Non-verbal Interaction Research Articles

The Relationship between EFL Teachers’ Classroom Management Skills and Their Immediacy as Perceived by Their Learners

The Relationship between EFL Teachers’ Classroom Management Skills and Their Immediacy as Perceived by Their Learners

소셜 로봇의 초기 기대치에 관한 연구 : 언어적, 비언어적 상호작용을 중심으로

로봇공학의 발전과 함께 로봇에 대한 거부감 없는 수용을 위하여 사용자의 기대와 관련된 연구가 다양한 분야에서 진행되어 왔다. 그러나 소셜로봇의 일상생활 도입이 가까워지면서 구체적인 맥락 안에서 사용자의 기대 차이를 확인하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 카페 안에서 소셜 로봇이 커피를 전달하는 맥락을 선정하여 사용자의 인지된 물리적 역량, 사회적 역량을 3단계 시간 모델로 측정해 사용자의 기대 차이를 알아보았다. 그 결과, 사용자들은 로봇을 처음 마주했을 때보다 초기 소셜로봇에 대해 높은 기대치를 가지고 있었고, 이러한 기대차이는 로봇과 짧은 상호작용 이후에 또 다시 다른 양상을 보이는 것을 확인했다.

Enhancing Team Learning through Leader Inclusiveness: A One-Year Ethnographic Case Study of an Interdisciplinary Teacher Team

Phenomenon Developing modern medical curricula requires collaboration between different scientific and clinical disciplines. Consequently, institutions face the daunting task to engage colleagues from different disciplines in effective team collaboration. Two aspects that are vital to the success of such teamwork are “team learning behavior” by all team members and “leader inclusiveness behavior” by the team leader. Team members display team learning behavior when they share information, build upon and integrate each other’s viewpoints. The team leader can promote such team learning by exhibiting inclusiveness behavior, which aims to encourage diversity and preserve individual differences for an inclusive workplace, nurturing engagement in teamwork. There is a paucity of in-depth research on leader inclusiveness behavior in the field of medical education. This case study aimed to offer unique insight into how leader inclusiveness behavior manifests itself in a successful interdisciplinary teacher team, demonstrating team learning behavior in undergraduate medical education. Approach We conducted a qualitative, ethnographic case study using different but complementary methods, including observations, interviews and a documentary analysis of email communication. By means of purposive sampling, we selected an existing interdisciplinary teacher team that was responsible for an undergraduate medical course at Maastricht University, the Netherlands, and that was known to be successful. Chaired by a physician, the team included planning group members and tutors with medical, biomedical, and social sciences backgrounds as well as student-representatives. In the course of one academic year, 23 meetings were observed and recorded, informal interviews were conducted, and over 100 email conversations were collected. All data were submitted to a directed content analysis based on team learning and leader inclusiveness concepts. Findings Leader inclusiveness behavior became evident from verbal and non-verbal interactions between the team leader and team members. Leader inclusiveness behavior that facilitated team learning behavior manifested itself in five actions undertaken by the team leader: coordinating, explicating, inviting, connecting, and reflecting. Similarly, team members facilitated team learning behavior by participating actively, speaking up behavior, and mimicking leader inclusiveness behavior. These behaviors demonstrated engagement and feelings of inclusion, and reinforced leader inclusiveness behavior by creating additional opportunities for the leader to exhibit such behavior. Insights This case study responds to the need for inclusive leadership approaches in medical education. Our findings build upon theoretical knowledge on team learning and leader inclusiveness concepts. By studying behaviors, interactions and documents we obtained in-depth information on leader inclusiveness. Our findings are unique in that they demonstrate how leader inclusiveness behavior manifests itself when leaders interact with their team members. This study provides health professionals who are active in education with practical suggestions on how to act as a successful and inclusive leader. Finally, the behaviors identified open up avenues for future professional development initiatives and future research on team leadership. Supplemental data for this article is available online at here.

MUMBAI: multi-person, multimodal board game affect and interaction analysis dataset

Board games are fertile grounds for the display of social signals, and they provide insights into psychological indicators in multi-person interactions. In this work, we introduce a new dataset collected from four-player board game sessions, recorded via multiple cameras, and containing over 46 hours of visual material. The new MUMBAI dataset is extensively annotated with emotional moments for all game sessions. Additional data comes from personality and game experience questionnaires. Our four-person setup allows the investigation of non-verbal interactions beyond dyadic settings. We present three benchmarks for expression detection and emotion classification and discuss potential research questions for the analysis of social interactions and group dynamics during board games.

Mother-Infant Observations: A View into the Wordless Social Instincts that Form the Foundation of Human Psychodynamics.

Mother-infant observations attune the psychotherapist to the nonverbal interactions that shape the child's experience of the world. The origins of our interest in psychoanalytic mother-infant observations can be traced back to clinical work with adults, child analyses, ethology (the study of animal behavior), and theoretical questions about the development of the symbolic function in infancy. More recently, seminars and direct experience in mother-infant observation have been gaining popularity as components of psychoanalytic training. Indeed, mother-infant observations are a kind of human ethological investigation that offer a rare peek into the wordless social instincts that find their origins in the ancient evolution of our species.

Effects of Interaction Pattern on Students’ Interest in Keyboarding in Colleges of Education in South-West, Nigeria

This study examined the effects of non-verbal interaction pattern on students’ interest in keyboarding in Colleges of Education in Southwest, Nigeria. It adopted quasi-experimental research design of pre-test, post-test non-equivalent control group design. The population for the study was 109 year one students of Office Technology and Management in state owned Colleges of Education in Southwest, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 35 NCE I students in two of the Colleges offering OTM in Southwest, Nigeria, this comprised of 26 females and 9 males. One research questions and three null hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance guided the study. The instrument used for data collection was the Keyboarding Interest Inventory (KII). The KII was developed by the researcher and was subjected to face and content validity by three OTM experts. Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the KII items. The reliability coefficient computed for the KII was 0.89. Mean was used to answer the research questions, while t-test was employed to test the hypotheses. It was observed that non-verbal interaction technique was more effective in stimulating students’ interest than the conventional method in keyboarding. There was also no significant difference between the interests of students in the experimental (non-verbal) groups based on gender. It was thereafter recommended that NCCE should incorporate non-verbal interaction pattern into the teaching of keyboarding. Lecturers of keyboarding should prepare their classes in such a way that students are allowed ample opportunity to critically think, interact freely with one another, discourage students’ passiveness and improve performance in pair and group activities among other recommendations.

Keeping "In Touch": Demographic Patterns of Interpersonal Touch in Later Life.

Touch is an important element of human social interaction linked to various dimensions of well-being, but we know little of how it is distributed among older adults. This study considers whether greeting/affectionate touch is a function of characteristics such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Data come from Wave 1 (2005-2006) of the NSHAP study from the United States. Results reveal that women experienced more frequent touch relative to men, net of several features of the interpersonal environment. Mediation analyses revealed that gender differences in associations with touch were partially explained by women's greater participation in formal and informal social activity. No patterns were detected related to race, education, or wealth. This study situates greeting/affectionate touch as a form of corporeal non-verbal interaction that offers a unique lens into patterns of social connection. We close by considering what this form of interaction means in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The physician as a success determining factor in CT-guided pain therapy

BackgroundBack pain is a common problem and a burden for the patient. MR-morphologically proven pain-causing changes of the spine is often successfully treated utilizing CT-guided pain therapy. The CT-guided execution enables a controlled and reproducible therapy. Nevertheless, treatment results can differ even with the same patient; the physician is a possible influencing factor of the outcome. Accordingly, the present study analyzes the different behaviors and forms of communication of the treating physicians during the course of the intervention as factors influencing the outcome of treatment.Methods67 patients suffering from specific back pain were included in this study. 5 treating physicians (2 female, 3 male) of different age (29–63 years), and experience and a total of 244 CT-guided treatments were included in this study. In every case a psychologist observed the treatment based on a standardized observation protocol. Observed were both the verbal and non-verbal interactions as well as the reaction of patient and physician. The success of the therapy was measured in the course of the treatment using the visual analogue pain scale. The technical comparability of the performed CT-guided periradicular therapy was ensured by the distribution of the drug mixture.ResultsThe outcome is significantly better if the patient considers the treating physician to be competent (correlation coefficient: 0.24, p < 0.006) and feels understood (correlation coefficient: 0.29, p < 0.001). In addition, the outcome is better when the physician believes that the treatment brings a positive reduction of pain, underlining his belief with positive statements of affirmation before the intervention thus creating a positive atmosphere [correlation coefficient: 0.24 (p < 0.009)]. In contrast, the outcome is worse if the patient complains about pain during the intervention [average pain reduction M = 0.9 (pain group) vs. M = 2.0 (no-pain group)].ConclusionOur study shows that with comparable implementation of CT-guided periradicular therapy, the outcome of the patient with specific back pain can be significantly improved by certain behavioral patterns of the performing physician and this without side effects and without significant additional time expenditure. Our findings indicate that there is a non-negligible psychological factor linking confidence in therapy to actual therapy success.Trial Registration: The study was designed as an observational study, therefore a trial registration was not necessary.

A Prospective Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study of Program Evaluation in an Intergenerational Program: Intergenerational Interactions and Program Satisfactions Involving Non-Frail, Frail, Cognitively Impaired Older Adults, and School Aged-Children

ABSTRACT A prospective longitudinal mixed-method study was undertaken to evaluate an intergenerational community program involving older adults and school aged-children. Data were collected from nine children, and 18 non-frail, frail, and cognitively impaired older adults. Quantitative data collected from intergenerational interactions and self-ratings (0–10) assessed program satisfaction, while qualitative data included 89 session observations, and then both were integrated. Findings suggested that non-frail older adults interacted more verbally with children while the frail and cognitively impaired adults had mainly passive non-verbal interactions. The results indicated that promoting linguistic, emotional, and positive experiences for both generations led to their meaningful and satisfying relationships.

Hearing care aspects in universal face mask use during the COVID 19 pandemic

Typical cloth and medical masks, which are mandatory to wear during the COVID 19 pandemic, create visual barrier, obscure linguistic and nonverbal communication and interaction. Ski-slope hearing loss patients often don't admit their auditory insufficiency and do not use hearing aids due to acceptable speech intelligibility by using visual access to the mouth and other potential facial cues. To assess the impact of universal face medical masks in public places on motivation to using hearing aids of patients with ski-slope hearing loss. All the 504 patients (18-65 years old), who applied for < hearing care assistance and for the first time bought hearing aid were included. 266 patients (group A) applied from June to November 2020, when wearing facial masks was mandatory; 238 patients (group B) applied from June to November 2019, when wearing facial masks wasn't required. In both groups patients, who fulfilled the following criteria, were selected: 1) binaural mild to severe sensorineural ski-slope hearing loss lasting more than 3 years; 2) no progression of hearing loss within the last 3 years; 3) pure tone audiometry <20 dB HL at 125-1000 Hz frequencies; 4) hearing care with mono- or binaural hearing aids with the receiver-in-the-canal open-type. Questionnaires were administered to eligible patients in group A to assess the motivational components of acquiring hearing aids. In group A, 74 (28%) patients received hearing aids according to the inclusion criteria, and in group B, 46 (19%) patients received hearing aids (p=0.033). Significant factors determining hearing aid acquisition were lack of visual contact when wearing a mask, communication difficulties in noisy environments and lack of intelligibility in a concert hall or lecture. Patients' motivation to hearing care grows in mandatory wearing facial masks conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic leading to an increase in patients using hearing aids.

Creation of children’s with severe mobility impairments readiness for visual-graphic (non-verbal) interaction via computer technologies

Creation of children’s with severe mobility impairments readiness for visual-graphic (non-verbal) interaction via computer technologies

Teachers’ Ideas about their Appearance and Features of Non-Verbal Communication with Pupils During the Distance Learning

The article is devoted to the problem of teachers’ attitude to their appearance and features of non-verbal communication with pupils, during in the distance learning. A comprehensive analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of teachers ‘ attitude to their appearance, the degree of satisfaction with various components of their appearance, such as face, body, expressive movements, is carried out. The ideas of teachers about the correspondence of their external appearance to age and professional role are described. The satisfaction with their appearance among teachers is compared depending on age. The level of reflection of teachers in relation to their external appearance and their readiness to change it are described. In addition, the article describes the results of a questionnaire aimed at identifying difficulties in non-verbal communication and interaction, between teachers, pupils and parents that arise in the conditions of remote work.

Comparing video consultation and telephone consultation at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral centre: patient and provider benefits

ObjectivesTelephone consultations are frequently used in the outpatient setting in order to avoid unnecessary travel and to reduce hospital visit-related costs for patients. However, they are limited by the absence...

Age of walking and intellectual ability in autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders: a population-based study.

Delayed walking is common in intellectual disability (ID) but may be less common when ID occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies examining this were limited by reliance on clinical samples and exclusion of children with severe motor deficits. To examine in a population-based sample if age of walking is differentially related to intellectual ability in children with ASD versus other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Participants were from the nested Autism Birth Cohort Study of the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed if diagnosis (ASD n=212 vs. NDD n=354), continuous nonverbal IQ, and their interaction, were associated with continuous age of walking. The relationship between nonverbal IQ and age of walking was stronger for NDD than for ASD (Group×nonverbal IQ interaction, χ2 =13.93, p=.0002). This interaction was characterized by a 21% decrease in the likelihood of walking onset at any given time during the observation period per 10-point decrease in nonverbal IQ (hazard ratio=0.79, 95% CI: 0.78-0.85) in the NDD group compared to 8% (hazard ratio=0.92, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98) in the ASD group. The finding that age of walking is less strongly related to low intellectual ability in children with ASD than in children without other NDDs supports the hypothesis that ID in ASD may result from heterogeneous developmental pathways. Late walking may be a useful stratification variable in etiological research focused on ASD and other NDDs.

The Influence of Race and Gender on Staff-Resident Interactions in Nursing Homes

Communication and interactions are an integral part of care in long-term care settings. Resident variables, such as race and gender, shape communication and interaction between staff and residents. The Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) was developed to measure the quality of verbal and nonverbal interactions among nursing staff and older adults initially for those in acute care and later used as well in a variety of long term care settings. A quantified measurement of the quality of interactions between residents and staff was created to quantify the QuIS. The purpose of this study was to describe the gender and racial differences in scored quality of interactions. Data for the present study was based on baseline data from the Evidence Integration Triangle for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (EIT-4-BPSD) implementation study. A total of 535 residents from 55 settings were included in the analyses. An analysis of covariance was conducted to determine a difference in QuIS scores between males and females while controlling for age. The second model tested for differences in QuIS scores between blacks and whites while controlling for age and gender. There was not a statistically significant difference in QuIS scores between male and female residents. There was a significant difference in QuIS scores between those who were black versus white, such that those who were black received more positive interactions from staff than those who were white. Future work should focus on a deeper examination of resident factors and staff factors that may influence these interactions.

Shared Decision Making Between Older Adult Home Health Patients and Their Caregivers: A Dyadic Coping Perspective

Older adult Home health (HH) patients comprise a medically frail population with increased inpatient and emergency department utilization. Despite the need for advance care planning among this population, rates are suboptimal. Patients rely increasingly on caregivers to advocate and coordinate their care particularly at the end of life; however surrogate decision makers are often underprepared for their roles in end-of-life decision making. This study examined shared decision making processes among older adult HH patients and caregivers during a shared decision making intervention guided by the Developmental-Contextual Model of dyadic coping (DCM). Purposive recruitment of N=18 HH patient-caregiver dyads was conducted. Patients were 55 years and above and participated with a family or non-family caregiver they nominated to the study. A 10-41 minute long video-recorded advance care planning intervention was conducted in patients’ homes and analyzed for non-verbal and verbal interactions using Noldus Observer XT 14.0. Theoretically-derived codes were applied deductively in a content analysis to examine dyadic processes associated with interactions suggesting agreement (convergent interactions) and disagreement (divergent interactions). Convergent interactions demonstrated greater alignment in illness representations and shared appraisals, and processes involving support, negotiation, and confirmation of preferences were noted. Convergent interactions also facilitated joint planning for future decisions. Disagreement on illness representations and/or shared appraisals, and overriding another’s preference was observed with divergent interactions. This study builds the groundwork for intervention refinement to promote constructive decision making and address non-constructive decision making among patient and caregivers for advance care planning.

When Agents Become Partners: A Review of the Role the Implicit Plays in the Interaction with Artificial Social Agents

The way we interact with computers has significantly changed over recent decades. However, interaction with computers still falls behind human to human interaction in terms of seamlessness, effortlessness, and satisfaction. We argue that simultaneously using verbal, nonverbal, explicit, implicit, intentional, and unintentional communication channels addresses these three aspects of the interaction process. To better understand what has been done in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) in terms of incorporating the type channels mentioned above, we reviewed the literature on implicit nonverbal interaction with a specific emphasis on the interaction between humans on the one side, and robot and virtual humans on the other side. These Artificial Social Agents (ASA) are increasingly used as advanced tools for solving not only physical but also social tasks. In the literature review, we identify domains of interaction between humans and artificial social agents that have shown exponential growth over the years. The review highlights the value of incorporating implicit interaction capabilities in Human Agent Interaction (HAI) which we believe will lead to satisfying human and artificial social agent team performance. We conclude the article by presenting a case study of a system that harnesses subtle nonverbal, implicit interaction to increase the state of relaxation in users. This “Virtual Human Breathing Relaxation System” works on the principle of physiological synchronisation between a human and a virtual, computer-generated human. The active entrainment concept behind the relaxation system is generic and can be applied to other human agent interaction domains of implicit physiology-based interaction.

Evaluating interactional competence in interview and paired discussion tasks: A rater cognition study

AbstractStudies of interaction in speaking assessment have highlighted problems regarding the unequal distribution of interaction patterns in different task types. However, little attempt has been made to include both verbal and nonverbal interaction features elicited in the tasks. Therefore, this study examined the elicitation of verbal and nonverbal interaction in different task types by investigating which types of interaction features raters noticed when rating interaction across interview and paired discussion tasks. The study analyzed the use of interaction features in 32 verbal reports from four raters who commented on interaction features that affected their judgment. The findings of the study suggest that both verbal and nonverbal communication contributed to interactional effectiveness. The study also revealed that test‐takers seem to have more opportunities to demonstrate their interactional ability in paired task formats than in interview formats. Pedagogical implications are also provided.

Threatening Facial Expressions Impact Goal-Directed Actions Only if Task-Relevant.

Facial emotional expressions are a salient source of information for nonverbal social interactions. However, their impact on action planning and execution is highly controversial. In this vein, the effect of the two threatening facial expressions, i.e., angry and fearful faces, is still unclear. Frequently, fear and anger are used interchangeably as negative emotions. However, they convey different social signals. Unlike fear, anger indicates a direct threat toward the observer. To provide new evidence on this issue, we exploited a novel design based on two versions of a Go/No-go task. In the emotional version, healthy participants had to perform the same movement for pictures of fearful, angry, or happy faces and withhold it when neutral expressions were presented. The same pictures were shown in the control version, but participants had to move or suppress the movement, according to the actor’s gender. This experimental design allows us to test task relevance’s impact on emotional stimuli without conflating movement planning with target detection and task switching. We found that the emotional content of faces interferes with actions only when task-relevant, i.e., the effect of emotions is context-dependent. We also showed that angry faces qualitatively had the same effect as fearful faces, i.e., both negative emotions decreased response readiness with respect to happy expressions. However, anger has a much greater impact than fear, as it increases both the rates of mistakes and the time of movement execution. We interpreted these results, suggesting that participants have to exploit more cognitive resources to appraise threatening than positive facial expressions, and angry than fearful faces before acting.

"Talking without a Voice"

Exploring communication dynamics in digital social spaces such as massively multiplayer online games and 2D/3D virtual worlds has been a long standing concern in HCI and CSCW. As online social spaces evolve towards more natural embodied interaction, it is important to explore how non-verbal communication can be supported in more nuanced ways in these spaces and introduce new social interaction consequences. In this paper we especially focus on understanding novel non-verbal communication in social virtual reality (VR). We report findings of two empirical studies. Study 1 collected observational data to explore the types of non-verbal interactions being used naturally in social VR. Study 2 was an interview study (N=30) that investigated people's perceptions of non-verbal communication in social VR as well as the resulting interaction outcomes. This study helps address the limitations in prior literature on non-verbal communication dynamics in online social spaces. Our findings on what makes non-verbal communication in social VR unique and socially desirable extend our current understandings of the role of non-verbal communication in social interaction. We also highlight potential design implications that aim at better supporting non-verbal communication in social VR.