Non-parametric Data Research Articles

Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang Reproduksi Remaja Terhadap Pengetahuan dan Sikap pada Siswa SMK Pacet Kabupaten Mojokerto

Adolescent problems regarding sexuality and reproductive health are felt to be increasingly complex and concerning. The increasing cases surrounding adolescent reproduction occur due to the incomprehension of adolescents to various aspects of reproduction related to themselves. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adolescent reproductive health counseling on knowledge and attitudes in students of SMK Pacet, Mojokerto Regency. This type of research is an experimental study using Pretest and Posttest (One Group Pretest And Posttest Design). The study population of 320 students was taken as a sample with the Stratified Random Sampling technique of 178 respondents. Univariate and bivariate analysis, non-parametric data distribution with Wilcoxon test. The results of the study were that most respondents had sufficient knowledge about adolescent reproductive health before being given counseling, most respondents had good knowledge about adolescent reproductive health after being given counselling. The results of the Wilcoxon test obtained the results of the Asymp.Sig value. (2- tailed) = 0.000, then it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the knowledge of students of SMK Pacet Mojokerto Regency towards the intervention provided, namely adolescent reproductive health counseling. Schools can collaborate with several relevant agencies to jointly improve adolescent reproductive health counseling programs, as well as provide facilities and infrastructure such as additional media for student learning facilities such as providing several leaflets related to reproductive health, so that they can be used to increase student knowledge.

Zoledronic Acid Modulates Cytokine Expression and Mitigates Bone Loss during the Development of Induced Apical Periodontitis in a Mice Model

IntroductionBisphosphonates are antiresorptive drugs used worldwide to treat systemic bone pathologies. This study aimed to assess the impact of zoledronic acid on the progression of induced apical periodontitis and the expression of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in a mouse model. MethodsSixteen female isogenic BALB/c mice 6 weeks of age were distributed into 2 groups: mice with induced apical periodontitis (the AP group, n = 8) and mice with induced apical periodontitis treated with zoledronic acid (the AP-ZA group, n = 8). The AP-ZA group received a dose of 125 μg/kg zoledronic acid diluted in sterile saline solution administered intraperitoneally once a week for 4 weeks before pulp exposure, whereas the AP group received only saline solution. Pulp exposures were performed on the maxillary first molars for the induction of apical periodontitis, and mice were euthanized after 7 and 21 days. The jaws were collected; scanned using micro–computed tomographic imaging; and processed for polymerase chain reaction analysis of IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α. The Student t test was performed for parametric data, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for nonparametric data. The level of significance was set at 5%. ResultsMicro–computed tomographic imaging revealed higher bone resorption in the AP group compared with the AP-ZA group at both time points (P < .05). Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated higher TNF-α expression in the AP group at both time points and higher IL-6 and IL-1β expression in the AP group at the 7- and 21-day time points, respectively, compared with the AP-ZA group (P < .05). No differences were observed regarding IL-10 expression between the groups. ConclusionsZoledronic acid had significant anti-inflammatory and antiresorptive effects on apical periodontitis in mice.

Does geopolitics trigger energy inflation in the European economic area? Evidence from a panel time-varying regression

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the reaction of energy inflation to geopolitical risks in the European Economic Area between 1990 and 2015.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies the nonparametric time-varying coefficient panel data model with fixed effects. In addition, to further reveal potential tail effects that may not have been captured by conditional mean-based regressions, the method of moments quantile regression was also used.FindingsThe findings of this study are as follows: first, as European countries get exposed to geopolitical tensions, it is expected that energy prices will surge. Second, the ability of geopolitical risk to trigger energy inflation in recent times is not as powerful as it used to be. Third, countries with a lower inflation rate, when exposed to geopolitical risks, experience smaller increases in energy inflation compared to countries with a higher inflation rate.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study lead us to the conclusion that transitioning from nonrenewable to renewable energy use is one channel through which the sampled countries can battle the energy inflation, which geopolitical risks trigger. A sound macroeconomic policy for inflation control is a complementary channel through which the same goal can be achieved.Originality/valueGiven the increasing level of energy inflation and geopolitical risks in the world today, this study is an attempt to reveal the time-varying characteristics of the relationship between these variables in European countries using a nonparametric time-varying coefficient panel data model and method of moments quantile regression with fixed effects.

Refining of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) viscera oil with different sodium hydroxide concentrations

Crude fish oil cannot be applied to various products or consumed because its characteristics did not meet the food safety standards. Thus, it needs a purification process using NaOH to reduce the value of free fatty acids. This study was performed to determine the effect of NaOH on the characteristics of Tilapia’s viscera oil and to determine the best concentration. This study was an experimental laboratory using the Completely Randomized Design with different concentrations of NaOH 1%, 2% and 3% with triplication. Parametric data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by HSD, while nonparametric data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The difference in NaOH concentration indicated that the higher the NaOH concentration, the lower the value of free fatty acids, peroxide, p-Anisidine, and total oxidation. The results showed that the different concentrations of NaOH showed a significantly different effect (P&lt;5%) on free fatty acids, peroxide number, p-Anisidine, total oxidation, and organoleptic. The best concentration of NaOH in this study was 2% with the value of free fatty acids, peroxide value, p-Anisidine, total oxidation, and organoleptic of 1.51%, 2.044 meq/kg, 9.50 meq/kg, 13.20 meq/kg, and 8.06; respectively.

Novel morphogenic knee implant delivers comparable mid-term outcomes as compared to conventional non-morphogenic implants.

Conventional total knee arthroplasty (C-TKA) implants have well-established mid- and long-term outcomes. The novel TKA (N-TKA) implants provide morphogenic implant components with smaller size increments to facilitate anatomical replication. The aim of the study is to evaluate if these advantages provides better clinical outcomes. Registry data prospectively collected within a single institution from 2014 to 2018 was reviewed and propensity score matching was performed to match C-TKA to N-TKA. 70 pairs of cruciate retaining (CR) TKA and 116 pairs of posterior stabilized (PS) TKA were identified. Range of motion, SF-36, Knee Society Knee Score (KSKS), Knee Society Function Score (KSFS) and Oxford Knee Score (OKS) were assessed preoperatively, 6 and 24months postoperatively. Satisfaction was assessed 6 and 24months postoperatively. Independent T test was performed for parametric data, whereas Wilcoxon rank-sum analysis was performed for non-parametric data. Both C-TKA and N-TKA cohorts demonstrated statistically significant improvement for KSKS, KSFS, OKS and SF-36 at 6 and 24months postoperatively. C-TKA CR patients had better flexion at 6months as compared to N-TKA CR (108.7° versus 98.3°, respectively, p = 0.046). At 24months, there was no difference between C-TKA and N-TKA for range of motion, KSKS, KSFS, OKS and SF-36 PCS, regardless of insert type (p > 0.05). Both models showed great postoperative improvements in KSFS, KSKS, OKS and SF-36 and have comparable early and mid-term outcomes, suggesting that N-TKAs are suitable substitutes for C-TKA. Longer follow-up studies are required to evaluate the long-term outcomes of N-TKAs. lll.

The Effects of Using Spin Wheel Media on Counting Ability of Tunagrahita Students

This study aims to determine the effect of spin wheel media on the counting ability of tunagrahita students in class IV at SLB Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. This study used the one-group pre-test-post-test research method. Data collection in this study used written tests, and data analysis methods used non-parametric statistical data analysis techniques with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Wilxocon marked rank test) with the help of SPSS version 20. The results of Z value = -2.236 with Asymp Sig were obtained from the analysis results obtained in this study. (2-tailed) 0.025, which is below 0.05. From these results, it can be interpreted that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted at an initial significance of 5%. Therefore, the hypothesis in this study, "There is an effect of using rotating wheels on the numeracy skills of tunagrahita students in class IV at SLB Negeri 2 Yogyakarta" can be accepted as true. So, this study can be concluded that there is an effect of using spin wheel media on the counting ability of grade IV tunagrahita students at SLB Negeri 2 Yogyakarta.

RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONGED MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

Introduction. Mechanical ventilation (MV) remains a life-saving intervention for the sickest very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates. Despite the widespread use of non-invasive respiratory support, many VLBW neonates require some duration of MV during their initial hospitalization. As prolonged exposure to MV is associated with adverse outcomes in VLBW infants, it is important to identify the factors that influence the duration of this intervention.The study aimed to determine the factors affecting the duration of MV in VLBW infants.Material and methods. Data from a prospectively created computerized database were used in a retrospective cohort study. The database included information on 1086 VLBW infants &lt; 32 weeks' gestation who were ventilated at any time during their hospitalization at the tertiary care hospital between January 2010 and December 2020. Factors that potentially influenced the duration of MV were examined.The research was carried out in compliance with the requirements of bioethics as part of the planned scientific work of the department (state registration number 0117U001083).The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, as well as Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Measurements with normal distribution are presented as mean (standard deviation). Non-parametric continuous data are presented as median (interquartile range). All values were considered significant when p &lt;0.05.The study was carried out as a part of the planned scientific work of the department "Clinical-laboratory and instrumental substantiation of differential approaches to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of childhood diseases" (state registration number 0122U000164) without external sources of funding.Results. According to univariant analysis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (rS=0.32, p&lt;0.05), severe BPD (rS=0.418, p&lt;0.05), pneumothorax (rS=0.06, p=0.05), severe intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH) (rS=0.255, p&lt;0.05), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (rS=0.15, p&lt;0.05), sepsis (rS=0.087, p&lt;0.05), necrotizing enterocolitis (rS=0.088, p&lt;0.05), longer duration of antibiotic therapy (rS=0.168, p&lt;0.05), and a lower gestational age (rS=-0.118, p&lt;0.05) were associated with longer duration of MV in VLBW infants. At the same time, BPD (F=18.544, p&lt;0.0001), severe BPD (F=109.810, p&lt;0.0001), severe IVH (F=23.859, p&lt;0.0001), PVL (F=15.031, p&lt;0.0001), and more days of antibiotic therapy (F=13.173, p&lt;0.0001) significantly and independently affected the duration of MV based on the results of one-way ANCOVA.Conclusion. Severe lung and brain injury and prolonged antibiotic exposure were the main risk factors that significantly and independently prolonged MV in VLBW infants.

A meta‐analysis of aquaculture technical efficiency studies

AbstractAs the world population grows, the aquaculture sector faces challenges in the use of production systems to ensure the adequacy of the food supply. Technical efficiency analysis has been shown to be useful for improving resource management and production. This study provides a literature update and uses meta‐regression analysis to examine the variations in aquaculture mean technical efficiency (MTE) scores based on 101 studies published from 1998 to 2023. The findings show that studies with larger model dimensions, different output measures, an input‐oriented model specification and that analyse the exogenous variables of efficiency scores, freshwater aquaculture, and European data produce a narrower variance in MTE scores. In contrast, studies that use panel data and nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) generate wider variance in MTE scores. As a result of these investigations, the findings suggest the importance of selecting appropriate variables and sample sizes for efficiency estimates. Robustness checks of efficiency scores from the DEA and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approaches are recommended for future studies. Different policies and regulations should be implemented in different countries and across different farming systems.

Exploring the time-varying asymmetric effects of environmental regulation policies and human capital on sustainable development efficiency: A province level evidence from China

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2022 progress report indicates that global policies to reach SDGs 7 and 8 might not be as good as they could be. In the recent discussions at COP27 and in academic literature, sustainable development efficiency has also been brought up as a way to close this gap. Achieving sustainable development efficiency necessitates a favorable policy environment within economies. Environmental policies, human capital, and broader policy dimensions are just a few of the factors that influence this environment. The existing policy discourse and academic literature suggest that environmental regulation policies, human capital development, industrialization, urbanization, and GDP are potential drivers to achieve sustainable development efficiency. Hence, the study tends to erect a policy framework by investigating the time-varying effects of environmental regulation policies and human capital on sustainable development efficiency with the consort of industrialization and urbanization in a large economy—China. To this end, the study deploys the province-level panel data from 1998 to 2017 and utilizes several advanced econometric methods (Non-Parametric Panel Data Model, Wavelet Quantile Correlation, and Non-Parametric Panel Granger Causality Test). The results suggest that positive shocks in environmental regulation policies and human capital have favorable effects on sustainable development efficiency; however, their negative shocks have adverse impacts over time. Further, industrialization and urbanization significantly deteriorate the sustainable development efficiency. Based on the results, phase-wise policies are recommended in order to achieve SDGs 7 and 8.

Perbandingan Komposisi Kimia dan Uji Hedonik terhadap Perisa Menggunakan Bahan Baku Limbah Ikan yang Berbeda

Abstract: Fish skin and bones contain high calcium and phosphorus, besides that they also contain minerals, proteins, and volatile compounds (Pratama et al., 2017) so that they can be used as natural flavor enhancers, because the need for natural flavor enhancers is higher due to high awareness consumers of healthy food. Along with the development of science and technology, lifestyle changes towards a healthy life and without preservatives are increasingly resonant. Public knowledge about the dangers of consuming synthetic MSG in the long term is getting higher. So processing fish waste into flavoring is one of the most useful breakthroughs in the world of science. Making a delicious and nutritious flavoring comparable to synthetic flavoring is a challenge. This study used fish broth raw materials TT, KT, TL and maltodextrin. The addition of maltodextrin to food aims to maintain the nutritional content during processing, increase solubility and organoleptic. The purpose of this study was to study the characteristics of natural flavors made from different fish waste and to determine consumer acceptance of products made from the resulting natural flavors. The test parameters observed were proximate analysis and hedonic organoleptic tests. Nonparametric data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis then the Mann-Whitney test and the Bayyes test. The results of the research were carried out using the proximate test, namely the water content in the TT broth was 10.50%, the KT broth water content was 7.99%, and the TL broth water content was 10.46%. The ash content in the TT broth was 12.85%, the ash content in the KT broth was 10.23%, and the ash content in the TL broth was 11.42%. The fat content in TT broth was 1.82%, the fat content in KT broth was 1.80%, and the fat content in TL broth was 1.39%. The protein content in the TT broth was 5.88%, the protein in the KT broth was 6.89%, the protein in the TL broth was 7.54%. Based on the best hedonic organoleptic test, namely leubim bone powder broth with the addition of maltodextrin of 2.63. The results of the hedonic test showed that almost all the parameters tested, namely color, aroma, taste, texture and appearance, had a high average organoleptic score.Keywords:Bubuk Kaldu Perisa Alami , Limbah Ikan, Maltodekstrin

Comparison of core and process scores on the California Verbal Learning Test-3 for Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) are two disorders known to lead to executive dysfunction, presumably through distinct pathways to the frontal lobes via the striatum or cerebellum, respectively. Memory functioning in PD and ET patients has been previously suggested to be adversely impacted by executive dysfunction. The aims of this exploratory study were to compare memory performance between and within groups on the California Verbal Learning Test – 3 (CVLT-3) through the analysis of core and process scores and to understand the relationship of these scores with measures of executive functioning. Method Seventy PD and 54 ET patients completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Independent sample t-tests or Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare between group core and process scores on the CVLT-3. Within-subjects analyses were conducted via Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test due to nonparametric data. Spearman’s correlations were conducted to explore the relationship between memory process scores and measures of executive functioning. Results The ET and PD samples were similar with regard to age, education, gender, and general cognitive functioning. PD patients made more repetition errors (U = 2391.50, p = .01) than ET patients and Normal Memory PD patients made more repetition errors than Low Memory PD patients (U= 711.00, p= .00). Correlational analyses revealed repetition errors were negatively associated with tests of inhibition, set shifting, and working memory (rs = −.293, −.232). ET patients demonstrated a preference for a serial cluster learning strategy (T = 861.00, p = .005), similar to PD patients (T= 1633.00, p = <.001). Conclusions The study revealed presence of higher repetition errors in the PD sample that was demonstrated to have a negative relationship with measures of executive functioning. Implications for investigating process (“qualitative”) scores in memory performance to determine extent of executive involvement are discussed.

Data worth analysis within a model-free data assimilation framework for soil moisture flow

Abstract. Conventional data worth (DW) analysis for soil water problems depends on physical dynamic models. The widespread occurrence of model structural errors and the strong nonlinearity of soil water flow may lead to biased or wrong worth assessment. By introducing the nonparametric data worth analysis (NP-DWA) framework coupled with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), this real-world case study attempts to assess the worth of potential soil moisture observations regarding the reconstruction of fully data-driven soil water flow models prior to data gathering. The DW of real-time soil moisture observations after Gaussian process training and Kalman update was quantified with three representative information metrics, including the trace, Shannon entropy difference and relative entropy. The sequential NP-DWA framework was examined by a number of cases in terms of the variable of interest, spatial location, observation error, and prior data content. Our results indicated that, similarly to the traditional DW analysis based on physical models, the overall increasing trend of the DW from the sequential augmentation of additional observations within the NP-DWA framework was also susceptible to interruptions by localized surges due to never-experienced atmospheric conditions (i.e., rainfall events). The difference is that this biased DW in the former is caused by model structural errors triggered by contrasting scenarios, which is difficult to be compensated for by assimilating more prior data, while this performance degradation in the NP-DWA can be effectively alleviated by enriching training scenarios or the appropriate amplification of observational noise under extreme meteorological conditions. Nevertheless, a substantial expansion of the prior data content may cause an unexpected increase in the DW of future potential observations due to the possible introduction of ensuing observation noises. Hence, high-quality and representative small data may be a better choice than unfiltered big data. Compared with the observations in the surface layer with the strongest time variability, the soil water content in the middle layer robustly exhibited remarkable superiority in the construction of model-free soil moisture models. We also demonstrated that the DW assessment performance was jointly determined by 3C, i.e., the capacity of potential observation realizations to capture actual observations, the correlation of potential observations with the variables of interest and the choice of DW indicators. Direct mapping from regular meteorological data to soil water content within the NP-DWA mitigated the adverse effects of nonlinearity-related interference, which thus facilitated the identification of the soil moisture covariance matrix, especially the cross-covariance.

The nexus between agricultural land use, urbanization, and greenhouse gas emissions: Novel implications from different stages of income levels

The current study establishes theoretical and empirical linkages among urbanization, economic growth, land use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The prime objective of this article is to draw novel conclusions and policies for the different income levels of countries regarding the urbanization and agriculture sector land on environmental pollution. Employing panel data of 50 countries for the period 1990 to 2019, this study uses the lasso regression and non-parametric regression panel data methods to investigate the impacts of land use (arable, permanent pastures, and cropland), urbanization growth, and economic progress on the pollution levels. After estimating a Lasso regression to find the best auto-regressive predictive specification, we used an auto-regressive partially linear regression where each of the drivers’ effects was modelled non-parametrically. The elasticity effect of the urban population on emissions is significantly positive and sizable. In addition, the effect distribution shows a non-negligible share of observations with an elasticity higher than one. Urban population growth is a serious threat to climate change, as it seems to increase sharply CO2 emissions (although with an elasticity pace smaller than one). The elasticity effect of GDP is significantly negative, which implies that the scale of production, by triggering efficiency, can have a positive effect on emissions reduction. The results argue that agglomeration negative effects put in place by larger urban population can partly explain this finding. Overall, the study argues that urbanization growth and economic activities lead to GHG emissions, whereas the study also discusses novel implications and the role of agricultural land use apropos Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The empirical findings allow us to draw novel conclusions and guidelines in line with SDGs. The agricultural reforms might include irrigation and farming techniques such as spin farming, solar tube wells, tunnel farming, technology use agreements, plant double helix, etc.

Biological investigation of resinous endodontic sealers containing calcium hydroxide.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vivo, the biocompatibility, biomineralization, collagen maturation and the in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxicity of resinous endodontic sealers containing calcium hydroxide. Forty rats were implanted with polyethylene tubes containing Sealer 26, Sealer Plus, Dia-ProSeal and an empty tube, examined after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis by Agar Diffusion Test (ADT) through inhibition zones. For cytotoxicity, undifferentiated pulp cells (OD-21) were cultured and assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, exposed to dilution of serial extracts at 6, 24, 48h. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni correction. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn test was performed for nonparametric data (p<0.05). MTT assay revealed cell proliferation affected by sealers extract in all periods (p<0.0001), except for Dia-Proseal and Sealer Plus ⅛ dilution. Subcutaneous analysis showed at day 7th moderate inflammatory infiltration. After 30 days, Sealer 26 still showed moderate inflammatory infiltrate compared to mild inflammation from control and Dia-ProSeal (p = 0.006). At day 60th, all groups showed similar mild inflammatory infiltrate (p>0.05). Sealer 26 induced more biomineralization than other sealers in all periods. At 7 and 15 days, all sealers had significant percentage of immature collagen fibers. After 60 days Sealer 26 showed more mature fibers compared to other sealers (p<0.001). All sealers had a smaller zone of inhibition than chlorhexidine, but with no significant difference among any group (p>0.05). All sealers showed satisfactory biological responses with in vitro/in vivo biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity against planktonic bacteria. Sealer 26 induced more biomineralization than Sealer Plus and Dia-ProSeal.

The scalar-on-function modal regression for functional time series data

This paper develops a new nonparametric estimator of the scalar-on function modal regression that is used to analyse the co-variability between a functional regressor and a scalar output variable. The new estimator inherits the smoothness of the kernel method and the robustness of the quantile regression. We assume that the functional observations are structured as a strong mixing functional time series data and we establish the almost complete consistency (with rate) of the constructed estimator. A discussion highlighting the impact of this new estimator in nonparametric functional data analysis is also given. The usefulness of this new estimator is shown using an artificial data example.

PATIENT-ORIENTED APPROACH TO PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH CHRONIC TONSILLOPHARINGITIS

In the structure of otolaryngological diseases, chronic tonsillopharyngitis (CTP) is one of the most common pathologies in the adult population (2.84-35%). The problem of CTP treatment remains relevant, especially in pregnant women, due to the diversity of microflora and the impact on the development and outcome of pregnancy. The article touches upon the problems of protecting the reproductive health of women. Objective: individual approach to the course of chronic tonsillopharyngitis (CTP) in pregnant women Materials and methods: A prospective examination in analytical groups conducted in the City Clinical Hospital No. 5 of Almaty since 2018. to 2021 There were cases of manifestations of tonsillogenic-pharyngeal intoxication in 300 pregnant women aged 18 to 40 years. The sample of study participants was conducted in accordance with the tasks and criteria. All statistical calculations were performed using the SPSS program (version 22.0, IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), p value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were expressed as mean values with appropriate standard deviations. The normality of data distribution was confirmed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical data were analyzed using a chi-square test. For non-parametric data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to make statistical comparisons between the three groups, and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used to make statistical comparisons between the two groups. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. Сonclusions: An analysis of the literature data showed that it is necessary to start with preventive measures for a married couple before planning a pregnancy. We consider it an important conclusion to pay attention to tonsillopharyngeal syndrome in young couples planning children, as one of the extragenital catastrophes that reduce the health index of future mothers, and at the republican level, to include mandatory examination and admission to childbearing through inclusion in the screening program for the development of the nation, otherwise through decade there will be problems with reproductive health in the country.

Dealing the problem of heteroscedasticity in Data Envelopment Analysis

There are various performance or efficiency measurements of similar type of organizations known as Decision Making Units (DMU). One of the effective tools for assessing the effectiveness of DMUs is the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. However, the presence of heteroscedasticity in the inputs and outputs affect the results of DEA. By computing the efficiency estimates in this work, the author tried to eliminate the heteroscedasticity. Additionally, for the sake of an empirical inquiry, the author took into account information on non-life insurance businesses in India. The study's goal is to determine how heteroscedasticity affects DEA efficiency estimations.

Comparison of intramuscular alfaxalone with medetomidine-ketamine for inducing anaesthesia in Trachemys scripta spp. undergoing sterilization

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of two anaesthetic protocols on heart rate (HR), time to muscle relaxation and tracheal intubation and time to surgical plane of anaesthesia, in Trachemys scripta spp. undergoing oophorectomy. Study designProspective randomized clinical study. AnimalsA total of 43 healthy female turtles. MethodsMorphine (1.5 mg kg–1) was injected subcutaneously 2 hours before anaesthesia induction. The turtles were randomly administered either medetomidine (0.2 mg kg–1) and ketamine (10 mg kg–1) (group MK; n = 23) or alfaxalone (20 mg kg–1) (group A; n = 20) intramuscularly followed by bupivacaine (2 mg kg–1) administered subcutaneously along the incision site. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen (100%). HR and the anaesthetic depth score (ADS) were recorded every 5 minutes from induction to recovery. A Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni adjustment were used to compare these non-parametric data (HR and ADS) between groups and over time. Time to muscle relaxation of neck and limbs (TMR), tracheal tube insertion (TTTI) and stage of surgical anaesthesia (TADS≤3) were recorded and compared between groups using a Welch’s t test after logarithmic transformation. ResultsMedian values of TMR, TTTI and TADS≤3 were 4, 9.5 and 25 minutes in group A, respectively, and 14, 20 and 35 minutes in group MK (TMR, TTTIp ≤ 0.0001; TADS≤3p = 0.001). Plane of anaesthesia was significantly deeper in group A than in group MK for the first 20 minutes (p < 0.01). HR at 10 and 15 minutes post injection was significantly lower in group MK (28 beats minute–1) than in group A (36 and 34 beats minute–1) (p < 0.02). Conclusions and clinical relevanceAfter intramuscular injection in Trachemys scripta spp., tracheal intubation, muscle relaxation and a surgical plane of anaesthesia developed faster with alfaxalone than medetomidine–ketamine.

EFFECT OF WOOD STACKING ON PRODUCTIVITY AND COST OF FOREST EXTRACTION AND LOADING

Due to the need to implement new operational procedures that provide productivity gains and cost reduction in wood harvesting and logistics, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of wood stacking on productivity and costs of forest extraction and loading operations. The study was carried out in eucalyptus plantations, where the extraction of wood with the forwarder and the loading of vehicles with the forest loader were evaluated. Three log stacking models on the edge of the stand were evaluated: control, inverted and adjacent, with variations in the alignment and distance of the logs concerning the edge of the stand. A study of the times and movements of the operations was carried out, determining the productivity (m³.h-1) and the production cost (R$.m-3) of the forestry operations. The data were compared using the Tukey test (α=5%) for parametric data and the Kruskal-Wallis test (α=5%) for non-parametric data, and the effect of different extraction distances was also verified using equations. The inverted stacking model contributed to the increase in extraction productivity, while the adjacent model in loading, with a reduction in production cost of around 22.1%. Simultaneously analyzing both wood stacking models, the standard model adopted by the forestry company was better with a 6.1% reduction in costs compared to the others. The productivity equations showed that the inverted stacking model contributed to the forwarder's higher performance at distances up to 140 m. The study showed that wood stacking models affect forestry operations and should be considered in operational planning.

Poster 284: Investigating the Frequency and Extent of Articular Cartilage Injury Following Patellar Dislocation: A Comparison of Recurrent vs. First-Time Dislocations

Objectives: In cases of patellar dislocation, surgical intervention is typically reserved for patients with recurrent instability, unless a chondral or osteochondral fragment is identified following the initial dislocation. There is concern that multiple dislocation events may result in a higher incidence of articular cartilage injury. The purpose of this study is to compare the incidence of articular cartilage damage in patients with a single patellar dislocation to those with multiple patellar dislocations, and secondarily to compare the location and severity of chondral injury between the groups. Methods: Patients diagnosed with patellar dislocation were retrospectively identified by ICD-9 &amp; ICD-10 codes from 2017-2021. Inclusion criteria were patients with a documented history of patellar dislocation with an MRI of the affected knee available for review. Patients with articular cartilage injury prior to dislocation event were excluded. Medical records were reviewed to determine the number of previous patellar dislocations. Articular cartilage injury was graded using a validated system, AMADEUS (mean total Area Measurement And DEpth &amp; Underlying Structures, a scale from 0 to 100; 100 = no injury). Parametric continuous data was calculated by performing t tests. Nonparametric continuous data was calculated by performing Mann-Whitney tests. Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact tests were used to calculate p values for categorical data. Results: After chart and imaging review, 233 patients were included: 117 with a primary dislocation and 116 with recurrent dislocations. Fifty-one (43.6%) of the primary dislocations and 68 (58.6%) of the recurrent dislocations were found to have articular cartilage injuries (p=0.068). When comparing the primary and recurrent groups, there was no difference in age, BMI, race, or laterality, but the recurrent group contained a significantly larger proportion of females (46.2% vs. 65.5%, P=0.004). There was no difference in lesion size, subchondral bone defect, presence of bone edema, or total AMADEUS score between groups (p=0.231). Subgroup analysis revealed that when cartilage damage is present, patients from the primary group had significantly more full-thickness lesions (p&lt;0.001) and lower AMADEUS scores (p=0.016). The primary group had an increased proportion of medial facet and lateral femoral condyle lesions (p=0.026). Conclusions: There is a high percentage of cartilage injury in patients with a history of primary and recurrent patellar instability, with 43.6% and 58.6% of patients respectively, showing articular cartilage injury on MRI. Chondral injury primarily affected the medial and lateral patellar facets, and the lateral femoral condyle in both the primary and recurrent dislocation groups. However, the primary group demonstrated an increased number of full thickness lesions and subchondral bone defects. There was no difference in lesion size, presence of bone edema, or total AMADEUS score between the primary and recurrent groups. [Table: see text][Table: see text]