructure, optimized digital promotion, increased public participation, and strengthened stakeholder coordination. The next strategy that can be applied is horizontal integration, which is to develop and integrate existing halal tourism products and services to be more complete and attractive to tourists.

Social acceptance and adjustment of spouses in multicultural families to reduce violent behavioral conflicts in the Mueang district, Yala province

Currently, there is an increasing number of intercultural marriages in Thailand. Many Thai citizens, especially in various regions, tend to marry foreigners. In the southern region, particularly in the three southern border provinces, intercultural marriages mostly occur between Thai Muslim women and Thai Buddhist men. In these cases, the men usually convert to their wives' religion, Islam, which can lead to significant differences in beliefs and practices between the spouses. These differences often result in conflicts within the family and ultimately contribute to domestic violence issues. This situation has serious repercussions for both adults and children involved. This qualitative research examined the acceptance and adjustment of spouses in multicultural families to reduce violent behavioral conflicts in Muang District, Yala Province, Thailand. This study was the first research conducted in the region. To this end, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and both participant and non-participant observations. Interview questions and group discussion topics were determined according to research objectives. Further, study samples were collected from multicultural Buddhist-Islamic families using the purposive sampling method. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze data. Results revealed that individuals' intolerance of each other's beliefs and attitudes was the major cause of violence in multicultural families. The values, beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of married couples are shaped by their primary and secondary socialization based on their cultural foundations. Therefore, spouses in multicultural families accept and adjust themselves holistically to reduce violent behavioral conflicts in their family life. Their acceptance includes: (1) physical acceptance and adjustment; (2) mental acceptance and adjustment; (3) social acceptance and adjustment; and (4) spiritual acceptance and adjustment. The findings have implications for intercultural marriages.

Evidence-based intrapartum care during vaginal births: Direct observations in a tertiary care hospital in Central Sri Lanka

BackgroundEvidence-based practice (EBP) is an effective approach to improve maternal and newborn outcomes at birth. ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the current intrapartum practices of a tertiary care hospital in Central Province, Sri Lanka, during vaginal births. The benchmark for this assessment was the World Health Organisation's (WHO) recommendations on intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience. MethodsAn observational study was conducted at the delivery room of Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya with the participation of 196 labouring women who were selected using systematic random sampling. A non-participant observation checklist covering labour room admission procedures, management of the first, second, and third stages of labour, and immediate care of the newborn and postpartum mother was used for the data collection. The care interventions implemented throughout labour and childbirth were observed and recorded. The data analysis was done using SPSS version 22. ResultsWHO-recommended practices such as providing privacy (33.2%), offering oral fluids (39.3%), and opioids for pain relief (48.5%) were found to be infrequent. Encouraging correct pushing techniques (77.6%), early breastfeeding (83.2%), regular assessment of vaginal bleeding (91.3%), skin-to-skin contact (93.4%), and using prophylactic uterotonics (100.0%) were found to be frequent. However, labour companionship, use of upright positions during labour, women's choice of birth position, and use of manual or relaxation techniques for pain relief were not observed in hospital intrapartum care. ConclusionThe findings of the study indicate that additional attention and monitoring are required to align the current intrapartum care practices with the WHO recommendations. Moreover, the adoption of evidence-based intrapartum care should be encouraged by conveying the standard evidence-based intrapartum care guidelines to the grassroots level healthcare workers to avoid intrapartum interventions.

The Impact of Academic Procartination on The Learning Achievement of Grade 11 Students at SMA X Bogor

Procartination is behavior negative that is do procrastination in finish task academic so that influence results performance Study less students maximum. Research purposes This For describe about impact procartination academic student 11th grade at SMA X Bogor. Research methods use qualitative approach with method analysis descriptive with in-depth interview technique and non-participant observation. Research result found that procartination academic impact on low learning performance.

The effectiveness of Grade 3 teachers’ implementation of poetry through play pedagogies

Background: Poetry predates all other genres of literature, and it has been argued that the relationship between poetry and language is inextricable. The ability of African people to articulate their own stories was largely silenced by colonialism. Poems and lyrics have been known to create a bridge between individuals in meaningful words and songs.Aim: This article explores Grade 3 teachers’ experiences of teaching poetry and their utilisation of play pedagogies to enhance learning and make it pleasurable.Setting: Three schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, were purposively selected because of their rural location. The sample comprised six Grade 3 teachers who worked in these three rural primary schools. The learners in the study were using isiZulu as a language of learning and teaching.Methods: Semi-structured interviews, document analysis and non-participant observations were employed to generate the data.Results: Regardless, Grade 1 teachers know their knowledge of the value of play pedagogies in the development of young children.Conclusion: Researchers suggest that Grade 3 teachers need to align their practice and lesson plans with Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) proposals and guidelines. Moreover, play pedagogies need to be implemented and these need to be realistically aligned with allocated time frames and available resources to mitigate the severe restraints that impede effective poetry teaching as a tool for facilitating learning.Contribution: To ensure the success of all Grade 3 learners in the realm of poetry understanding and writing, it is imperative that Foundation Phase (FP) teachers align their teaching to the CAPS pedagogies to expose learners to various forms of poetry.

Regional Educational Policies and Critical Interculturality in Rural Areas of the Province of Abancay - Apurímac, 2023

The research work was carried out with the aim of analyzing regional educational policies and critical interculturality in secondary education in rural areas of the province of Abancay, department of Apurímac, 2023. The research is basic, qualitative and design-based, phenomenological-hermeneutic. The study population consisted of specialists, principals, teachers and students of the secondary education level of rural areas of the UGEL (Local Educational Management Unit) Abancay and the sample consisted of: 4 specialists from the DREA (Regional Directorate of Education of Apurímac), 3 specialists from the UGEL Abancay, secondary level, 6 rural education teachers from the EBR (Regular Basic Education), secondary school level, 6 directors and 6 students from rural schools in the province of Abancay. The following data collection instruments were used: semi-structured interview guide, documentary review form and non-participant observation guide. From the research it is concluded that the PERs (Regional Educational Policies) of Apurimac do not implement strategies of CI (critical interculturality) and the educational communities of rural schools do not know about the current PER (Regional Educational Project), but the native students demand the vindication of their language in educational and social processes