Noni Fruit Research Articles

Effect of surfactants and Co-surfactants in formulation of noni fruit extract in virgin coconut oil-based emulsion

This study aims to formulate and characterize the emulsion of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni fruit) extract in virgin coconut oil (VCO) using the Phase Inversion Composition method (PIC). The chemical compositions with bioactivities in noni fruit extracts obtained from Soxhlet extraction method were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to understand their potential uses. To formulate VCO-based emulsion, different types of surfactants (Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, and Tween 80) and co-surfactants (Propylene glycol, Ethylene glycol, and Ethanol) were varied in concentration. The characteristics of VCO-based emulsions in terms of droplet size and stability were analyzed to find the optimal condition for stable emulsion. Among three types of surfactants, Cremophor RH 40 mixed with propylene glycol or ethylene glycol provided the most stable VCO-based emulsion in nanoscale droplet size with the minimal droplet size at 332 nm. The noni extracts were mixed in the optimized VCO-based formula at the VCO's concentration of 6, 8, and 10%. The results showed that the addition of noni extracts increased the droplet size of emulsion from nanometer scale to micrometer scale and reduced the emulsion stability. At the optimal condition, the mixture containing 4.5% VCO, 1.5% propylene glycol, and 0.3% Noni extract showed the smallest droplet size (1.1–1.85 μm), which was in the range of most commercial emulsions, with good stability in a 5-day period. This study provides a promising approach to formulate stable emulsions with low levels of surfactant and co-surfactant, which is extensively significant for commercial delivery systems.

EFFECTS OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA LINN (NONI) AND TAHITIAN NONI® JUICE (TNJ) ON LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN MICE

Noni fruit extract and juice (Morinda citrifolia L., Family: Rubiaceae) had long been known as a medicinal plant in folklore medicine in tropical countries and Pacific islands. To date, the available scientific knowledge was focused on different pharmacological effects. It was claimed to have a beneficial effect on drug addiction by Noni fruit extract and its juice in animal studies. Keeping this in mind we investigated whether the noni fruit extract and noni beverages contained any effect on locomotion in mice using Actimeter (a standard test for locomotor activity). We found that the administration of a single dose of Morinda citrifolia extract (MMC) at varying doses (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 g/kg p.o.) 60 min before the testing and Tahitian noni juice (TNJ) 100% made available as a source of drinking water for a period of 24 hours before the test day produced no significant effect on animal’s locomotion and behavior when compared with the control group. The extract did not exhibit any toxic effects. There was no mortality and change in animal behavior seen. The current results suggest that MMC and TNJ are safe and can be utilized for further neuropharmacological research.

Docking simulation and ADMET prediction based investigation on the phytochemical constituents of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit as a potential anticancer drug.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-022-00130-4.

The effects of supplementation of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit polysaccharides-rich extract on antioxidant status and immune function in cashmere goats.

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of a dietary supplementation of polysaccharides-rich noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit extract (NFP) on the anti-oxidant enzyme activities, cytokines level, and expression of corresponding genes in blood of cashmere goats. Twelve castrated, 2-yr-old male cashmere goats (45.44 ± 3.30 kg of BW ± SD) were used in a 2 × 2 crossover design: the basal diet with or without (CON) supplementation of NFP at 4 g per kg DM (0.4%). Each period lasted for 29 d, including 1 wk for diet transition, 20 d for adaptation, and the last 2 d for sampling. The results showed that NFP supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in serum. The expressions of CAT, GPx4, TrxR, SOD1, IL-6, and TNF-α genes were upregulated (P < 0.05), whereas the levels of malondialdehyde (P = 0.015) and reactive oxygen species (P = 0.051) in serum were reduced. The body weight gain of goats was increased (P = 0.006) with a nonsignificant increase of feed intake with NFP supplementation. In conclusion, dietary NFP supplementation enhanced the antioxidant status and immune function in blood of cashmere goats.

NK cell-mediated immunostimulatory effects of ethanol extract of Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit

BackgroundMorinda citrifolia (Noni) is a plant that has long been used in various products such as foods and cosmetics. Although noni has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, detailed mechanism at the cellular level has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we focused on understanding as to how noni fruit can positively stimulate body’s immune responses.MethodsTo do this, an ethanol extract of noni fruit (Mc-fEE) was prepared and administered for 30 days to male C57BL/6 mice for in vivo experiment. NK cell activity and cytokine production level from Mc-fEE-treated mice were analyzed by flowcytometry, real-time PCR, and ELISA. Mc-fEE-triggered molecular events were detected from RAW264.7 cells and splenocytes using Western blotting and real-time PCR analyses.ResultsThe mRNA expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin families, interferon (IFN)-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased by Mc-fEE treatment in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting analysis showed that the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 subunits these were enhanced in Mc-fEE-treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, according to in vivo experiments, it was considered that Mc-fEE can increase the population of splenic NK cells and subsequent upregulation of their cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 cells, a T- cell lymphoma.ConclusionIn this paper, we could confirm that Mc-fEE has remarkable immunostimulatory effects by activation and increase of the NK cell population.

Processing of Noni Liquor based on response surface methodology.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) is widely used as a health food and medicine because it is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids; it is precisely because noni is rich in these substances that people usually like to soak it in liquor to drink. This study sought to maximize the main active constituents (polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoid s) dissolved in liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit, using ethanol as the solvent to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology. The highest polysaccharide yield of 16.35% was found at 60 °C for 3.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 52 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 25%. The optimal extraction conditions for polyphenols were 75 °C for 1.5 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 90 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 50%, resulting in a 10.37% yield. The optimum extraction conditions for flavonoids were 75 °C for 1 h, a liquid-solid ratio of 70 mL/g, and an ethanol concentration of 100%, with 1.35% yield. Many active ingredients, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, were obtained via alcohol extraction of noni fruit, suggesting that liquor and spirits soaked with noni fruit are novel and promising types. This study provides a technical reference for the production of high-quality noni liquor. It is recommended to use the best conditions for the extract of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids, and blending them to obtain the desired degree of alcohol.

Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Hainan dry noni fruit alcoholic extracts and their novel compounds identification using UPLC-Q-Exactive Obitrap-MS/MS

Morinda citrifolia Linn (noni) is an important plant in the Pacific Asian region. The fruit has been used as a food source and has shown therapeutical benefits for health. Recently, it has become a source for bioactive compounds. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of alcoholic extracts of Hainan dry noni fruit with machinery assistance and identified their novel compounds by UPLC-Q-Exactive Obitrap-MS/MS. By IE extractor aided method, the extraction of both NFE (Noni Fruit Ethanol) and NFM (Noni Fruit Methanol) solvent crude sample extracts were obtained with recovery yields of 98.48% and 71.65%, respectively. The antimicrobial effect of the crude extracts was subjected to disc diffusion test screening against two microbial strains bacterium SA (Staphylococcus aureus) and, fungal CA (Candida albicans). The MIC values of SA and CA were 35.34 and 47.80 mg/mL for NFE, 117.40 and 108.01 mg/mL for NFM, respectively. Further on, cell viability assay showed that IC50 values of extract NFE and NFM on human UMUC-3 bladder carcinogenic cells were 865.1 and 789.1 µg/mL with less effect to human SVHUC-1 normal cell line for 72hr incubation. Using UPLC-Q-exactive Orbitrap-MS/MS, ten compounds were identified in the noni extracts and confirmed from the HMDB and FooDB. Five known bioactive compounds had been used for treatments in anti-cancer, anti-obesity, and Covid-19 patients. The remaining five compounds were found novel in noni fruit. They were Cyanidin 3-(2 G-xylosylrutinoside), Inulobiose, Clausarinol, Pectachol, and 4,7-Megastigmadien-9-ol. The potential bioactivities of these novel compounds will be studied in the near future. These findings form a basis on screening natural medicinal plant extracts for beneficial use as a food and health source.

Quality control standardization of Indonesian noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) extract and evaluation of their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity

Morinda citrifolia fruit (Noni) has been used as a folk medicine in several countries. Noni possessed various pharmacological activities such as; anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antarthritic, and antioxidants. The present study evaluated pharmacognostic properties, profiling of active constituent through High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (LC-HRMS) run for quantitative and qualitative phytochemical analysis and determining angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity of Noni from three different locations. The physicochemical parameters of crude drugs and extracts met the requirement of Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia. Total phenol content was 2.16-3.08 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was 0.11 - 1.58 mg QE/g extract. HPTLC analysis revealed that scopoletin content in Noni was in the range of 0.44 - 0.51%. The results were also corresponding well with LC-HRMS fingerprint analysis. In addition, Noni fruit extract from Bogor potential exhibited activity in inhibiting ACE with an IC50 value of 206.26 µg/mL.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit phenolic extract supplementation ameliorates NAFLD by modulating insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver metabolism and gut microbiota

The liver-protective activity of phenolics has been consistently reported, but the underlying protective mechanism of phenolic extract from noni fruit (NFE) against high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. Mice were fed with HFD or combination of HFD and NFE for 10 weeks, and then the gut microbiota and liver metabolites were compared. In this study, NFE supplementation alleviated HFD-induced liver injury and metabolic comorbidities, as evidenced by reduced liver function markers, decreased lipid profile levels, and improved obesity and insulin resistance. NFE supplementation restored the composition of gut microbiota with a remarkable elevation in the relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Akkermansia and a significant reduction in Helicobacter, norank_f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Desulfovibrio, Mucispirillum at the genus level. Liver metabolomics demonstrated that NFE supplementation favorably regulated the metabolic pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation, including purine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, galactose metabolism etc. Furthermore, NFE supplementation inhibited the HFD-induced activation of the liver endotoxin − TLR4 − NF-κB pathway, and alleviated liver inflammation. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide new evidences supporting that NFE can be used as a therapeutic approach for HFD-induced NAFLD via modulating the gut microbiota composition, liver metabolite profile and suppressing inflammatory reaction.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Fruit Juices

Fruit and fruit juices are a valuable source of bioactive compounds, which can protect our organisms from oxidative stress. The phenolic compounds and other phytochemicals may affect the antimicrobial properties of juices. The aim of this study has been to evaluate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of selected berry juices and vitamin C-rich fruit juices. The research material was composed of seven juices, including three from berries (elderberry chokeberry, cranberry), three from vitamin C-rich fruit (sea buckthorn, wild rose, Japanese quince) and one exotic juice from noni fruit. Antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol, total flavonoid and total anthocyanin content were determined. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. The research showed that fruit juices from wild rose, chokeberry and Japanese quince had the highest antioxidant capacity. These juices were characterised by the rich content of polyphenols. Elderberry and chokeberry juices had the highest total anthocyanins. The juices differed in the content of bioactive compounds and specific bactericidal properties against Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Fruit juices from cranberry, Japanese quince and sea buckthorn had the highest antimicrobial activity. Wild rose, chokeberry and elderberry juices, despite their high antioxidant properties, showed antimicrobial activity only against Gram-positive strains, except Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens. Significant differences in the content of bioactive compounds in fruit juices affect the antimicrobial properties juices.

Phytochemical screening and toxicological evaluation using Brine Shrimp Lethality Tes (BSLT) of ethanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia L.

Introduction: Noni, which has the scientific name Morinda citrifolia L., is a plant often found in Indonesia and has many properties used for generations. However, this noni fruit has potential toxicity that needs to be studied further. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds and determine the toxicity of the ethanol extract of noni fruit using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Methods: The research was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya. This research includes experimental research. Artemia salina L. larvae aged 48 hours were put into a test tube containing a solution of noni fruit extract with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm, then observed after 24 hours. Results: In the phytochemical screening results, noni fruit ethanol extract contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The test results obtained an LC50 value of 17.78 ppm, which indicates that the ethanol extract of the noni fruit is toxic. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the noni fruit contains tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids and has toxicity to Artemia salina L. larvae. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of noni fruit has the potential as an anticancer.

Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction Conditions of Bioactive Compounds from Ultrasound Pretreated Noni (Morinda Citrifolia L.) Extract

Four different factors involved in the aqueous enzymatic extraction of the bioactive compounds, including total polyphenols, total flavonoids, total saponins, and vitamin C, from ultrasound pretreated noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) powder were examined. The study showed that the most suitable enzymatic extraction conditions for the content of the bioactive compounds were obtained at the concentration of enzyme (mixture of pectinase and cellulase, at 1:1, w/w) at 0.5% dry weight (d.w.), the water-to-powder ratio of 16/1 (mL/g), and the incubation temperature at 60oC for 45 min when ultrasonic pretreatment was fixed at 50 ± 5˚C for 10 min. Under those conditions, the highest content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, and vitamin C was found to be 12.53 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g d.w., 6.45 ± 0.61 mg QE/g d.w., 56.02 ± 2.45 mg AE/g d.w., and 1.04 ± 0.09 mg AA/g d.w., respectively. For comparison, the results indicated that the application of ultrasound and enzymes has shown to be effective in improving aqueous extraction. Therefore, it can be concluded that the present extraction method is a novel and green alternative method for extracting bioactive compounds from noni fruit.

Genomics analysis of Drosophila sechellia response to Morinda citrifolia fruit diet.

Drosophila sechellia is an island endemic host specialist that has evolved to consume the toxic fruit of Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni fruit. Recent studies by our group and others have examined genome-wide gene expression responses of fruit flies to individual highly abundant compounds found in noni responsible for the fruit’s unique chemistry and toxicity. In order to relate these reductionist experiments to the gene expression responses to feeding on noni fruit itself, we fed rotten noni fruit to adult female D. sechellia and performed RNA-sequencing. Combining the reductionist and more wholistic approaches, we have identified candidate genes that may contribute to each individual compound and those that play a more general role in response to the fruit as a whole. Using the compound specific and general responses, we used transcription factor prediction analyses to identify the regulatory networks and specific regulators involved in the responses to each compound and the fruit itself. The identified genes and regulators represent the possible genetic mechanisms and biochemical pathways that contribute to toxin resistance and noni specialization in D. sechellia.

Genotoxicity Comparison between Morinda citrifolia Fruit and Seed Substances.

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the fruit and seed powder, fruit puree, and aqueous extracts of Morinda citrifolia (Rubiaceae, noni). The genotoxic potential of the noni substances was evaluated using in vitro Ames, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus tests. All test procedures were conducted per Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines, and good laboratory practice. None of the noni fruit test substances showed genotoxic signs up to 5000 and 2000 μg/plate in the Ames and micronucleus tests, respectively. In the chromosomal aberration test, neither the fruit puree nor aqueous extract showed structural and numerical aberrations up to 5000 and 4650 μg/mL, respectively, irrespective of metabolic activation, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups. The safe ranges of noni fruit and seed powders were up to 2500 and 2100 μg/mL, respectively, in the 6 h treatment group and up to 1600–4100 and 370–450 μg/mL, respectively, in both 6 h and 24 h treatment groups in the presence of metabolic activation. Noni fruit and seeds were safe in terms of genotoxicity under our experimental conditions. Our data are the first to provide valuable genotoxic information on Morinda citrifolia.

EFFECTIVENESS OF NONI EXTRACT CAPSULES (Morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) ON REDUCING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS OF MICE (Mus musculus L.)

Empirical and research result proved that chemical contents of noni plant have medical benefits. Former research showed that noni fruit extract has antihyperglicemic effect. This research was aimed to determines the effectivity of noni fuit extract (Morinda citrofolia L.) capsule to lowering mice blood glucose level. This research was used glucose induced hyperglicemic mice with treatment groups such as: negative control group, noni fruit extractt capsule dose 1, and noni fruit extract capsule dose 2. Noni fruit extract capsule dose 1 treated group showed 40,7±10,8 mg/dl blood glucose level drop and 38,7±16,6 mg/dl drop for dose 2 treated group. The conclusion of this research is noni fruit extract capsule lowering mice blood glucose level.

The Hepatoprotective Effects of Ethanolic Extract Noni Fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.) on Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Liver with SGPT and Histopathological Evaluations

The liver is an important organ that plays a role in metabolism in the human body. However, the use of certain types of chemical compounds tends to damage these organs. This study aims to determine the hepatoprotective effectiveness of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) against exposure to hepatotoxic compounds. This research was conducted by experimental method with Groups I to III treated with noni extract with concentrations of 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Group IV was treated with acetaminophen, a hepatotoxic substance, as a positive control and group V was treated with Na.CMC as a negative control. Data serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and histopathological examination of the liver of the test animals were then analyzed by One-Way Anova. Histopathological examination results showed hepatotoxicity caused by high doses of acetaminophen 10 g/70 KgBW in the positive control group achieved a score of +4 (severe damage), groups I and II showed a score of +3 (moderate damage), and in group III only showed a score of +3 (moderate damage). +2 (light damage). The results of SGPT examination and histopathology showed that the ethanol extract of noni fruit at a concentration of 20% had a hepatoprotective effect.

Ecoenzym dan Pupuk Organik sebagai Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik Agribisnis

Puspa Lebo is sheltered by the Technical Implementation Unit for the Development of Agribusiness for Food Crops and Horticulture (UPT. PATPH) in East Java, which is engaged in agriculture and plantations which have not yet stepped forward in processing the waste produced. Harvest nursery activities are in the form of waste production, nagging, stems, fruit or vegetables that do not qualify for quality and post-harvest waste and are only carried out until incomplete combustion. The processing carried out can produce direct or indirect negative impacts on the environment such as air pollution, air pollution, and disruption of life in the environment. The largest organic waste produced from the cultivation of melon plants which has a volume of 4,860 kg/harvest for the last 3 months and coconut shell waste from the business activities of the surrounding community is 100 shells/day. Based on this, it is necessary to process organic waste and use it as an ecoenzyme and organic fertilizer, which has more value for UPT. PATPH. There are factors that affect plant growth, namely sunlight, humidity, temperature, incoming air, soil pH. Coconut shell organic waste has the potential to be used as a planting medium for cocopeat and coconut charcoal that can be used for personal use or as a result of Puspa Lebo partners. The manufacture and application of liquid organic fertilizers and ecoenzymes are considered effective on liquid organic fertilizers made from noni and guava fruit.

Production and Evaluation of Fruit Juice Blends from Velvet Tamarind (Dilium Guineese) and Noni Fruit Juice (Morinda Citrifolia)

This study was aimed to explore the production and evaluation of fruit juice blends from velvet tamarind and noni juices. Velvet tamarind fruit was processed to obtain 100% juice (VT sample) while that of noni fruit was also processed to obtain 100% pure juice (N sample). The respective fruit juice blends (N and VT) were formulated: VTN1, VTN2, VTN3, VTN4 at different ratios (20:80%, 40:60%, 60:40%, 80:20%) while N and VT were used as the control. Microbial analysis using pour plate method and sensory evaluation using 9-point hedonic scale were carried out. The blending of these fruit juices gave better sensory quality product with therapeutic effects. The controls VT (100%) was found to be best in all organoleptic attributes (approximately 7.00 = like moderately) and with microbial count of (6.5x103 cfu/g) while control (100%) samples rated worse sensorily. Sample VTN4 rated best followed by VTN3, VTN2, VTN1 respectively. Blending Velvet tamarind (VT) and Noni (N) juices at different proportions result reduce bland taste, unpleasant aroma of noni which improves the organoleptic acceptability of the blends. Noni mellowed down the tartness of velvet tamarind juice thus, obtaining refreshing, therapeutic, vitamin C., … antioxidant, and acceptable organoleptic characteristics of fruit juice blends.

In vitro Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and Arginase by a Dietary Supplement and Its Potential for Improving Quality of Life Factors in Adults

Aim: Somatopause is the progressive and age-related decline of growth hormone (GH) production due to changes in hypothalamic-pituitary axis signaling and results in typical physiological changes associated with the aging process. The purpose of our study was to investigate the anti-aging potential of several botanical ingredients, including noni fruit juice, as well as a dietary supplement formulation.&#x0D; Methodology: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) influences hypothalamic-pituitary axis signaling and reduces GH production and secretion. Since DPP-4 concentrations increase with age, we evaluated the ability of several botanical ingredients to inhibit DPP-4 activity in vitro. We subsequently formulated an anti-aging dietary supplement with this blend of botanical ingredients by adding amino acids (L-arginine, L-Lysine, citrulline and beta-alanine), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), flax seed oil and several nutrients. The supplement was evaluated for anti-arginase activity in vitro, as the expression of this enzyme also increases with age. The dietary supplement was also consumed by three men and one woman, ages 56 to 62, with relevant but disparate medical histories. Following short-term ingestion of the supplement, these volunteers were interviewed to ascertain any changes in health status.&#x0D; Results: We discovered that a blend of the botanical ingredients synergistically inhibited DPP-4 in vitro by up to approximately 99%. A concentration-dependent reduction in arginase activity was also observed for the anti-aging dietary supplement. Further, all volunteers reported positive improvements in at least one quality of life factor, which included more restful sleep, reduced musculoskeletal discomfort, increased energy, improved physical stamina and better skin quality.&#x0D; Conclusion: These initial findings suggest that the anti-aging dietary supplement can mitigate declines in quality of life associated with aging by reducing DPP-4 and arginase activities, thereby supporting healthy GH production and endothelial nitric oxide production.

Changes in Phenolic Profiles and Inhibition Potential of Macrophage Foam Cell Formation during Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) Fruit Juice Fermentation

The dynamic changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity, and the potential effect on foam cell formation and cholesterol efflux during noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice fermentation were investigated in this study. The composition of phenolic compounds was significantly different at various fermentation times. Rutin, quercetin, and isoquercitrin were the major phenolics in fermented noni fruit juice based on a quantitative analysis of representative phenolics. The contents of caffeic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and quercetin tended to increase, while those of isoquercitrin decreased during the fermentation process. Fermented noni juice extracts showed high antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Notably, the highest antioxidant activity was observed after 28 days of fermentation. Furthermore, the treatment of fermented noni juice extracts was shown to reduce foam cell formation, intracellular cholesterol level, and the cholesterol esterification ratio. A correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and the ratio of cholesterol ester and total cholesterol. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the quality improvement and standardized production of fermented noni fruit juice, thus promoting the development of the noni food industry.