Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Materials Research Articles

Ultrafast laser pulse repetition rate dependent switching of nonlinearity in water

Tailoring the nonlinear optical properties of materials through extrinsic parameter controls is advantageous for many applications. In this article, ultrafast laser pulse repetition rate induced switching of reverse saturable absorption to saturable absorption of water is reported. For the investigations, a conventional open aperture z-scan measurement system equipped with a variable repetition rate ultrafast laser source operating at the wavelength of 1030 nm was employed. A combination of weak saturable absorption and strong reverse saturable absorption induced by three-photon absorption is observed at low and moderate repetition rates. At repetition rates above 5 kHz, there is a significant variation in nonlinear absorption, where the reverse saturable absorption starts to diminish and saturable absorption increases. For repetition rates beyond 100 kHz, the nonlinearity gets reversed, where water tends to behave more like a saturable absorber with a weak three-photon absorption component.

Synthesis and investigation of nonlinear optical properties of biphenyl ethylene derivatives with different substituents

Three biphenyl ethylene derivatives (BPED1, BPED2 and BPED3) with different substituent groups were synthesized by Schiff base reaction. The influence of substituent types on nonlinear optical properties of materials was studied. Three derivatives are reverse saturated absorption and have good optical limiting performances. The third harmonic strength of BPED1, BPED2 and BPED3 is 18 times, 27 times and 37 times that of SiO2, respectively. The optical limiting threshold and third harmonic signal show that three derivatives will have good application potential in the field of laser protection, laser modulation and conversion.

Gamma-radiation-induced negative nonlinear absorption in quartz glass

The effect of ionizing radiation on the nonlinear optical properties of materials needs to be considered for applications that employ high-power laser pulses in extreme radiation environments. The Heraeus Infrasil302 optical quartz glass was irradiated by gamma rays, and its nonlinear absorption was measured using the open-aperture Z-scan technique with nanosecond laser pulses. Irradiation results in a negative nonlinear absorption coefficient whose magnitude increases with irradiation dose. Nonlinear absorption coefficients of −0.78, −1.14, −1.29, and −1.88~ × ~10−13 m/W are measured for gamma doses of 600 krad, 1.2 Mrad, 3.6 Mrad, and 10 Mrad, respectively. Thermal annealing restores the optical properties of quartz-glass to their unirradiated values. It is suggested that metallic impurities introduced by the manufacturing process have a role in inducing saturated absorption in irradiated quartz glass, which manifests as negative nonlinear absorption coefficient, and is demonstrated by comparing Infrasil302 quartz results to equivalent irradiated measurements for Spectrosil2000 quartz.

Large Optical Nonlinearity of Dielectric Nanocavity-Assisted Mie Resonances Strongly Coupled to an Epsilon-near-Zero Mode.

Strong coupling provides a powerful way to modify the nonlinear optical properties of materials. The coupling strength of the state-of-the-art strongly coupled systems is restricted by a weak-field confinement of the cavity, which limits the enhancement of the optical nonlinearity. Here, we investigate a strong coupling between Mie resonant modes of high-index dielectric nanocavities and an epsilon-near-zero mode of an ultrathin indium tin oxide film and obtain an anticrossing splitting of 220 meV. Static nonlinear optical measurements reveal a large enhancement in the intensity-independent effective optical nonlinear coefficients, reaching more than 3 orders of magnitude at the coupled resonance. In addition, we observe a transient response of ∼300 fs for the coupled system. The ultrafast and large optical nonlinear coefficients presented here offer a new route towards strong coupling-assisted high-speed photonics.

Studies on Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Nonlinear Optical Material Li-in-Se and Li-in-Te Under High Pressure

Studies on Structural, Electronic and Optical Properties of Nonlinear Optical Material Li-in-Se and Li-in-Te Under High Pressure

Hyperspectral z-scan: Measurement of spectrally resolved nonlinear optical properties

Broadband hyperspectral z-scan using a supercontinuum light source is a convenient technique to obtain spectrally resolved nonlinear optical properties of the materials under investigation. Post-processing and segregation of the data obtained from the supercontinuum based hyperspectral z-scan measurement aids in determining the nonlinear optical properties with high spectral resolution. However, few data models exist to store and represent the large amount of information acquired from the hyperspectral z-scan measurement. In this paper, a 3D data model for representing the data obtained from broadband z-scan measurements and analysis is presented. This method would help in the quick characterization of spectrally resolved nonlinear optical properties of materials from a single z-scan measurement. The proposed model is used for obtaining the spectrally resolved nonlinear optical properties of rhodamine 6G.

SYNTHESIS OF MONOMERS BASED ON 6-HYDROXYAURONE AND INVESTIGATION ITS PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

In particular, as an important class of organic heterocyclic dyes, aurones exhibit unique photochemical and photophysical properties, which render them useful in a variety of applications, such as fluorescent labels and probes in biology and medicine. Despite of the wide range of applications, the photochemical properties of the aurone class remain less well known. The backbone of aurone molecule has excellent planarity and from the viewpoint of molecular engineering, molecular planarity plays an important role in tuning nonlinear optical properties of materials. Therefore, this work is aimed to the synthesis of new derivatives based on 6-hydroxyaurone and study their photochemical properties. Novel monomers based on (2Z)-2-benzylidene)-6-hydroxy-1-benzofuran-3 (2H)-one with different withdrawing substituents in the benzylidene moiety were synthesized by acylation of the hydroxy group by methacryloil chloride. The polymerization was carried out in 10% solutions of the monomers in dimethylformamide, 2,2ˊ-azobisisobutyronitrile was used as the initiator The structure of the synthesized compounds was proved by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The study of the photochemical properties of synthesized polymers was performed by UV VIS spectroscopy. New polymers with auron moiety have been shown ability to photoinduced Z-E-isomerization. The rate constants of Z-E-photoisomerization were determined by slope angle tangent of dependence ln(D/D0) on the irradiation time. The half-reaction periods for E-isomers of auronecontaining polymers were calculated.

Comprehensive study on the nonlinear optical properties of lanthanum nanoparticles and lanthanum oxide doped zinc borotellurite glasses

Recently, the rapid growth in photonic field has increased the demand for nonlinear materials with higher performance and greater efficiency. Hence, a thorough investigation on the nonlinear optical properties of materials are essential and need to be done for possible future application of the material in photonic field as optical limiting or optical switching devices. Thus, through this research, the crucial parameters in nonlinear optical properties of zinc borotellurite glasses doped with lanthanum oxide and lanthanum nanoparticles were studied and investigated extensively. The two series of glasses were successfully fabricated via conventional melt-quenching technique. The fabricated samples were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy as well as Z-scan technique in order to study the structural and nonlinear optical properties of the glass systems. The existence of various amount of TeO4, TeO3, BO4 and BO3 in all the prepared glasses are proven through the observable absorption bands in the FTIR spectra. Inconsistent trends recorded for both nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index might be associated with the simultaneous creation of bridging as well as nonbridging oxygen which eventually affect the values for both parameters. The figure of merit of the prepared glasses with values ranging from 0.055 to 0.267 which are smaller than one hints that the glass materials possess potential to be employed as all optical devices. 0.03 M fraction of lanthanum nanoparticles doped zinc borotellurite with FOM value larger than 1 has proven the ability of the respective glass to be employed as efficient all optical switching devices. The determined nonlinear optical parameters of the glasses should be able to provide sufficient and useful information on the fabricated glass samples for future application in photonic field.

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials Based on Graphene Oxide: A Review

Background: Nonlinear optical properties of Graphene and Graphene Oxide have been widely used in industry and academia. Graphene oxide disperses easily in water and has easier interaction with other materials because of the presence of oxygen groups. So, this feature of Graphene oxide enables us to manipulate its nonlinear optical properties by combining it with other nanoparticles. Objective: We introduced recent advances in the nonlinear optical properties of materials based on Graphene oxide. Methods: Nonlinear optical properties and optical limiting of Graphene oxide and/or its composites with various nanoparticles, considering the wavelength and the incident pulse width, are investigated in this review. Conclusion: At low intensities and in all pulse regimes, saturation absorption seems to be the dominant mechanism of nonlinear absorption in Graphene oxide, while at higher intensities, the main mechanism is the reverse saturation absorption. In the regime of very short pulses of picoseconds and femtoseconds, the dominant mechanisms of two-photon and multiphoton absorption lead to reverse saturation. In the nanosecond pulse regime, long laser pulses and short pulses with high pulse repetition rates, excited-state absorption and nonlinear scattering due to thermal effects are causing the nonlinear process.

Rapid and high precision measurement of opto-thermal relaxation with pump-probe method

Opto-thermal relaxation is one of the most important properties of nonlinear optical materials. Rapid and high precision measurement of this parameter is vital in both fundamental research and applications. Current measurement uses either complicated structure with poor precision or high power heating source with low efficiency. Here, we propose a pump-probe method (PPM) to optically measure the thermal relaxation using whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities. When the pump laser shines on a microcavity, the materials absorb the input power resonantly and heat up. Then the heat dissipates from the cavities to the surroundings. The opto-thermal effect induces a refractive index change reflected in the signal light transmission spectra. By analyzing the curve character of the transmission spectra of the signal response in the spontaneous relaxation process, the thermal relaxation time can be rapidly measured with high precision. Additionally, we systematically verify the PPM using microtoroids under various pump powers and at various locking points of the signal laser mode. The small rate of refractive index changes (∼10−8) can be discerned with an input pump power as low as 11.816 μW. Hence, the PPM can be used to detect refractive index perturbation, like gas or liquid sensing, temperature fluctuations with ultra-high sensitivity and be applied to optical materials analysis efficiently.

Focus introduction: Z-scan technique

Since the introduction of the Z-scan, which is widely used to measure the nonlinear optical properties of material. The result of measurement mainly depends on light through the sample after a slight variation in the intensity, and the tiny change depends on the accuracy of the measurement sensitivity of Z-scan technology. Measurement scheme of the optical signal for nonlinear characterization and transmission beam design can improve the sensitivity of Z-scan technique.

ABCD analysis of Dye doped Polymers for Photonic Applications

Photonics is a subject of scientific study on generating, controlling, harvesting and detecting the beam of photons or light with a purpose of creating, manipulating, storing, transmitting and detecting information using nonlinear optical properties of materials. This paper is a new attempt to integrate scientific research and social research by analysing the characteristics of dye-doped polymer films for photonics applications. The analysing framework called ABCD framework to analyse any business concepts, business systems, technology, strategy, engineering material, technology or even an idea systematically by identifying the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages under various determinant issues and listing the constituent critical elements under each construct. In this paper, as per the ABCD framework, the various determinant issues related to the use of dye-doped polymer films for photonic applications through focus group method are determined as affecting factors under: (1) Material Issues, (2) Application Issues, (3) Commercialization Issues, (4) Production/Service providers Issues, (5) Customer Issues, and (6) Environmental/Social Issues. The constituent critical elements of these factors are listed under the four constructs - advantages, benefits, constraints and disadvantages of the ABCD technique and tabulated. The analysis has brought about 204 critical constituent elements which satisfy the success of this analysis methodology.

ABCD analysis of Dye-doped Polymers for Photonic Applications

<div><p><em>Photonics is a subject of scientific study on generating, controlling, harvesting and detecting the beam of photons or light with a purpose of creating, manipulating, storing, transmitting and detecting information using nonlinear optical properties of materials. This paper is a new attempt to integrate scientific research and social research by analysing the characteristics of dye-doped polymer films for photonics applications. The analysing framework called ABCD framework to analyse any business concepts, business systems, technology, strategy, engineering material, technology or even an idea systematically by identifying the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages under various determinant issues and listing the constituent critical elements under each construct. In this paper, as per the ABCD framework, the various determinant issues related to the use of dye-doped polymer films for photonic applications through focus group method are determined as affecting factors under : (1) Material Issues, (2) Application Issues, (3) Commercialization Issues, (4) Production/Service providers Issues, (5) Customer Issues, and (6) Environmental/Social Issues. The constituent critical elements of these factors are listed under the four constructs - advantages, benefits, constraints and disadvantages of the ABCD technique and tabulated. The analysis has brought about 204 critical constituent elements which satisfy the success of this analysis methodology. <strong></strong></em></p></div>

Tailoring nonlinear optical properties of Bi2Se3 through ion irradiation.

The nonlinear optical property of topological insulator bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) is found to be well-tailored through ion irradiation by intentionally introducing defects. The increase of the optical modulation depth sensitively depends on the careful selection of the irradiation condition. By implementing the ion irradiated Bi2Se3 film as an optical saturable absorber device for the Q-switched wave-guide laser, an enhanced laser performance has been obtained including narrower pulse duration and higher peak power. Our work provides a new approach of tailoring the nonlinear optical properties of materials through ion irradiation, a well-developed chip-technology, which could find wider applicability to other layered two-dimensional materials beyond topological insulators, such as graphene, MoS2, black phosphours etc.

Nonlinear properties of silver nanoparticles explored by a femtosecond Z-scan technique

In this report we present results of linear and nonlinear optical properties of colloidal material consisting of triangle silver nanoparticles in distilled water. The nonlinear optical properties of the material were investigated by a Z-scan technique using femtosecond laser pulses with tunable wavelength. Nanoparticle suspension showed distinct spectra with absorption lines, emerging due to the plasmonic properties of the silver nanoparticles. Surface plasmon resonance peak change over a wide range of wavelengths from 400 to almost 1100 nm was observed when the size of silver nanoparticles varied from 20 to 150 nm. In the samples different nonlinear effects such as saturable absorption, two photon absorption and self-focusing were observed when the femtosecond pulse intensity was changed from 1 up to 100 GW/cm2.

Nonlinear optical properties of methyl red under CW irradiation

Abstract Organic materials have wide potential application in nonlinear optical devices. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of methyl red (MR) doped polymethyl methacrylate (MR-PMMA) are investigated under CW laser irradiation at 473 nm, 532 nm and 632.8 nm, respectively. By combining Kramers–Kronig (K–K) relation and CW Z-scan technique, the effective refractive index n2 and the change of refractive index Δ n are obtained under different scanning speed at 473 nm and 532 nm. Δ n is positive at 473 nm, while Δ n is negative at 532 nm. The experimental result is consistent with that of K–K relation. With the scanning speed decreasing, the NLO properties of MR-PMMA are enhanced. With different laser powers at 632.8 nm, MR-PMMA has only nonlinear absorption rather than nonlinear refraction. Meanwhile, the sample is investigated under pulse laser irradiation at 532 nm. Through the comparison of results of CW Z-scan and pulse Z-scan, the influence of the cumulative thermal effect on NLO properties of material is investigated. The results indicate that, under CW irradiation near the absorption peak wavelength, the cumulative thermal effect has great influence to the NLO properties of MR-PMMA.

Predicting and Designing Optical Properties of Inorganic Materials

Modern first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and related techniques enable the predictive modeling of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of materials without adjustable or empirical parameters. Today, atomistic calculations are an indispensable tool by which to understand the interrelationship between the underlying structure and the measured optical properties and are particularly suited for the design of new materials with desirable optical responses and performance. In this article, we discuss the first-principles design methodology, and we review recent results from the literature that exemplify the predictive power of the method for numerous inorganic materials and nanostructures. We also discuss topics of active research and future opportunities that will enable the wider adoption of atomistic simulation techniques for predictive materials design.

Nucleation kinetics, growth and analysis of structural, optical, dielectric and mechanical properties of nonlinear optical material: l-proline manganese chloride

l-proline manganese chloride (LPMC), an organo-metallic compound, was successfully grown from its aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The growth condition was optimized using nucleation kinetics. The grown crystal was subjected to XRD study to determine the crystal structure. The microstructure of the grown crystal and the presence of various elements in the crystal were studied using SEM and EDAX techniques. The UV–vis-NIR spectral analysis was carried out to measure the transparent range of the LPMC crystal. The modes of vibrations of different molecular groups present in the sample were identified using FTIR spectral analysis. The dielectric studies of the sample were carried out at different temperatures in the frequency range from 50Hz to 5MHz. The mechanical strength of the crystal was analyzed by Vickers hardness test. The second harmonic generation efficiency (SHG) was evaluated both theoretically and experimentally to understand the NLO activity of the grown crystal.

Density functional theory studies on the structure, spectra (FT-IR, FT-Raman, and UV) and first order molecular hyperpolarizability of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-(2-chloro-benzyl)-benzaldehyde-imine: Comparison to experimental data

The infrared and Raman spectra of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-(2-chloro-benzyl)-benzaldehyde-imine (HMCBI) have been recorded and analyzed. Density functional calculations at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level were carried out to study the equilibrium geometries and vibrational spectra of HMCBI. The calculations revealed that the optimized geometry closely resembled the experimental XRD data. The calculated vibrational spectra were analyzed on the basis of the potential energy distribution (PED) of each vibrational mode, which allowed us to obtain a quantitative as well as qualitative interpretation of IR and Raman spectra. The 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts of the molecule in the ground state were calculated by Gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. Information about size, shape, charge density distribution and site of chemical reactivity of the molecules has been obtained by mapping electron density isosurface with electrostatic potential surface. Based on optimized ground state geometries, the NBO analysis has been done to study donor–acceptor (bond–antibond) interactions. The TD-DFT method has been used to calculate energies, oscillator strengths of electronic singlet–singlet transitions and the absorption wavelengths. Solvent effects were considered using the polarizable continuum model (PCM). Good consistency is found between the calculated results and experimental data for the electronic absorption. The calculated first hyperpolarizability may be attractive for further studies on non-linear optical properties of materials.

Study on the third-order nonlinear optical properties of four dmit complexes by Z-scan technique

Four novel dmit complexes: [(C2H5)4N][Ni (dmit)2], [(C3H7)4N][Ni(dmit)2], [(C2H5)4N][Au(dmit)2] and [(C3H7)4N][Au(dmit)2], abbreviated as EtNi, PrNi, EtAu, and PrAu, were synthesized. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of them in acetonitrile solutions were investigated by using the Z-scan technique with 20 ps pulses width at 1064 nm. When the on-axis irradiance at focus I0 was 5.025 GW/cm2, the nonlinear refraction coefficient n2, the third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3), the molecular second-order hyperpolarizability γ of the four types of material were obtained with subject to Z-scan curves, and these indexes were with the magnitudes of 10−18 m2/W, 10−13 esu, and 10−31 esu, respectively. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β of Ni samples had the 10−12 m/W scale. The impact of different metals and cations on the third-order nonlinear optical properties of materials was analyzed. Through the derivation, the result suggests that these dmit complexes are promising candidates for applications to nonlinear optical devices manufacture in the near-infrared waveband.