Non-working Women Research Articles

Perceived stress and psychological well-Being among working and non-working menopausal women

Perceived stress and psychological well-Being among working and non-working menopausal women

Bivariate Spatial Pattern Based on The Characteristics of Women Smokers in Indonesia

The increasing prevalence of smoking among women globally has become a critical public health issue. World Health Organization (WHO) data shows 20 percent of women use tobacco. Women smokers face an increased risk of various diseases. Spatial studies need to be conducted as a basis for planning and providing targeted interventions to reduce the spread of diseases caused by smoking. The study aimed to determine the spatial description of smoking among women in Indonesia. This study analyzed the 2017 IDHS data and used an ecological study design with a descriptive approach and a spatial analysis model. The results are Papua was the province with the highest percentage of women smoking with no education and with the lowest de jure wealth quintile. Provinces using the Internet almost daily were Banten and East Java, and the province with women unemployed in the past 12 months before the survey was North Sulawesi. Based on the results, there are five provinces in Indonesia with a high percentage of smoking among women, assessed by education, internet access, wealth quintile, and non-working women. This study concludes that there is a need to implement smoke-free zones (SFZs), also conduct communication, information, and education (IEC) through mass media.

The role of reference group influence: A benchmarking study with working and non-working groups

This research examines reference group influence on working women and non-working women. It examines how working women and non-working women differ in their susceptibility to reference group influence across product categories: private necessity, private luxury, public necessity, and public luxury. Data collection included 1044 responses, which were analysed using analysis of variance and validated through discriminant analysis. Results show that working women and non-working women differ in their susceptibility towards reference group influences. The findings reaffirm that it is imperative to devise different marketing approaches accordingly and that women cannot be considered a single homogenous target market.

Unveiling the obstacles encountered by women doctors in the Pakistani healthcare system: A qualitative investigation.

In Pakistan, women outnumber men in medical colleges with 80 percent enrollment, yet many fail to practice medicine following graduation. Pakistan Medical Council (PMC) states 50 percent of graduated women doctors either did not practice or left employment in a short period. Thus, the non-servicing women doctors are assumed as the one of the major causes for the overall doctors' shortage in the country. Addressing this enduring matter, this study aims to explore and understand the factors that discourage women doctors from practicing medicine in Pakistani hospitals. The study employed qualitative exploratory inquiry with an interpretive paradigm to attain a deeper understanding of the problem. 59-semi structured interviews were conducted by non-working women doctors across the entirety of Pakistan. The narratives were then analyzed by thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti 22. The findings have resulted in the three major themes, i.e., workplace challenges, socio-cultural obstructions, and familial restrictions that possibly obstruct women from practicing medicine in hospitals. The findings suggested that accepting traditional cultural values, including entrenched gender roles in society, deters women from practicing medicine. The prevailing patriarchal societal system includes stereotypes against working women; early marriages hinder women from practicing medicine. The prevailing societal system upholds the influence of in-laws and a husband for women doctor professional employment. As a result, severe work-life conflict was reported where most women doctors ended up in their profession in the middle of struggling between socially rooted gender roles as homemakers and their professional careers-furthermore, the study found various workplace issues that posit an additional burden on already struggling women doctors. Issues include poor recruitment and selection process, transfer constraints, excessive workload with inadequate salary, harassment, gender discrimination, unsafe work environment, and little support from the administration highly contribute to the shortage of women doctors in Pakistan.

‘We don’t get money in our own hands’: evidence from focus group discussions on economic abuse against women in two states of India

IntroductionViolence against women is a serious human rights violation. While much attention has been given to the prevalence and prevention of physical, sexual and emotional violence, one crucial dimension is...

Exploring Factors of Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction Among Nonworking Women: A Qualitative Study

Background: Sexual function and satisfaction are 2 important components of sexual health. Both sexual function and satisfaction of women are influenced by various internal and external factors over their life cycle. This study aims to explore the factors of sexual function and satisfaction among nonworking married women in Bengaluru using a qualitative exploratory study. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative exploratory research study that adopted an inductive thematic data analysis. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 nonworking working married women of Bengaluru. The interviews were audio recorded, and the transcribed data were analyzed with ATLAS.ti software. The results were presented thematically. Results: It was found that somatic and personal factors such as health and appearance, pregnancy and postpregnancy issues, compatibility between couples, and spousal qualities; psychological factors such as stressors and stabilizers that related to emotional and mental health; and situational and extrinsic factors such as pressure to conceive, child-rearing, types of family, traditional beliefs and practices, societal stigma and taboo, daily schedules of couples, and ambiance and privacy were influencing the sexual function and satisfaction of women. Conclusion: The study could find positive and negative factors of sexual function and satisfaction. These factors need further exploration with larger studies from other cultures and groups.

Determinants of singleness among women aged 40 and over in Algeria: what relation to the labor market?

The decrease in the average age of marriage and the increase in loneliness among women in Algeria is a phenomenon that is becoming increasingly visible in society. In the coming years, the number of single people will increase. This article analyses the factors leading to increased loneliness among women aged 40 and over in Algeria based on data from the MICS6/2019 survey. The minimum age threshold was chosen because it corresponds to the age after which the probability of first marriage is almost zero based on Algerian statistics. The methodology of this study is stepwise Wald logistic regression. The paper built regression models based on two samples: the first (24,681 women aged 40 and over) and the second (4,329 women aged 50-54). For an empirical study of loneliness among women, it is proposed to analyze the following determinants: type of employment, type of social protection, place of residence, level of education, and age. Based on the results of the research, four main conclusions were formed. First, the odds of being single are 14.1 times and 4.23 times higher among job-seeking and working women, respectively, compared to non-working women. Due to the loss of hope to get married, women choose career development instead of building a family union. Under these conditions, women integrate into the labor market late. Since most of this category is unemployed and not of retirement age, they have low health insurance coverage. Based on this, to create decent living conditions for single women aged 40 and older, it is advisable to launch a program to improve the qualifications of these women, find ways to integrate them into the working environment and provide them with health insurance. Secondly, the long-term trend indicates that loneliness as a psychological phenomenon will increase every year in society, which will, accordingly, contribute to the strengthening of the imbalance in the marriage market. Late marriage and declining fertility are indicators of new patterns of behavior brought about by economic and social change. Thirdly, the level of well-being is also a statistically significant factor influencing the loneliness of women. Middle-class women are 1.27 times more likely to be single than upper-class women. Fourth, the survey revealed significant regional differences. Women in Algeria’s north-eastern and north-central regions are more likely to remain single. These results can be further explored through qualitative research.

Women's autonomy in refusing risky sex in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from 30 countries.

Understanding the factors associated with women's autonomy to refuse risky sex is imperative to inform the development of policies and interventions to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections, unsafe abortion, and maternal mortality. This study sought to examine the prevalence and factors associated with women's autonomy to refuse risky sex in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Data for the study were extracted from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of thirty countries in SSA conducted from 2010 to 2020. We included a weighted sample of 260,025 women who were married or cohabiting in the final analysis. Percentages were used to present the results of the prevalence of women's ability to refuse risky sex. We used a multilevel logistic regression analysis to examine the factors associated with women's ability to refuse risky sex. Stata software version 16.0 was used for the analysis. We found that 61.69% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 56.22-67.15) of the women were autonomous to refuse sex if their partners have other women, and this was highest in Namibia (91.44% [95% CI: 90.77-92.18]) and lowest in Mali (22.25% [95% CI: 21.24-23.26]). The odds of autonomy in refusing risky sex was higher among women with higher education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.78-1.46) compared to those with no formal education. Employment status was also a significant predictor, with working women having higher odds of sex refusal compared to non-working women (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.13-1.18). Advocacy to improve women's autonomy to refuse risky sex must leverage the mass media as it emerged as a significant factor. Policies and intervention to enhance women's autonomy must also target high-risk sub-populations which constitutes adolescent girls, those with no formal education, and those without employment.

Comparative Study on Snacking Behaviour and Pattern of Working and Non-Working Women of Hisar City, India

The present study was conducted to assess and compare the snacking behavior of working and non-working women of Hisar City. The aim of the present study was to compare snacking behavior of working and non-working women of Hisar City. For this study, a sample of one hundred and twenty women in age 25-45 years, 60 each working and non-working women were drawn randomly from Hisar city. The sample of working women included 20 each engineer, advocates, and teaching professionals. Non-working women were selected having an income, and age similar to their counterparts. Information on snacking behavior like the preference for snacks over regular meals, time and place of snacking, types of snacks taken, and source of procuring snacks, etc. were recorded in the questionnaire. The data indicated that mere 15 percent of working and 23.3 percent of non-working women preferred snacks over regular meals. The majority (90.0%) of respondents preferred to take salty snacks followed by sweet (85.0%) and sweet and salty (56.7%). The result revealed that non-working women have more cravings for snacks than working women but they prefer more of homemade snacks to outside snacks.

Childhood obesity in India: A two-decade meta-analysis of prevalence and socioeconomic correlates

BackgroundObjectives: Childhood obesity is a growing concern in India, particularly in low and middle-income populations, is expected to account for 11% of the global burden of child obesity by 2030. MethodsTo address this issue, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of childhood obesity in India over the past two decades and identify socioeconomic correlates of obesity in children. ResultsA meta-analysis of 21 studies from 2003 to 2023 with 1,86,901 children in India identified key findings on childhood obesity after screening 2147 titles/abstracts. The pooled prevalence of childhood obesity was estimated to be 8.4%, while the prevalence of childhood overweight was estimated to be 12.4%. Male children were found to be at a higher risk of developing obesity compared to female children. Significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies. The study also examined the correlates of obesity with respect to socioeconomic characteristics. It was found that children studying in private schools were at a higher risk of developing obesity compared to those studying in government schools. Children of working women were found to be at a higher risk of obesity compared to children of non-working women. Additionally, children with a family history of obesity were at an increased risk of developing obesity. ConclusionChildhood obesity in India is a pressing public health concern. The study reveals regional and population variations in obesity prevalence and identifies genetic, behavioural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors as contributors. Further research is required to comprehend these factors and establish effective prevention and management approaches.

Quality of Life of Working and Non Working Women

Quality of life is the general well-being of a person outlining positive and negative features of life. Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. The aim of the study was to compare the quality of life of working and non- working women. 71 samples were selected for this purpose. 47 were working women and 24 were non-working. Quality of life was determined by using WHO – ‘QUALITY OF LIFE – BREF’ standardized questionnaire. The data was analyzed using t- independent through SPSS software. The results have been discussed in the paper in the light of literature review. The results indicated no significant difference in quality life of working women and non-working women.

Comparative Study of Stress and Adjustment in Married Life of Non Working Women and Working Women

Abstrect In the modern era, the family environment is changing. Ever since the woman has given meaning to her independence and has become aware of her identity, since then the ambition to become something has started growing inside her. In ancient times, the workplace of women was their home. She used to work by staying inside the house. Work outside the home was considered to be men's, but in modern times it is not as divided as before. Now men and women have equal responsibility towards work. The present era is the era of progress, competition and success. Women are also achieving success by coming out of the house and reaching the field of work. Women have made debut in all fields like education, medicine, bank, politics, engineering, advocacy etc. and are continuously moving towards success. The more educated the women of today, the more civilized, cultured and decent they are. Despite all these circumstances, working and non-working women have to make marital adjustments.. Adjustment with life partner and family is the most important challenge in married life. Women have to adjust with both family and business while working. From a practical point of view, it is difficult to maintain harmony between the two, which affects the married life of women. In the presented research, a comparative study has been done on adjustment and stress in married life of non- working and working women. For research, 30-30 working (working in offices and mills) and non-working (housewives) women (whose education level is at least up to graduation) of Raipur District have been selected by random method. . Researcher's adjustment scale for data collection (1999) Dr. Pramod Kumar and Dr. K.K. Arun K. for Rastogi and stress gauge. Singh, Ashish K. Standard scale prepared by Singh and Arpana Singh was used

Life Satisfaction, Hope and Self Esteem among Working and Non-Working Parous Married Women Living in Joint Families

The aim of the current study is to investigate if there are differences in hope, life satisfaction, and self-esteem between working and non-working married women living in joint families. The sample had 144 parous married women working as well as non-working women living in joint families. The age range was 24–55 years. Participants were from urban and rural areas. The hope scale, life satisfaction scale, and self-esteem scale were used. Results showed that there areconsiderable differences in hope, life satisfaction, and self-esteem between working and non-working married women living in joint families. Self esteem and life satisfaction have a significant positive relationship with hope. Therapies and counselling may help improve self-esteem and life satisfaction. Findings have vital implications for practice and underscore the requirement to help and encourage married women in their lifestyle. The results highlight the need for mental well-being promotion and also prevent low self-esteem in non-working women as an appropriate response to enhance their hope and life satisfaction. There is a requirement to be hopeful and positive in order to deal with low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.

Family Environment and Perceived Stress amongst Working and Non-Working Women

The main aim of the present study was to examine and explore the family environment and perceived stress amongst working and non-working women. A sample of 60 women (30 working women and 30 homemakers) was drawn from the population. The purposive sampling technique was used. Family Environment Scale by Dr. Harpreet Bhatia and Dr. N.K.Chadha and Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein were used for data collection. Mean, Standard Deviation, t-test, and Correlation were the statistics calculated. Results indicated that there was no significant difference between perceived stress and family environment among working and non-working women. Results revealed that working women and homemakers equally experience the perceived stress on a daily basis which has direct or indirect effects on the family environment between both the groups.

Three fourths of women of reproductive age in emerging regions of Ethiopia are facing problems in accessing health care

Providing adequate and equal access health care is a key goal towards universal health coverage (UHC), but women continue to confront considerable inequities in accessing healthcare, particularly in the emerging regions of Ethiopia. Therefore, we identified the contributing factors to the problems in accessing health care among women of reproductive age in emerging regions of Ethiopia. Data from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey were used. A total of 4680 women in reproductive age were included in the final analysis and a multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify the contributing factors to the problems in accessing health care. In the final model, a p-value of less than 0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to declare statistically significant factors. We found that 71.0% (95% CI 69.64–72.24%) of women in reproductive age had problems in accessing health care. Unmarried women (AOR = 1.30 95% CI 1.06–1.59), uneducated (AOR = 2.21 95% CI 1.48–3.30) and attended primary school (AOR = 1.58 95% 1.07–2.32), rural resident (AOR = 2.16 95% CI 1.40–2.02), poor (AOR = 2.95 95% CI 2.25–3.86) and middle wealth status (AOR = 1.74 95% CI 1.27–2.40), women who gave two births (AOR = 1.29 95% CI: 1.02–1.64) and not working (AOR = 1.33 95% CI 1.06, − 1.68) and working in agriculture (AOR = 1.88 95% CI 1.35–2.61) were factors that contributed for the problems in accessing health care. A significant proportion of women of reproductive age in emerging regions of Ethiopia face challenges in accessing healthcare, which places the country far from achieving its UHC targets. This issue is particularly prominent among unmarried, poor and middle wealth status, uneducated, non-working, and rural women of reproductive age. The government should develop strategies to improve women’s education, household wealth status, and occupational opportunities which would help to alleviate the barriers hindering healthcare access for women residing in emerging regions of Ethiopia.

What limits intra-household insurance or the ‘Added Worker Effect’?

Abstract The ‘Added Worker Effect’ (AWE) theory posits that partners of the unemployed provide intra-household insurance by increasing their earnings. However, estimates of the AWE are small. Popular explanations include lacking need (e.g. due to generous unemployment benefits), capacity or willingness to increase earnings, though these explanations are seldom tested systematically. Using Swiss administrative data and difference-in-differences estimates, we find an overall AWE among only non-working women. We find no systematic differences in AWEs between couples with differing needs or capacities, but aspects related to willingness like marriage, long marital duration and shared biological children are associated with higher AWEs. Men’s overall slight reduction in earnings upon their partners’ unemployment is driven by young, childless, cohabiting men. Overall, compared to unemployment insurance, in all studied subgroups, the AWE is a minimal source of insurance.

A Comparative Study of Life Satisfaction between Working and Non-Working Women in A Spiritual Environment

A Comparative Study of Life Satisfaction between Working and Non-Working Women in A Spiritual Environment

Quality of life assessment in Iranian working and non-working women with a native instrument

Quality of life assessment in Iranian working and non-working women with a native instrument

An Exploratory Factor analysis Examining Psychological correlates among Females

The working status of women provides them with a different psychological foundation than non-working women. Literature is evident that there is an immense difference between working and non-working women, especially the psychological factors affecting them. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the difference between working and non-working women on the basis of psychological factors mainly quality of life, psychological well-being, self-esteem and perceived stress. Methods: Cross sectional research design was employed to measure the psychological factors of working and non-working women in the age group of 25 to 45 years. The sample size was recruited as 600 by power analysis, with 305 working and 295 non-working women. Data collection was conducted using WHO-QOL-BREf, Ryff’s Psychological well-being scale, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem scale and Cohen’s perceived stress scale. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, independent T-test and factor analysis. Results: Findings of the study revealed that working women are higher on social and environmental quality of life and environmental mastery, positive relations with others and self-acceptance domains of psychological well-being than non-working women. The psychological variables are significantly correlated and significant factor loadings were for environmental mastery and social quality of life for working women and self-acceptance domain of psychological well-being, social and physical quality of life for non-working women. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that there is a significant difference between working women and non-working women for the psychological correlates. In addition, the psychological variables are significantly influencing one another and the most effective influence is environmental mastery and social quality of life for working women and self-acceptance and social and physical quality of life for non-working women. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.22 (Special Issue) 2023 p.106-115

A Comparative Study to Examine the Quality of Life among Married Working and Non-Working Women

Quality of life (QOL) refers to the subjective well-being of the individual or society that consists of various positive and negative aspects of life. As believed that job is the most influential factor in enhancing the quality of life, however working women face various problems because of dual responsibilities. Similarly, homemakers have to take care of their homes and children as well so it is very difficult to state which group has a better quality of life. The present study was planned to solve this controversy and to compare the quality of life of working and non-working women. The sample for the current investigation consists of 40 women (20 working and 20 non-working) in the age range of 20-40 years. Data collection was done in Hisar district of Haryana state using quality of life questionnaire developed by Gehlert et al. (2006). Data was analysed using SPSS 28 version by applying appropriate statistical tests. Findings of the study revealed that significant differences existed in quality of life of working and non-working women. Working women were found on the better side in all the aspects of quality of life except in the case of social health aspect the mean score of non-working women was found higher than working. Age, number of years in marriage, number of children, working hours, domestic help, mass media exposure, family size and income were found contributing factors toward quality of life among women.