Nonmedicated Control Research Articles

Efficacy of anticoccidial drugs and their impacts on growth performance on caecal coccidiosis in broiler chicken

Coccidiosis is a fatal disease of poultry. In order to combat caecal coccidiosis of broiler, this study was designed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of sulfaclozine, toltrazuril and amprolium. 50 pcs of day old broiler chick were randomized and divided into five groups. The chicks of group T0 kept as non-infected, non-medicated control. The group Ti were kept as infected non treated and other three groups such as T1, T2, T3 were treated with sulfaclozine, toltrazuril and amprolium at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight orally, respectively on day 21 and 24 of age. In chicks of group T1, sulfaclozine was given at rate of 10mg/kg body weight orally. Similarly chicks of group T2 were treated with toltrazuril 10 mg/kg and group T3 were treated with amprolium at the rate of 10 mg/kg body weight orally, respectively. After treatment, the efficacy, body weight, morbidity and mortality were studied. From the present research treatment there were sharp decline of OPG counts in all groups. But the decline was very significant (P<0.05) in Group T3 which was 1.37±0.002 thousand. This study also suggested that the mean initial weight of chicks for all groups were almost similar, which was 37 g and above as recorded on day 1. The pre-infection body weight values at day 10 recorded for all groups were almost similar which was more than 217 g. Significant (P<0.01) increase of body weight was recorded on day 21 following which the highest increase (780.21±1.29 g) was seen in Group T0 chicken (healthy control). After treatment (on day 24), there were significant increase in body weight of all groups used for therapeutic trial with the maximum mean weight gain in Group T3 (790.83±2.10g) which was the nearest value to Group T0 (healthy control). The clinical signs of caecal coccidiosis appeared on day 15 and became severe on day 21. A total of 6 chicks died during the experimental period from Group Ti (untreated affected group) and found 60% mortality. Only 3 birds died in Group T1 treated with sulfaclozine and 2 birds died in group T2 treated with toltrazuril and 2 birds died in group T3 group treated with amprolium.

82 Effects of a red-clover containing mineral on heifer behavior and fertility

Abstract Heat stress reduces reproductive efficiency in beef cattle. Recent evidence suggests that supplementation of red clover can alleviate the physiological impacts of fescue toxicosis which could decrease heat stress. Our objective was to determine the effect of supplementing heifers grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+ TF) with a conventional mineral containing red-clover leaf. We hypothesized that heifers supplemented with the red-clover leaf mineral would have greater conception rates to AI (CRAI) in times of possible heat stress compared with heifers supplemented with conventional mineral. A grazing study was conducted from May – August in 2021, 2022, and 2023. Yearling beef heifers (n = 32, 36, 40 heifers yr-1, respectively) were blocked by body weight, hair coat score and color into 4 grazing blocks that were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (2 blocks treatment-1): 1. conventional non-medicated loose mineral control (0%-RC), or 2. conventional loose mineral + 20% wt/wt red clover leaf (20%-RC). Mineral treatments were provided in ground, 3-compartment mineral feeders ad libitum. Each grazing block was assigned to four, 0.8- ha. pastures consisting of predominantly E+ TF and were rotationally managed over the course of the study. Each year estrus was synchronized suitable for fixed time AI in May and all heifers resynchronized in June. In addition, each heifer was fitted with an ear-tag sensor (CowManager SensOor, Agis Automatisering BV, Harmelen, the Netherlands) for continuous behavioral monitoring (including high activity and activity). The CRAI were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS using the binomial distribution link logit function (v.9.4., SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Total daily activity and high activity reported by CowManger during May and June were analyzed by the MIXED procedure with repeated measures of SAS. The CRAI were similar for 20%-RC (67.30 ± 9.80%) and 0%-RC (60.70 ± 9.80%) heifers following the first service of AI (P = 0.51) during a thermoneutral period in May. In contrast, CRAI was greater (P = 0.02) for 20%-RC heifers (48.67 ± 13.47%) than CM (15.10 ± 13.47%) in June when temperatures increased to potential heat stress levels. Overall, conception rate after two rounds of AI for 20%-RC (78.30 ± 9.30%) heifers tended to be greater (P = 0.08) than CM (62.20 ± 9.30 %). While high activity (associated with estrous behavior) reported by CowManager did not differ between treatments (20%-RC: 203.94; 0%-RC: 213.90; SEM: 8.65 min d-1; P = 0.25), normal daily activity of 20%-RC heifers (150.69 ± 10.40 min d-1) tended to be greater (P = 0.06) than CM (126.33 ± 8.65 min d-1). Results of this study suggest supplementing red-clover containing mineral may mitigate negative effects of consuming E+ TF including decreased conception rates during times of heat stress.

An In Vitro Study Evaluating the Safety of Mesalazine on Human Nasoepithelial Cells.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disease characterised by the inflammation of the nasal and paranasal cavities. It is a widespread condition with considerable morbidity for patients. Current treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis consists of appropriate medical therapy followed by surgery in medically resistant patients. Although oral steroids are effective, they are associated with significant morbidity, and disease recurrence is common when discontinued. The development of additional steroid sparing therapies is therefore needed. Mesalazine is a commonly used therapeutic in inflammatory bowel disease, which shares a similar disease profile with chronic rhinosinusitis. This exploratory in vitro study aims to investigate whether mesalazine could be repurposed to a nasal wash, which is safe on human nasoepithelial cells, and retains its anti-inflammatory effects. CRS patients' human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were collected. HNECs were grown at an air-liquid interface (ALIs) and in a monolayer and challenged with mesalazine or a non-medicated control. Transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular permeability, and toxicity were measured to assess epithelial integrity and safety. The anti-inflammatory effects of mesalazine on the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were analysed using human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1). mesalazine did not impact the barrier function of HNEC-ALIs and was not toxic when applied to HNECs or THP-1 cells at concentrations up to 20 mM. mesalazine at 0.5 and 1 mM concentrations significantly inhibited TNF-α release by THP-1 cells. mesalazine effectively decreases TNF-α secretion from THP-1 cells, indicating the possibility of its anti-inflammatory properties. The safety profile of mesalazine at doses up to 20 mM suggests that it is safe when applied topically on HNECs.

The effects of cricket meal (Gryllus sigillatus) on the meat quality, growth, and internal morphology of broiler chickens

Cricket ( Gryllus sigillatus) meal (CM) was fed to Ross 308 broiler chickens ( n = 624 total; 26 birds/pen) at dietary inclusion rates of 0% (non-medicated control; NM), 0% (medicated control; 0.05% virginiamycin, 0.03% monensin; M), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% CM (non-medicated) for 35 days to determine the impact of this novel feed ingredient on the growth, feed intake, organ indices, and meat quality of these chickens. The final average live weight of broilers fed 5% CM was lower than broilers fed the 10% CM ( P < 0.05) and the 0% NM diets ( P < 0.05). Total weight gain was lowest in chickens fed 5% CM ( P < 0.05) and the % ratio of the weight of the small intestine to body weight of the chickens fed 5% CM was significantly higher on day 20 than that of the other treatments ( P < 0.05). Meat texture and colour were not affected by dietary treatments. Cooking loss in birds fed the 10% CM diet was significantly higher than that of birds fed the 0% NM control. Feeding up to 20% CM did not alter the growth, organ indices, or meat quality of broiler chickens, although further research is required to determine whether including >20% CM in the diet will produce similar results.

Efficacy of avilamycin on the incidence and severity of diarrhea associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli and the subsequent growth performance of nursery pigs.

A total of 3,329 commercial crossbred barrows and gilts were used to compare the efficacy of avilamycin on incidence and severity of diarrhea and growth performance of pigs naturally infected with Escherichia coli. An incomplete block design was used with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) Stocking density (Single: 0.67 sq. m/pig vs. Double: 0.33 sq. m/pig) and 2) Nursery medication program [Nonmedicated control fed for 56 d (CON) vs. 80.5 mg/kg avilamycin fed for 21 d (AVI21) vs. 80.5 mg/kg avilamycin fed for 42 d (AVI42) vs. 55.1 mg/kg carbadox fed for 21 d (CAR21)]. Subjective diarrhea scores were collected weekly on each pen according to a 3-point scale. Pigs were weighed on days 0, 21, 42, and 56 of the study. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) recommendations. Fecal swabs from pigs were collected and confirmed the presence of hemolytic E. coli within the first two weeks of study. During the first 21 d, feeding AVI21 and AVI42 lowered (P < 0.05) diarrhea severity compared to controls, with CAR21 being intermediate. In the second 21 d, feeding AVI42 lowered (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence and severity compared to the other treatments. In general, feeding medication resulted in lower maximum diarrhea scores compared to nonmedicated controls. For the overall study period (day 0 to 56), there were no (P > 0.05) stocking density × nursery medication program interactions for growth performance measures. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for day 0 to 42; feed conversion did not differ between double and single stocking density treatments for AVI42, whereas for CON, AVI21, and CAR21, feed conversion was lower in the single stocking density treatment. For the overall study period, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of nursery medication program on final BW, ADG, ADFI, or incidence of morbidity and mortality. Overall G:F was improved (P < 0.05) for pigs fed avilamycin compared to carbadox, with controls being intermediate. Double stocking resulted in lower overall ADFI (P < 0.05) and improved G:F (P < 0.05) compared to single stocking, but increased overall morbidity and mortality and diarrhea severity, incidence, and overall scores (P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate relatively similar performance with improved feed conversion and improvements in diarrhea incidence and severity for pigs fed avilamycin compared to carbadox.

Cardiac response to water activities in children with Long QT syndrome type 1

Background Swimming is a genotype-specific trigger in long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1). Objective To examine the autonomic response to water activities in children and adolescents with LQT1. Methods In this cross-sectional study, LQT1 patients were age and sex matched to one healthy control subject. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during face immersion (FI), swimming, diving, and whole-body submersion (WBS). Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) was measured. The high frequency (HF) component of HRV was interpreted to reflect parasympathetic activity, while the low frequency (LF) component was interpreted as reflecting the combined influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity on autonomic nervous modulation of the heart. Results Fifteen LQT1 patients (aged 7–19 years, all on beta-blocker therapy) and fifteen age and sex matched non-medicated controls were included. No significant ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the LQT1 population during the water activities. Out of these 15 matched pairs, 12 pairs managed to complete FI and WBS for more than 10 seconds and were subsequently included in HR and HRV analyses. In response to FI, the LQT1 group experienced a drop in HR of 48 bpm, compared to 67 bpm in the control group (p = 0.006). In response to WBS, HR decreased by 48 bpm in the LQT1 group and 70 bpm in the control group (p = 0.007). A significantly lower PTOT (p &lt; 0.001) and HF (p = 0.011) component was observed before, during and after FI in LQT1 patients compared with the controls. Before, during and after WBS, a significantly lower total power (p &lt; 0.001), LF (p = 0.002) and HF (p = 0.006) component was observed in the LQT1 patients. Conclusion A significantly lower HR decrease in response to water activities was observed in LQT1 subjects on beta-blocker therapy, compared to matched non-medicated controls. The data suggests an impaired parasympathetic response in LQT1 children and adolescents. An aberrant autonomic nervous system (ANS) response may cause an autonomic imbalance in this patient group.

Evaluation of ionophore resistance in field isolates of Eimeria tenella from Jammu and Kashmir

The present study was conducted to evaluate resistance against ionophores (salinomycin and maduramicin) in four field isolates (F) of Eimeria tenella collected from four distantly located poultry farms from Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The purity of isolates was ascertained by COCCIMORPH and ITS-1 gene amplification for E. tenella. For the drug sensitivity trial, Cobb strain, day-old male broiler chicks were used. At the age of 10 days, the birds were transferred ad random in 13 groups to battery cage system. All birds, except non infected non-medicated control were infected with 105 sporulated oocysts each at two weeks. Prophylactic medication with ionophores commenced two days prior to infection in eight groups (two medicated groups for each of the four isolates). Another four groups served as infected and non-medicated control. Seven days post infection, all the surviving birds were sacrificed to study drug resistance by assessing the global index for individual ionophore compounds. The F-1 exhibited resistance against salinomycin and maduramicin whereas, the F-2 showed comparatively improved global index for both salinomycin and maduramicin thus indicating limited efficacy. The F-3 exhibited partial resistance against salinomycin and limited efficacy in case of maduaramicin, and the F-4 was observed to be resistant against salinomycin whereas partially resistant against maduramicin. The present study provides evidence of resistance against maduramicin and salinomycin in field isolates of E. tenella from Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir which may aid in management of poultry coccidiosis.

English

Essential oils are potent medicinal substances which can control multiple diseases by their antioxidant actions. In current research, anticoccidial potential of the Amomum subulatum essential oil was estimated in broiler chicks. 270 broiler chicks were divided equally into 6 groups, each having 3 replicates. All the groups, except infected nonmedicated control group, were given sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria spp. First three groups received essential oil of A. subulatum @ 1%, 2% and 3% (v/w) in the feed and their activities was evaluated in comparison to the Symocox® (Toltrazuril) treated groups and infected nonmedicated groups. Feed conversion ratio, feed intake, weight gain, rates of mortality, organ weight ratios, fecal scores, lesion scores and oocyst per gram of feces were taken as the parameters of the study. Blood parameters and serum metabolites were also evaluated. A. subulatum essential oil @ 3% concentration had the best FCR, survival rates, and feed intakes. A. subulatum essential oils also significantly reduced lesion lowered oocyst counts and improved the fecal scores. Hematological and serum profiles were also improved by the 3% essential oil of A. subulatum in the feed. This research concluded that the A. subulatum essential oil @ 3% concentration can be used for the treatment of avian coccidiosis however formulation of dose requires further studies on broiler chicks.

Efficacy of Florfenicol and Oxytetracycline Administered in Feed to Control Cisco Mortality Associated with Aeromonas salmonicida Infections

AbstractTwo medications (one with florfenicol and one with oxytetracycline) that are approved in the United States to control mortality due to furunculosis associated with Aeromonas salmonicida were assessed to determine their efficacy in medicated feeds to treat A. salmonicida‐infected Cisco (also known as Lake Herring) Coregonus artedi. Cisco were subjected to static infection baths containing A. salmonicida or a sham control and then were distributed to replicate test tanks within four treatment groups: (1) fish infected with A. salmonicida and treated with 15 mg florfenicol·kg body weight (BW)−1·d−1, (2) fish infected with A. salmonicida and treated with 83 mg oxytetracycline·kg BW−1·d−1, (3) fish infected with A. salmonicida and treated with a nonmedicated control feed, and (4) uninfected fish treated with a nonmedicated control feed. Medicated and comparative nonmedicated feed rations were administered at 2% BW/d for 10 consecutive days in accordance with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved drug label, followed by a 7‐d postdosing observation period using only nonmedicated feed. Cisco that were infected with A. salmonicida and treated with florfenicol (79% survival) and oxytetracycline (85% survival) had significantly higher survival than A. salmonicida‐infected fish that received no medicated treatment (3% survival). No statistical difference in Cisco survival between the two medicated feed types was found. Aeromonas salmonicida was not detected in the kidney tissue of any surviving fish treated with medicated feeds at 7 d postdosing using quantitative PCR analysis. Overall, this study demonstrated that florfenicol‐ and oxytetracycline‐medicated feeds were effective A. salmonicida treatments for Cisco. Outcomes may inform ongoing propagation efforts for Cisco restoration within the Great Lakes basin.

Retinal vessel diameters and microvascular abnormalities in patients with carotid stenosis before and 6months after carotid endarterectomy: A prospective study.

To assess retinal findings in patients with severe carotid stenosis (CS) before and after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) compared to those in controls. This study is based on 70 patients (male 81%, mean age 69) scheduled for CEA in Helsinki University Hospital and 41 healthy nonmedicated controls (male 76%, mean age 68). Our examinations included fundus photographs. Semi-automated software (Vesselmap, Imedos) served for evaluation of central retinal arterial equivalent (CRAE) and venular equivalent (CRVE), and arterio-venous ratio (AVR) in both eyes. We assessed fundus photographs to subjectively grade microvascular abnormalities in the ipsilateral eyes including focal arteriolar narrowing and irregularities, arteriolar wall reflex, arterio-venous crossing signs and arteriolar and venular tortuosity in the macula. CRAE was similar in the ipsi-and contralateral eyes of our patients, and similar to that of the controls both pre- and postoperatively. Preoperatively, we observed higher CRVE in the patients' ipsilateral than in their contralateral eyes (222 vs. 217 μm, p=0.009), and likewise higher than in controls' eyes (222 vs. 214 μm, p=0.024). CRVE decreased postoperatively in the patients' ipsilateral eyes (222 vs. 217 μm, p=0.037). Among the microvascular abnormalities, arteriolar and venular tortuosity in the macula showed higher grades in the patients than in the controls preoperatively (p=0.035 and p=0.043), but not postoperatively (p=0.15 and p=0.10). CRVE decreased after CEA, showing that venules constrict after the mechanical hindrance of blood flow is removed. Higher grades in arteriolar and venular tortuosity in the macula, a potential ocular biomarker of CS, subsided after CEA.

0213 Circadian Entrainment and Cognition in College Students using Antidepressants

Abstract Introduction Depression, sleep disturbances, and cognitive deficits often co-occur. Compared to non-medicated controls, people using antidepressant medications (particularly serotonin agonists) often have improved sleep including increased slow wave sleep, quality and continuity. Improvements to cognition after antidepressant treatments are also common including benefits to reaction time, inhibition, and memory. Importantly, circadian deficits, including sleep onset latency, fragmentation, and phase shifts are common in patients with depression, yet the effect of antidepressant medication on circadian indicators is unclear. The current project examined sleep, circadian entrainment, and cognition in college students who were diagnosed with depression and using serotonin agonists and in those without depressive symptoms. Methods Participants completed cognitive tasks that assessed reaction time, memory, attention, inhibition, and logical reasoning via the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric between 1100-1700 two times, first at study enrollment and second after a two-week study interval. After initial cognitive assessments, participants wore actigraphs for two weeks from which we extracted their sleep-wake patterns, total sleep time(TST), time in bed(TIB), sleep-onset latency(SOL), sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset(WASO). Study 1 included 15 undergraduate students (11F, 7 antidepressant users, Mage=19.53) and Study 2 included 25 graduate students (21F, 13 antidepressant users, Mage=25.37), all recruited from James Madison University. Results Study 1 found that undergraduate antidepressant users had longer TIB, TST, and SOL. No cognitive or entrainment differences were found between drug use conditions. Within the antidepressant group, higher dosage predicted shorter TIB(r2=.64, p&amp;lt;.05), poorer spatial processing speed(r2=.73, p&amp;lt;.05) and logical relation performance(r2=.81, p&amp;lt;.05). In study 2, no circadian or cognitive differences were present across drug conditions. Deficits in WASO and sleep efficiency for antidepressant users were present. Within the antidepressant group, years of antidepressant use and dosage predicted poorer reaction time(r2=.84, p&amp;lt;.05), inhibition(r2=.70, p&amp;lt;.05), and spatial processing(r2=.98, p&amp;lt;.05). Self-reported wake episodes also predicted poorer reaction time and inhibition. Years of antidepressant use, dosage, and time of antidepressant use predicted TIB(r2=.73, p&amp;lt;.05), and time of antidepressant use predicted TST(sr2=.79, p&amp;lt;.05). Conclusion Future studies should use longitudinal research designs and prospective methods to examine the impact of antidepressant medications on circadian rhythms, sleep and cognition. Support (If Any)

Characteristics of single-channel electroencephalogram in depression during conversation with noise reduction technology

BackgroundPrevious studies have attempted to characterize depression using electroencephalography (EEG), but results have been inconsistent. New noise reduction technology allows EEG acquisition during conversation.MethodsWe recorded EEG from 40 patients with depression as they engaged in conversation using a single-channel EEG device while conducting real-time noise reduction and compared them to those of 40 healthy subjects. Differences in EEG between patients and controls, as well as differences in patients’ depression severity, were examined using the ratio of the power spectrum at each frequency. In addition, the effects of medications were examined in a similar way.ResultsIn comparing healthy controls and depression patients, significant power spectrum differences were observed at 3 Hz, 4 Hz, and 10 Hz and higher frequencies. In the patient group, differences in the power spectrum were observed between asymptomatic patients and healthy individuals, and between patients of each respective severity level and healthy individuals. In addition, significant differences were observed at multiple frequencies when comparing patients who did and did not take antidepressants, antipsychotics, and/or benzodiazepines. However, the power spectra still remained significantly different between non-medicated patients and healthy individuals.LimitationsThe small sample size may have caused Type II error. Patients’ demographic characteristics varied. Moreover, most patients were taking various medications, and cannot be compared to the non-medicated control group.ConclusionA study with a larger sample size should be conducted to gauge reproducibility, but the methods used in this study could be useful in clinical practice as a biomarker of depression.

Positive and Negative Symptoms Are Associated with Distinct Effects on Predictive Saccades.

The predictive saccade task is a motor learning paradigm requiring saccades to track a visual target moving in a predictable pattern. Previous research has explored extensively anti-saccade deficits observed across psychosis, but less is known about predictive saccade-related mechanisms. The dataset analysed came from the studies of Crawford et al, published in 1995, where neuroleptically medicated schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder patients were compared with non-medicated patients and control participants using a predictive saccade paradigm. The participant groups consisted of medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 40), non-medicated schizophrenia patients (n = 18), medicated bipolar disorder patients (n = 14), non-medicated bipolar disorder patients (n = 18), and controls (n = 31). The current analyses explore relationships between predictive saccades and symptomatology, and the potential interaction of medication. Analyses revealed that the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder diagnostic categories are indistinguishable in patterns of predictive control across several saccadic parameters, supporting a dimensional hypothesis. Once collapsed into predominantly high-/low- negative/positive symptoms, regardless of diagnosis, differences were revealed, with significant hypometria and lower gain in those with more negative symptoms. This illustrates how the presentation of the deficits is homogeneous across diagnosis, but heterogeneous when surveyed by symptomatology; attesting that a diagnostic label is less informative than symptomatology when exploring predictive saccades.

Flicker-induced retinal vascular dilation in ipsi- and contralateral eyes of patients with carotid stenosis before and after carotid endarterectomy: a prospective study.

Retinal vascular function was assessed in patients with carotid stenosis (CS) before and six months after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and in controls at a six-month interval. We studied 68 patients (81% male, mean age 69) and 41 healthy non-medicated controls (77%, 68) from March 2015 to December 2018. Our ophthalmological examination included flicker-induced arteriolar and venular measurements with a Dynamic Vessel Analyser in both eyes. At baseline, flicker-induced arteriolar and venular dilation was reduced in the ipsilateral eyes of the patients compared with dilation in the controls (arteriolar 1.0% versus 2.6%, p = 0.001 and venular 2.2% versus 2.8%, p = 0.049). These differences subsided after CEA. In patients' ipsilateral eyes, flicker-induced arteriolar dilation was borderline postoperatively (preoperative 1.0% versus postoperative 1.6%, p = 0.06), whereas venular dilation increased (2.2% versus 2.8%, p = 0.025). We found various tentative associations with the change in flicker-induced dilations after CEA, but not with the preoperative dilations. Postoperative recovery of the reduced flicker-induced arteriolar and venular dilatation in the ipsilateral eye shows that, after CEA, the activity-dependent vascular reactivity of haemodynamically compromised retinal tissue can improve.

Curcumin Inhibits the Growth and Induces Apoptosis of Human Endometrial Cancer Cells

The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanism of curcumin inhibiting the growth and inducing apoptosis of human endometrial carcinoma cell line. Human endometrial carcinoma cell line was cultured in vitro and all cells were divided into control group, curcumin low, medium and high treatment group, the concentrations were 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l and 20 mg/l, respectively. Compared with the non-medicated control group, the proliferation of human endometrial carcinoma cell treated with curcumin at different concentrations for 24, 48 and 72 h was significantly inhibited and with the increase of drug concentration, the inhibition rate was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). After treatment of human endometrial carcinoma cell with curcumin 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l and 20 mg/l, the ratio of growth 0/ growth 1 was significantly lower than that of the control group, the ratio of growth 2/mitosis phase was significantly higher than that of the control group and the ratio of growth 2/mitosis phase was gradually increased with the increase of drug concentration, which was dose-dependent (p<0.05). After treatment of human endometrial carcinoma cells with curcumin 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l and 20 mg/l, the apoptosis rate gradually increased and with the increase of drug concentration, the apoptosis rate increased sequentially (p<0.05). After treatment of human endometrial carcinoma cell with curcumin 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l and 20 mg/l, compared with the control group, the protein level of apoptosis factor Livin was significantly decreased and the protein level of caspase-3 was significantly increased in each group (p<0.05). The levels of Livin protein and caspase-3 protein were dose-dependent with curcumin concentration. It was concluded that curcumin has obvious inhibitory effect on human endometrial cancer cells and can induce cell cycle arrest, promote apoptosis, which is concentration dependent. The related reason may be through inhibiting Livin protein expression and increasing caspase-3 protein level.

Ocular signs of carotid stenosis in ipsi- and contralateral eyes before and after carotid endarterectomy: a prospective study.

We describe hypoperfusion-related and embolic ocular signs of carotid stenosis (CS) before and six months after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in a CS population. We enrolled prospectively 70 CEA patients (81% male, mean age 69) and 41 non-medicated control subjects (76%, 68), from March 2015 to December 2018, assessing intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in logMAR units and performing a bio-microscopy examination. Main index symptoms included amaurosis fugax (Afx) (29, 41%) and hemispheric TIA (17, 24%), and 17 (24%) were asymptomatic. Of the 70, 17 patients (24%, 95% CI 16-36) showed ocular signs of CS. Of four embolic (Hollenhorst plaques) findings, one small macular plaque disappeared postoperatively. Four had hypoperfusion, that is ocular ischaemic syndrome (OIS), requiring panretinal photocoagulation: one for multiple mid-peripheral haemorrhages, two for iris neovascularization and one for neovascular glaucoma (NVG); only the NVG proved irreversible. Nine (de novo in three) showed mild OIS, that is only few mid-peripheral haemorrhages, ranging pre- /postoperatively in ipsilateral eyes from one to eleven (median two)/ one to two (median one), and in contralateral eyes from three to nine (median five)/ one to six (median three). Pre- and postoperative median BCVA was 0 or better, and mean IOP was normal, except in the NVG patient. Temporary visual impairment from 0 to 0.3 occurred in one eye soon after CEA due to ocular hyperperfusion causing macular oedema. Ocular signs of CS are common in CEA patients, ranging from few mid-peripheral haemorrhages to irreversible NVG. Clinicians should be aware of these signs in detecting CS.

EVALUATION OF ANTICOCCIDIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF RICINUS COMMUNIS IN BROILER

Aims and Objectives: Coccidiosis is recognized as the parasitic disease which has the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The emergence of resistant strains to available drugs has become a major problem in order to treat/control coccidiosis. Botanicals can act as alternative to anticoccidial drugs. This study has therefore, been planned to evaluate both in vitro and in vivo anticoccidial activity of the plant R. communis. Methods: In in vitro trial 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 percent, DMSO dissolved crude aqueous methanolic extract of R. communis was used to investigate its inhibitory effect upon sporulation of oocysts. The research was done in University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, with the collaboration of Parasitology, Pathology and Poultry departments. In in vivo trial, the plant was used at three graded concentrations for evaluation of its anticoccidial activity in broiler birds. A total of 144 (one-day-old) broiler chicks were divided into six groups each having 24 chicks. At age of 15 days, groups I, II and III were given 4%, 5% and 6% of dried powder of R. communis respectively. Group IV was served as positive control (infected, toltrazuril treated), group V as negative control (infected, non-medicated) and group VI was serve as non-infected and non-medicated control. All groups except group VI were infected orally with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species at 18th day of age. Result: After 7 days of inoculation, six birds from each group were slaughtered to get results on oocysts score, lesion score, relative organ weight, hematology and immunomodulatory effect. Data was analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and group means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range tests. Conclusion: It was concluded that R. communis can be used as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent at local and regional level for the control of coccidiosis in broilers. Peer Review History: Received: 18 July 2021; Revised: 7 August; Accepted: 6 September, Available online: 15 September 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate , Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. amaechitoexcel@yahoo.com Similar Articles: ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC AND COGNITIVE ENHANCER PLANTS PRESENT IN BANGLADESH: A STUDY REVIEW

Disparate Information Provided by Pulse Wave Velocity versus Other Measures of Aortic Compliance in End-Stage Renal Disease

Introduction: Unfavorable changes in cardiac and arterial function are related to poor prognosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We compared hemodynamic profiles between subjects with end-stage renal disease and 2 control groups with corresponding pulse wave velocities (PWVs). Methods: Noninvasive hemodynamics were recorded during passive head-up tilt in CKD stage 5 patients (n = 35), patients with primary hypertension (n = 35, n = 30 with antihypertensive medications), and subjects without cardiovascular or renal diseases and cardiovascular medications (n = 70). The groups were selected to have corresponding age, sex, body mass index, and PWV. Hemodynamic data were captured using whole-body impedance cardiography and radial tonometric pulse wave analysis. Results: Supine blood pressure did not differ between the groups, but upright diastolic blood pressure was lower in CKD patients than in the 2 control groups (p ≤ 0.001 for both, RANOVA). Despite similar PWV, supine aortic pulse pressure was higher in CKD patients versus nonmedicated subjects (p = 0.029). Two additional measures indicated reduced aortic compliance in CKD patients versus both control groups: lower ratio of stroke index to aortic pulse pressure (p ≤ 0.023) and higher aortic characteristic impedance (p ≤ 0.003). The subendocardial viability ratio was lower in the CKD group than in both control groups (p ≤ 0.039). Conclusion: In the absence of differences in PWV, higher aortic pulse pressure and characteristic impedance, and lower ratio of stroke index to aortic pulse pressure, suggest reduced aortic compliance and impaired left ventricular function in CKD patients. A lower subendocardial viability ratio predisposes the CKD patients to impaired cardiac oxygen supply versus hypertensive patients and nonmedicated controls.

Sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima from three regions in Brazil to eight anticoccidial drugs

Rotation with different active ingredients is among the most effective and recommended strategies to preserve the efficacy of anticoccidial drugs and reduce the emergence of resistance. Tools such as anticoccidial sensitivity tests (ASTs) are ideally used to make rational rotation programs and bring benefits to production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of E. acervulina (EA) and E. maxima (EM) from 3 different regions in Brazil, by using four ASTs. Feces samples weighing 6 to 7 kg were collected in the regions of São Paulo, Paraná, and Minas Gerais. Prevalent oocysts from feces were filtered, identified, and quantified to conduct 2 ASTs with EA and 2 with EM. The same experimental design was used in every AST (4 replicates per treatment, with 6 birds each, for a total of 240 birds). Treatment groups were a nonchallenged and nonmedicated control group (T1), a challenged and nonmedicated control group (T2), and the other groups challenged and treated with the following compounds: lasalocid (90 ppm – T3), maduramycin (6 ppm – T4), decoquinate (30 ppm – T5), nicarbazin+semduramicin (66 ppm – T6), monensin (110 ppm – T7), salinomycin (66 ppm – T8), narasin+nicarbazin (100 ppm – T9), and nicarbazin (125 ppm – T10). At the end of each AST (20 d), the percent change (delta value) between the treated group (T3 to T10) and the control group (T2) was calculated for the following variables: body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, lesion score, and an indicator of percentage of optimal anticoccidial activity (POAA) that included T2. Different sensitivity levels of EA and EM isolates could be identified. As a whole, drugs from T5 and T3 groups showed higher delta values when compared to other compounds, whereas the lowest sensitivity levels of these isolates were observed in groups T4 and T7. Despite some limiting factors, ASTs can be a good tool for strategic selection of anticoccidial drugs in order to maintain efficacy and extend the lifespan of these molecules.

Survey of coccidia on commercial broiler farms in Colombia: frequency of Eimeria species, anticoccidial sensitivity, and histopathology

Avian coccidiosis continues to be one of the costliest diseases of commercial poultry. Understanding the epidemiology of Eimeria species in poultry flocks and the resistance profile to common anticoccidials is important to design effective disease prevention and control strategies. This study examined litter samples to estimate the prevalence and distribution of Eimeria species among broiler farms in 4 geographic regions of Colombia. A total of 245 litter samples were collected from 194 broiler farms across representative regions of poultry production between March and August 2019. The litter samples were processed for oocysts enumeration and speciation after sporulation. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was conducted to confirm the presence of Eimeria species. Anticoccidial sensitivity was determined with 160 Ross AP males in 5 treatment groups: noninfected, nonmedicated control (NNC), infected, nonmedicated control (INC), infected salinomycin treated (SAL, dose: 66 ppm), infected diclazuril treated (DIC, dose: 1 ppm), and infected methylbenzocuate-Clopidol treated (MET.CLO, dose: 100 ppm), All birds were orally inoculated with 1 × 106 sporulated oocysts using a 1 mL syringe, except for the NNC- group who received 1ml of water.Eimeria spp. were found in 236 (96.3%) out of 245 individual houses, representing 180 (92.8%) out of 194 farms. Eimeria acervulina was the most prevalent species (35.0%) followed by Eimeria tenella (30.9%), Eimeria maxima (20.4%), and other Eimeria spp. (13.6%). However, mixed species infections were common, with the most prevalent combination being mixtures of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and other species in 31.4% of the Eimeria-positive samples. PCR analysis identified E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria mitis, and Eimeria praecox with variable prevalence across farms and regions. Anticoccidial sensitivity testing of strains of Eimeria isolated from 1 region, no treatment difference (P > 0.05) was observed in final weight (BW), weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion (FCR). For the global resistance index (GI) classified SAL and MET.CLO as good efficacy (85.79 and 85.49, respectively) and DIC as limited efficacy (74.52%). These results demonstrate the ubiquitous nature of Eimeria spp. and identifies the current state of sensitivity to commonly used anticoccidials in a region of poultry importance for Colombia.