non-Western Cultural Contexts Research Articles

Gender Bias for the Organizational Citizenship Behavior Expectations in Gender-Typed Jobs in Turkey

The present study aims to examine one source of gender bias. The extent to which expectations of in-role and extra-role behaviors may change as a function of the job occupant’s sex and the sex-type of the job- in a non-Western cultural context. Following the predominantly North American extant literature, two hypotheses were proposed. First, communal organizational citizenship behaviors are more likely to be perceived in-role for women, whereas agentic organizational citizenship behaviors are more likely to be perceived in-role for men. Second, communal organizational citizenship behaviors are more likely to be perceived in-role for employees who hold female sex-typed jobs. In contrast, agentic organizational citizenship behaviors are more likely to be perceived in-role for employees who hold male sex-typed jobs. The hypotheses were tested using an experimental design in a Turkish sample of 210 senior-level undergraduate business administration students. Consistent with previous research, the results indicate that altruism is perceived as mandatory for women but not for men. Significant differences were not detected between observers’ expectations for men and women and other dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior and between the holders of masculine and feminine jobs.

Gender stereotypes are racialized: A cross-cultural investigation of gender stereotypes about intellectual talents.

In the United States, there is a common stereotype associating brilliance with men. This gender brilliance stereotype emerges early and may undermine women's engagement in many prestigious careers. However, past research on its acquisition has focused almost exclusively on American children's beliefs of White people's intellectual talents. Therefore, less is known about how this stereotype develops in non-Western cultures and whether children consider other social identities such as race in forming this stereotype. To address these issues, the present research (a) provided the first cross-cultural test examining its development in 5- to 7-year-old Chinese and American children and (b) compared children's gender brilliance stereotype of White people with that of Asian people. Studies 1 (N = 96; Chinese children) and 2 (N = 96; Chinese children) revealed that, similar to American children, Chinese children associated brilliance with White men (vs. White women) around the age of 6. In contrast, Studies 3 (N = 96; Chinese children) and 4 (N = 96; American children; 76.9% White) showed that 5- to 7-year-old children from both cultures associated brilliance with Asian women (vs. Asian men). The results suggest that the gender stereotype about brilliance has a racial component and may be culturally consistent. Overall, these findings add to our knowledge of children's acquisition of the gender stereotype about brilliance in non-Western cultural contexts and highlight the importance of considering multiple social identities to understand the acquisition of stereotypes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The effects of organizational trust and empowering leadership on group conflict: psychological safety as a mediator

Purpose In a knowledge-based economy, employees’ perception of psychological safety in their wok unit is critical for group conflict. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of psychological safety between the predictors (i.e. organizational trust and empowering leadership) and the outcome variable, group conflict. Design/methodology/approach Data was drawn from 633 employees from a global automobile company headquartered in South Korea. Construct validity of the measurement model was examined using a confirmatory factor analysis. The hypothesized model was tested by a structural equation modeling and the bootstrap analysis. Findings Organizational trust and empowering leadership accounted for 68% of the variance in employees’ psychological safety. The three antecedents (i.e. organizational trust, empowering leadership and psychological safety) explained 20% of the variance in group conflicts. Psychological safety significantly and fully mediated the relationship between organizational trust and group conflict and the relationship between empowering leadership and group conflict. Practical implications Human resources and organization development professionals can help employees feel more psychologically safe in an organization by developing empowering leaders and making more trustworthy organizational culture. When employees perceive a high level of psychological safety, they are likely to feel less conflict in their team. Originality/value This study examined the antecedents and consequences of psychological safety of knowledge workers in a non-Western cultural context. Psychological safety played a pivotal role as a mediator. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that empirically found the direct link between organizational trust and psychological safety and the relationship between empowerment leadership and psychological safety.

Comparative Study of the Perspectives on the Impact of a Culturally Responsive Picture Exchange Communication System for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United Arab Emirates.

BackgroundThe Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a widely accepted way to develop the communication skills of children with developmental disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the efficacy of PECS has been largely studied in Western societies and little research is available regarding its role in the development of children with ASD in a non-Western cultural context. The purpose of this study was to compare the parent and the practitioner perceptions of the use of PECS for children with ASD in the United Arab Emirates.MethodA new scale made up of three subscales was used to collect the data from the parents and the practitioners who were either related to or working with a cohort of children with ASD. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and subjected to the computation of means, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), binary logistical regression, and two-way factorial ANOVA.ResultsThe results showed uncertainty or neutrality among the parents and the practitioners toward the use of PECS. Variables such as age, years of experience using PECS, and gender were noted to influence perceptions of PECS.ConclusionThe need for policymakers to consider developing regular training for parents and practitioners on the use of PECS and other implications are discussed.

A qualitative inquiry into the acceptability of schema therapy in Hong Kong and Singapore: implications for cultural responsiveness in the practice of schema therapy

ABSTRACT Objective Western models of psychology have long been dominant in the discipline. However, the presumed universality of Western psychological treatment models is increasingly coming under scrutiny; there is a clear need for research to evaluate the cross-cultural applicability of these treatment models. Schema therapy (ST) has been widely disseminated in recent years due to its efficacy in treating chronic psychological difficulties. However, the acceptability and efficacy of ST have yet to be examined in non-Western cultural contexts. This study aimed to investigate the suitability of ST in Hong Kong and Singapore. Method A thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with clinicians practicing ST in Hong Kong (n = 6) and Singapore (n = 6) was undertaken. Results Overall, the ST model was generally acceptable to clinicians in Hong Kong and Singapore. However, therapists reported some cultural challenges in the practice of ST. Four key themes describe these cultural challenges: language differences, difficulties in the expression of affect, issues related to filial piety, and differences in social norms and expectations. Conclusion While the ST model appears acceptable to clinicians in Hong Kong and Singapore, there are some important adjustments needed in the practical application of ST to ensure more culturally sensitive treatment.

Systematic Processing of COVID-19 Information: Relevant Channel Beliefs and Perceived Information Gathering Capacity as Moderators

Applying the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model, this study investigates the sociopsychological factors associated with systematic processing. Results reveal interesting moderating effects for relevant channel beliefs and perceived information gathering capacity. These findings suggest that science communication surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic needs to attend to the target audience’s beliefs about specific information channels, as well as their ability to process relevant information. However, the unsupported hypotheses also call for scholarly attention on the applicability of the RISP model to non-Western cultural contexts.

Exploring frames of environmental crises on Twitter and Weibo: Crisis communication about Hurricane Maria and haze.

There is limited knowledge about how crises are framed on different social media platforms specifically in a non-Western cultural context. This study compares how extreme environmental crises-Hurricane Maria and haze-were framed on Twitter and Weibo. Through word-cloud, co-occurrence, and thematic analyses with Hurricane Maria-related tweets, this study identified two major frames of this crisis: a disaster frame and a political frame. Similarly, by analyzing haze-related posts on Sina Weibo, two major frames emerged: an environmental frame and a health frame. Both crises were largely framed as environmental issues rather than health risks or crises. Such framing helps shape the existence of Hurricane Maria and haze as legitimate facts. The findings also reveal that cultural variances, eg, power distance, collectivist-individualist culture, and uncertainty avoidance, impact crisis framing. This study indicates the importance of designing culture-fit messages and incorporating social media strategies in crisis communication while developing emergency management plans and adds knowledge to the limited literature on social-mediated crisis communication in different cultural contexts. Such knowledge will provide theoretical and practical implications for crisis scholars, emergency management practitioners, and policymakers.

Bidirectional relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent maladjustment

This study explores the longitudinal and bidirectional relations between paternal/maternal psychological control and adolescent maladjustment (i.e., internalizing symptoms, aggression, and association with deviant peers). This longitudinal investigation was conducted at two time points over a one-year interval with participants comprising 543 Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 13 (mean age at Time 1=11.29; 51.93% girls). The performed measurements encompassed paternal/maternal psychological control, adolescent internalizing symptoms, aggression, association with deviant peers, and demographic information. The findings of a cross-lagged model analysis revealed that paternal psychological control was longitudinally and positively related to adolescent internalizing symptoms and aggression. Maternal psychological control was not significantly related to any domain of adolescent maladjustment. In turn, adolescent association with deviant peers was longitudinally and positively associated with both parents' psychological control. Parental psychological control was bidirectionally associated with adolescent maladjustment in general, and paternal psychological control played a crucial role on adolescent maladjustment in the Chinese cultural context. The study's findings supported the reciprocal model of parent-child interaction, and extended it by highlighting the apprehension of the characteristics of parental impact from a cultural perspective. The study results add to the current scholarly understanding of parental psychological control in the non-western cultural context.

Contextual influences on marketing and consumerism: an East Asian perspective

PurposeThis study aims to summarize the important contextual influences East Asian philosophy may have on marketing strategy and consumerism.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach is used to deconstruct (1) the literature on marketing as a contextual discipline, (2) East Asian philosophical underpinnings and their personal and institutional manifestations in East Asian marketing contexts, and (3) the implications for non-East Asian marketers. This essay includes a brief introduction to the manuscripts in this special issue.FindingsAncient philosophical wisdom shared by East Asian societies can shed light on how marketing activities and consumer behavior intertwine within East Asia and beyond. Three ancient philosophies (i.e. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism) heavily influence East Asian societies through personal and institutional-level cultural manifestations in marketing contexts.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the three discussed East Asian philosophical schools are not exhaustive, they lay a foundation for future discussions about how alternative marketing-related theories and frameworks may complement ones grounded in western historical and cultural contexts.Originality/valueThis essay initiates an overdue academic discussion about relying on non-western historical and cultural contexts to globalize the marketing discipline further.

Pathways From Family Violence to Adolescent Violence: Examining the Mediating Mechanisms.

PurposePast research has documented a significant relationship between family violence and adolescent violence. However, much is unknown about the processes through which this association occurs, especially in the non-Western cultural context. To address this gap, we propose an integrated model encompassing multiple pathways that connect family violence to adolescent violence. Specifically, this study investigates how family violence is related to adolescent violence through violent peer association, normative beliefs about violence, and negative emotions.MethodWe tested the model using the two-wave survey data collected from a probability sample of more than 1,100 adolescents residing in one of the largest metropolitan areas in China in 2015 to 2016.Results and ConclusionsThe results indicated that family violence predicted adolescent violence perpetration. Violent peer association, normative beliefs, and negative emotions, however, mediated much of the relationship between family violence and adolescent violence.

Identifying Service Quality Priority of Islamic Banks in Malaysia

Service quality remains a focal issue in banking industry as banking institutions are providing heterogeneous products, including Islamic banks. Particularly when the competition becomes more intense, providing superior service quality provided competitive advantage to the organizations in order to remain relevant in the industry. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to identify not only the importance of service quality on customer satisfaction but also to examine the performance of each service quality dimensions in satisfying the customers. Using survey method, data of 413 respondents have been analysed using PLS-SEM. The study used PARKSEV model which is enhanced with “compliance” dimension to measure service quality as it is developed in a non-Western cultural context which better suits Malaysia environment. The result shows that the service quality dimensions that contribute significantly to customersatisfaction are “reliability”, “sincerity”, “compliance”, “convenience” and “responsiveness”. In terms of performance, “compliance” and “sincerity” are well executed as they are classified in the first quadrant. However, another two dimensions which are “convenience” and “responsiveness” fell in the fourth quadrant which should be taken corrective actions as both dimensions are important but do not performing well. “Reliability” is nearing the third quadrant indicating that though it is significant, but the dimension is relatively less critical as it has been appropriately delivered. Using the Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA), the findings provide insights to Islamic bank managers on resource allocation priority and further investment in technology to enhance service quality performance.

Video observations of sensitivity in context: integrating insights from seven cultural communities

ABSTRACT This integrative discussion of the special issue on video observations of sensitive caregiving in different cultural communities provides a reflection on the seven empirical studies that comprise this special issue. The two main aims of this special issue are highlighted in terms of their overall conclusions: (1) video observations can be useful and reliable tools to assess sensitivity in non-Western cultural contexts; (2) caregiver sensitivity can be observed across very different cultural contexts and can be expressed in various culture-specific ways; (3) the Ainsworth sensitivity scale is particularly useful for capturing sensitivity regardless of modality. Further, the limitations of the set of studies as well as opportunities for future research are discussed.

Effects of a mental health promotion intervention on mental health of Iranian female adolescents: a school-based study

BackgroundPoor mental health is common among adolescents. Given the increasing burden of poor mental health among adolescents in developing countries, it seems necessary to identify the effective interventions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a school-based mental health promotion program (SMHPP) on mental health parameters among female adolescents in Tabriz, Iran.MethodIn this experimental study, a random sample of female high-school students of grade nine was recruited. The subjects were then randomly allocated to intervention (n = 145) and control (n = 139) groups. The three-stage SMHPP was designed based on the shortages and unmet needs of the students as reported in the pretest stage. All subjects in the intervention group were provided with a stress management skill training program of six sessions using McNamara Model. Coincided with making environmental changes, a joyful intervention program was carried out. After 2 months, post-test data were collected.ResultsA total of 284 students completed their participation in the study. The groups did not differ in none of socio-demographic characteristics and mental health parameters, at baseline. The number of subjects reporting medium-level of happiness was increased by 32.6% among intervention group. Moreover, upon sign test and pre-post comparison, the group-wise distribution changed between the intervention and control groups for the parameters of life satisfaction (p ≤ 0.001) and psychological well-being (p ≤ 0.01).ConclusionThe implementation of SMHPP as a low-cost, needs-based and multifaceted program, showed promise in promoting adolescents’ mental health, particularly in the parameters of happiness, life satisfaction and psychological well-being. This was an important evidence for the development and implementation of interventions and policies in the field of mental health promotion among adolescents. Our work provided means for reducing burden of poor mental health among adolescents in a non-western cultural context. Further larger studies are required to evaluate the effectiveness of such school-based mental health promotion interventions in students.

Multi-Dimensional Social Relations and Mental Health among Rural Older Adults.

To date, knowledge of the association between social-relational patterns and health among rural elders in non-Western social and cultural contexts is scant. Using regional population data in rural South Korea, this study examines comprehensive social relations among rural elders, and the extent to which heterogeneous patterns of social relations were associated with cognitive impairment and depression. Using comprehensive social-relational indicators with (a) the structure of social relations (b) the quality of social relations, we applied latent class analysis identified four subgroups of social relations among rural older adults: Restricted, Spouse Focused-Ambivalent, Community Engaged-Positive, and Diverse. We found that the Community-Engaged group was less likely to be depressed as well as have co-ocurring problems of cognitive impairment and depression.

How Behavioral Interventions Can Reduce the Climate Impact of Energy Use

Kristian S. Nielsen is a research associate in the Department of Zoology at University of Cambridge. He received a PhD from Copenhagen Business School in 2019 with a dissertation focused on the role of self-regulation in environmental behavior change. His current research focuses on bridging research in behavioral science and biodiversity conservation as part of an interdisciplinary project called Nudging for Nature. His other research interests revolve around behavior change as a climate change mitigation strategy, the dynamics of the behavior change process, self-regulation and self-control, and sustainable clothing consumption. Sander van der Linden is Reader in Social Psychology in Society and director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab in the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. He is also a fellow in Psychological and Behavioral Sciences at Churchill College, Cambridge and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Environmental Psychology. His research on the psychology of human judgment and decision-making, especially in the context of climate change, has received numerous awards including the Rising Star award from the Association for Psychological Science and the Sage Early Career Award from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology . Paul C. Stern is president of the Social and Environmental Research institute and was previously a principal staff officer at the US National Academy of Science, Engineering, and Medicine where he directed its Board on Environmental Change and Society. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Psychological Association. His research interests include the integration of social science into research and practice for governing environmental change and into risk assessment and management. Among his publications are Environmental Problems and Human Behavior (coauthor) and Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (coeditor).

Indigenising Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Open Distance Learning

This article contributes towards an indigenised version of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). It is a conceptual framework termed indigenous-and-Western technological pedagogical content knowledge (INDANDWEST-TPACK). The article critically discusses the knowledge systems which lead to the framework. Current TPACK lacks the integration of indigenous knowledge systems and Western knowledge systems despite the literature which has attempted to indigenise TPACK. INDANDWEST-TPACK, therefore, helps to integrate indigenous knowledge systems and Western knowledge systems, especially in an open distance and e-learning (ODeL) environment. Hence, this conceptual study addresses the question: How can TPACK be modified to cater for a balance between indigenous knowledge systems and Western knowledge systems? It is important for ODeL institutions such as the University of South Africa (Unisa) to de-Westernise (reduce Western dominance) technology and its pedagogical and content delivery function by integrating indigenous knowledge to benefit students from non-Western or indigenous cultural contexts. INDANDWEST-TPACK can, therefore, contribute towards Unisa's Africanisation of the curriculum project.

Parenting behaviors and child psychopathy: A regression mixture analysis

The current study examined the associations between the profile of parenting behaviors and child psychopathy using a person-centered approach. Regression mixture modeling (RMM) was employed to explore the predictive ability of parenting behavior profiles on child psychopathy in a sample (N = 361, 51.9 % female) of 9 to 13-year-old Chinese children (M = 10.42, SD = 0.94). Results demonstrated that two subgroups were identified which best characterized the mother-reported parenting behaviors (positive 40%, negative 60%) and three subtypes were identified to characterize the father-reported parenting behaviors (positive 20%, negative 18%, mixture 62%). Children with a higher level of psychopathic traits were more often subjected to the negative parenting behavior profile than they were to positive or mixture parenting behavior profiles. The findings of this study advance the understanding of different parenting behaviors in predicting child psychopathy in non-Western cultural context. We also discuss the implications these findings have for clinicians working to decrease the risk of children psychopathy.

Self-Control, External Environment, and Delinquency: A Test of Self-Control Theory in Rural China.

Although self-control consistently emerges as one of the most robust correlates of delinquent behavior, limited empirical attempts have been made to explore the contextual variability of the relationship between self-control and delinquency outside of Western societies. Using data collected from 587 seventh- to ninth-grade students across 10 middle schools in a rural county of Southeast China, we examine self-control's efficacy in explaining juvenile delinquency in the presence of external environmental factors, and investigate relative strength of self-control and contextual factors in predicting delinquent behaviors. Our results confirm that self-control is an important predictor of delinquent behavior in a non-Western cultural context. However, certain environmental factors rooted in family, school, and peer groups are also shown to be the predictors of delinquent behavior where strength seems to exceed that of self-control. These findings shed more nuanced insights on the nexus between self-control, external situations, and delinquency, and in a broader sense, contribute to the elaboration of a more comprehensive understanding of self-control theory.

Exploring Vulnerability to Deviant Coping among Victims of Crime in Two Post-Soviet Cities

This study pursues two important goals: 1) assessment of the offender-victim overlap in non-Western cultural contexts and 2) examination of complex moderating influences and mediating factors that help explain the relationship between offending and victimization. Interview data from 700 Ukrainian and 735 Russian adults are used to assess main and interactive effects of theoretical predictors on violent and property offending. Findings reveal a moderate relationship between victimization and offending partially explained by association with deviant peers, self-control, and angry emotions. Moreover, association with deviant peers, depression, and anger appear to condition the relationship. Analyses support and clarify the victim-offender overlap, suggesting it is a universal phenomenon crossing national contexts and that the likelihood of a crime victim becoming an offender is influenced by individual traits, peer relationships, and contemporaneous emotional affect shaping behavioral responses to criminal victimization.

Heterogeneity in the Sexual Orientations of Men Who Have Sex with Fa'afafine in Samoa.

In Samoa, feminine natal males who possess male-typical genitalia are known locally as fa'afafine. Some Samoan men express sexual interest in fa'afafine, whereas others do not. To assess the sexual orientation of men who are sexually interested in fa'afafine, we collected sexual attraction ratings and viewing times of Samoan men's and women's faces. Study 1 (N = 130) focused on men who were insertive or versatile during anal sex with fa'afafine partners. These men were compared to each other, as well as to males (i.e., men and fa'afafine) who were exclusively sexually interested in either women or men. Study 2 (N = 180) compared men who had sex with fa'afafine and women; men who had sex with fa'afafine, women, and men; and men who had sex with fa'afafine and men. These men were compared to each other, as well as to males who were exclusively sexually interested in either women or men. These studies suggest that men who have sex with fa'afafine are a heterogeneous group. A small portion of the men who are sexually interested in fa'afafine shows a relatively bisexual pattern of sexual attraction ratings and viewing times, namely men who have sex with fa'afafine, men, and women. In contrast, a larger number of men who were sexually interested in fa'afafine responded in a manner similar to men who were exclusively sexually interested in either women or men. The present research suggests that additional insights into male sexual orientation can be garnered by focusing on how sexuality is expressed in non-Western cultural contexts.