Non-uniform Temperature Distribution Research Articles

Evolution of Microstructure in MLX®19 Maraging Steel During Rotary Friction Welding and Finite Element Modeling of the Process

Abstract Inertia friction welding (IFW) is a solid-state welding process for joining engineering materials. In this paper, a 2.5D finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate IFW of MLX®19 maraging steel. The predicted results showed a non-uniform temperature distribution, with a decrease in temperature from the periphery to the center of the weld interface. Higher temperature and lower stress distributions were predicted in the weld zone (WZ) and the adjacent regions in the vicinity of the WZ. The von-Mises effective stress, effective strain, and strain-rate were investigated at different time-steps of the FE simulation. The effective stress was minimum at the weld interface, and the effective strain and strain-rate attained a quasi-steady-state status with the ongoing IFW after a threshold time (∼6.5 s). The simulated results were validated by comparing the predicted flash morphology with an actual IFW weld, and temperature profiles measured at specific locations using embedded thermocouples. The difference between the experimental and the simulated results was ∼4.7%, implying a good convergence of the model. Microstructural characterizations were performed across different regions, and the observed features were found to be in agreement with the expected microstructure based on the simulated thermal profiles, which included almost complete (∼90%) and partial transformation of martensite to austenite in the WZ and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), respectively. Analyses of crystallographic texture showed that the material (i.e., both transformed austenite and martensite) underwent pure shear deformation during IFW.

Efficient energy valley optimization approach for reconfiguring thermoelectric generator system under non-uniform heat distribution

A thermoelectric generator (TEG) suffers from low conversion efficiency, especially when it has been operated under non-uniform temperature distribution. Dynamic reconfiguration is an effective method to enhance the TEG overall efficiency although it requires many electrical switches that make the process more complex. This paper proposes a new approach of energy valley optimizer (EVO) to optimally reconfigure the TEG array operated at non-uniform temperature distribution and enhance the harvested electrical energy. The selection of EVO is due to fast convergence rate, parameter-free, and avoiding stuck in local optima. Minimization of absolute error between the TEG system current at maximum power and the actual one is the proposed fitness function. The analysis is performed on small 9 × 9 TEG array and large 15 × 15 TEG array. Eight temperature distribution patterns of non-uniform row, non-uniform column, short wide, long wide, diagonal, external, internal, and random are analyzed. The proposed EVO is assessed via comparing to reported immune genetic algorithm (IIGA) and other programmed approaches of osprey optimization algorithm (OOA), chef-based optimization algorithm (CBOA), artificial hummingbird algorithm (AHA), and northern goshawk optimizer (NGO). Moreover, statistical investigation is implemented via performing Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman test, ANOVA test, and Wilcoxon rank test. The fetched results revealed that, the best enhanced power from small 9 × 9 array is 9.143% compared to the original arrangement occurred at long wide temperature distribution. Regarding large 15 × 15 TEG array, the best enhanced power happened during diagonal pattern with 3.359%. The results confirmed the preference of the proposed EVO in solving the TEG system reconfiguration problem with great efficiency.

Influence of bed material on biomass gasification in fluidized beds via a TFM-DEM hybrid model

In the biomass gasification process, mixing and segregation behaviors of fuel particles and bed materials greatly influence the performance. In this work, the Two-Fluid Model-Discrete Element Method (TFM-DEM) hybrid model is employed to evaluate the impact of bed material on biomass gasification in a fluidized bed reactor, where fuel particles and bed material particles are described by the Lagrangian method and Eulerian method respectively. The biomass particle size distribution is taken into consideration. The kinetic theory of rough sphere (KTRS) is employed to consider the rotation impact of bed materials. Flow behaviors of binary mixture and gas composition distribution are analyzed. The results reveal that the bed materials with greater size can hinder the particle mixing behaviors and make the biomass particles concentrate on the bed surface so as to increase the non-uniformity of temperature distribution in the bed. A good fluidization with smaller bed material particles is beneficial to hydrogen production.

Dissipation instability of Couette-like adiabatic flows in a plane channel

The mixed convection flow in a plane channel with adiabatic boundaries is examined. The boundaries have an externally prescribed relative velocity defining a Couette-like setup for the flow. A stationary flow regime is maintained with a constant velocity difference between the boundaries, considered as thermally insulated. The effect of viscous dissipation induces a heat source in the flow domain and, hence, a temperature gradient. The nonuniform temperature distribution causes, in turn, a buoyancy force and a combined forced and free flow regime. Dual mixed convection flows occur for a given velocity difference. Their structure is analysed where, in general, only one branch of the dual flows is compatible with the Oberbeck–Boussinesq approximation, for realistic values of the Gebhart number. A linear stability analysis of the basic stationary flows with viscous dissipation is carried out. The stability eigenvalue problem is solved numerically, leading to the determination of the neutral stability curves and the critical values of the Péclet number, for different Gebhart numbers. An analytical asymptotic solution in the special case of perturbations with infinite wavelength is also developed.

Numerical and experimental investigation of a cathode-supported microtubular solid oxide electrolysis cell from current and temperature variations in-situ assessed with electrode-segmentation method

The electrode segmentation method has been applied to experimentally assess the current and temperature distributions in a cathode-supported microtubular solid oxide electrolysis cell (mt-SOEC). A detailed three-dimensional SOEC model considering the mass/momentum/charge/energy transfer is also developed to explain the in-situ working mechanism with spatial current and temperature variations considering the electrochemical performance and degradation. Both the experimental and numerical results reveal that the electrode-segmentation method exhibits notable nonuniform current and temperature distributions among the segments (up-, mid-, and downstream). Reactant starvation in the mid- and downstream regions leads to spatial current and temperature variations, with the largest temperature gradient observed and predicted between the up- and midstream regions. Further analysis of the temperature variations indicates that endothermic electrochemical Peltier heat in the air (oxygen) electrode (anode) is the primary cause of temperature decrease from 1.0 V to 1.3 V, while heat production with the overpotentials in the fuel (hydrogen) electrode (cathode) dominates temperature increase above 1.3 V.

Thermal Analysis and In-Field Critical Current Estimation of Conduction-Cooled REBCO Magnet Considering Nonuniform Temperature Distribution

Due to the high upper critical field and transition temperature, REBCO coated conductor show great promise for conduction-cooled magnet applications. The normal zone of high temperature conductor (HTS) spreads slowly, and the conversion of a weak spot into a hot spot is localized and quite fast. Hence, in-field critical current weak spot evaluation under the nonuniform temperature gradient is important for conduction-cooled magnet stability estimation. Cooling path design needs to take the weak spot into account. In this study, a temperature-field-angle dependent critical current estimation neural network was first trained based on a public database of HTS critical current. The equivalent thermal conductivity was applied for the interface contact between the turns. Thermal contact conditions were given to the interface between the coil and bobbin considering actual production situations, such as thermal grease. Combing the non-uniform magnetic field and thermal distribution, the critical current distribution was evaluated to track the weak part. The results of this study will be employed in the design analysis of high magnetic field conduction cooling magnets in the future.

Salp swarm optimization algorithm based MPPT design for PV-TEG hybrid system under partial shading conditions

This paper proposes an innovative strategy to integrate thermoelectric generator (TEG) and photovoltaic (PV) systems, aiming to enhance energy production efficiency by addressing the significant waste heat generated during traditional PV system operation. Additionally, photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) hybrid system encounters the dual challenge of partial shading conditions (PSC) and non-uniform temperature distribution (NTD). Thus, salp swarm optimization (SSA) is introduced to simultaneously tackle the negative impacts of PSC and NTD. In contrast to alternative meta-heuristic algorithms (MhAs) and conventional mathematical approaches, the streamlined and effective optimization mechanism inherent to SSA affords a shorter optimization time, while mitigating the risk of the PV-TEG hybrid system’s optimization outcomes being confined to local maximum power points (LMPP). Furthermore, the optimization performance of SSA for PV-TEG hybrid systems is assessed via four case studies, including start-up test, stepwise variations in solar irradiation at constant temperature, stochastic change in solar irradiation, and field measured data for typical days in Hong Kong, in which simulation results show that SSA evinces unparalleled global exploration and local search capabilities, yielding heightened energy output (up to 43.75%) and effectively suppressing power fluctuations in the PV-TEG hybrid system (as evidenced by ΔVavg and ΔVmax).

A thermodynamically consistent non-isothermal phase-field model for selective laser sintering

Selective laser sintering (SLS) additive manufacturing possesses the characteristics of extremely non-uniform temperature distribution and high temperature gradient, which are unmanageable by the traditional isothermal models. In this work, we propose a thermodynamically consistent non-isothermal phase-field model (PFM) to investigate the microstructure evolution during SLS process with the full consideration of temperature gradient effect. The model is derived from a thermodynamic framework which invokes the microforce theory and Coleman–Noll procedure. The temperature-dependent parameters in the free energy formulation are determined by the experimentally measurable surface energy and grain boundary energy with a given interface width. Benchmark simulations of sintering two particles under temperature gradient indicate that the grain boundary has the trend to migrate to the higher temperature region, which is further verified by molecular dynamics simulations. This phenomenon cannot be captured by the traditional isothermal PFM. Grain boundary migrations can also be driven by curvature for two unequally-sized particles. Simulations on SLS of powder bed show the dependence of microstructure evolution and final porosity on the laser power and scanning speed. The developed non-isothermal PFM could be a practicable toolkit for the microstructure simulation of SLS process.

Study of Mass Transfer Enhancement of Electrolyte Flow Field by Rotating Cathode in Through-Mask Electrochemical Micromachining.

To solve the problem of the nonuniform distribution of temperature and electrolytic products in the electrolyte flow field during through-mask electrochemical micromachining, the use of a rotating cathode with surface structures is proposed. The rotation of the cathode increases the efficiency of heat and mass transfer by the electrolyte flow. Simulations are performed to analyze the influence of the type of surface structure, the number of surface structures, and the rotational speed of the cathode on the electrolyte flow field. The results show that the use of a rotating cathode with surface structures significantly improves the mass transfer efficiency of the electrolyte flow field in comparison with a conventional cathode structure, and, in particular, a grooved rotating cathode can increase the outlet flow velocity by about 23%. An experimental demonstration of micropit array processing shows that the use of a grooved rotating cathode increases the mass transfer efficiency by 34% and the processing efficiency by nearly 40% compared with a smooth-surfaced rotating cathode. The grooved rotating cathode also gives the highest machining accuracy. Using this cathode, a uniform micropit array with an average micropit diameter of 201.83 μm, a diameter standard deviation of 3.49 μm, and a depth standard deviation of 0.87 μm is processed.

Experimental optimization of various heat sinks using passive thermal management system

Organic phase change materials are extensively researched for passive cooling of electronic components due to the high heat of fusion, however, owing to the issue of thermal conductivity, it is difficult to improve the thermal performance of electronic components. However, the effective thermal performance of modern electronic devices is becoming popular due to thermal constraints of the circuit's non-uniform temperature distribution and high heating power generation. Thus, nanomaterials incorporated into phase change materials (PCMs) to improve thermal conductivity, which aids in heat removal and sustains significant heat sink operational performance for extended periods of time. In current research work, at heating powers of (10–30 W), the thermal performance outcome of three heat sink -configurations such as unfinned heat sink, circular pin-finned heat sink and metallic foam integrated heat sink were investigated with several alumina nanomaterials mass concentrations (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 wt%) incorporated in phase change materials (for example RT-70HC). All three heat sinks revealed lower base temperature with the addition of alumina NePCM (αRT-70HC) phase change materials in their internal cavity compared to the empty unfinned heat sink. The findings showed good performance of metallic foam integrated heat sink in lowering the temperature & increasing safe functional time at two distinct temperatures. The largest decrease in temperature was found to be 35.76% and the largest growth in maximum functional time was 400% for metallic foam integrated heat sink. Therefore, using alumina nanomaterials in phase change material is recommended to optimize the thermal performance of the passive cooling techniques.

Investigation of variability in apparent values of materials properties in thermo-mechanical uniaxial tensile tests on sheet metals

Thermo-mechanical uniaxial tensile testing is commonly carried out to characterise the mechanical properties of materials under conditions which mimic advanced industrial forming processes, such as hot stamping of steels and aluminium alloys, and to generate microstructures for metallographic investigation. However, in this type of testing, heat loss to the specimen grips can lead to nonuniform temperature distributions along the gauge length, resulting in challenges in determining absolute values of materials properties at the nominal temperature of interest. The present study investigates the effect of these nonuniform temperature distributions on the variability in the thermo-mechanical properties as measured in the tests, and in the microstructures of the tested specimens. For this purpose, uniaxial tensile tests on the boron steel 22MnB5 and aluminium alloy AA6082 were performed under hot stamping conditions using a Gleeble 3800 thermal-mechanical physical simulation system, in which the specimens were heated using resistance heating and the strain fields were measured using digital image correlation (DIC). The nonuniformity of the temperature distributions along the gauge length was quantified. Both the strains and the strain rates along the gauge length were then computed and the effects of factors such as pre-forming gauge length, post-forming gauge length and specimen design on the spatial distribution of strains and strain rates were investigated. The effects of these factors on the values of thermo-mechanical properties determined from the tests, such as the ductility and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), were also analysed and quantified. This study reveals the variability in the apparent values of materials properties as determined by thermo-mechanical testing resulting from nonuniform temperature distributions, and provides experimental data for the development of new standards for thermo-mechanical tests in future.

Temperature Distribution Assessment in Gas–Solid Reactive and Nonreactive Systems Heated by Microwaves

Research studies have shown that selective heating of different phases in gas–solid systems exposed to microwave (MW) irradiation leads to a temperature gradient between gas and MW absorber solids. This can suppress undesired secondary gas-phase reactions and yield apparent kinetic improvements and energy savings. However, the effects of reaction exothermicity/endothermicity, gas velocity, temperature probe location at the microscale, and MW penetration depth in fixed beds on the temperature difference between solid and gas phases exposed to MWs and temperature distribution in the fixed beds are poorly understood. Highlighting these effects was targeted in this study and accomplished with the help of multiphysics simulations by COMSOL Multiphysics (5.6). The corresponding COMSOL model was initially verified and validated by data collected from literature studies and those obtained experimentally by the authors in this study. Simulation results from the verified and validated model indicated that the temperature gradient between the gas and the MW absorber solid increases by increasing the gas velocity or switching from an endothermic reaction to no reaction and/or an exothermic reaction. In addition, the collected results show nonuniform temperature distribution in a fixed-bed reactor made of MW absorber particles irradiated by MWs due to the limited penetration depth of MWs and hotspot formation. This operational deficiency makes the large-scale design of this type of reactor very challenging for MW heating-assisted reactions.

Thermal behavior of CMC solutions under simulation of radio frequency pasteurization

Pasteurization and enzyme-inactivation are an economical and convenient way to provide safety and shelf-life stability. However, long heating time and non-uniform temperature distribution are the main issues of traditional thermal processing for enzyme-inactivation. Because of the volumetric heating and high heating rate, radio frequency (RF) treatment is considered as one of the most promising physical enzyme-inactivating methods. A 6 kW, 27.12 MHz RF heating system was applied to explore the effect of cylindrical container dimension and solution concentration on the thermal behavior of high-viscosity liquid food. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution as a non-Newtonian fluid was selected as a model liquid food in this study. The target temperature for enzyme inactivation was 70 °C. The experimental results showed that the electrode gap, container length, and container diameter affected the heating rate and uniformity of the liquid food. Furthermore, when the concentration of CMC solution increased from 0.5% to 2.0%, the heating rate of the solution firstly increased and then decreased, while the heating uniformity index of the solution increased from 0.008 ± 0.001 to 0.056 ± 0.002. The simulation results showed that the higher electric field strength led to a higher heating rate, temperature, and velocity of natural convection of the solution at the ends of the container. Then, the recirculation zones from the ends to the center of the container were formed, which was diminished with the increasing concentration solution, resulting in the increased maximum temperature difference of solution. The results of this research may provide useful data for subsequent continuous flow studies and information on potential RF enzyme-inactivation in high-viscosity liquid foods.

Inelastic buckling analysis of steel columns at different fire scenarios

This paper presents a comprehensive numerical study of the inelastic buckling behavior of I and H shaped steel columns subjected to different fire scenarios. A numerical computer code was developed and validated against numerical and experimental studies considering the impact of different temperature distributions on columns during fire. The study suggests practical temperature distributions, for design purposes, along the column height and the cross section and outlines the isolated behavior of columns in localized fire situations. Moreover, the study provides design guidelines for the inspected scenarios. The study indicates that the assumed temperature profile has a significant impact on the column buckling capacity. A direct formula to predict the inelastic buckling capacity of columns under uniform temperatures as well as design charts for S355 and S235 steel columns under various non-uniform temperature distributions are presented.

Effect of multilayered coating of single-mode optical fibers on distributed temperature and strain measurement in mortar specimens

This study aims to characterize the effects of multilayered coatings on the performance of distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS) when the coatings experience softening and melting at high temperatures. Two strain sensors (B-DFOS and W-DFOS) and one temperature sensor (Y-DFOS) were calibrated. They were either embedded along the centerline of a mortar bar or bonded on the surface of the specimen. The Y-DFOS was found to be no longer strain-free at high temperature since the softened sheath, aramid yarns, buffer, and polymer coatings became viscous and adhered to their surrounding mortar above softening temperatures 263–320 °C. Both the B-DFOS and W-DFOS captured uneven strain distributions along the mortar specimen due to non-uniform temperature distribution, mortar heterogeneity, and temperature-dependent strain transfer efficiency. The W-DFOS showed higher measured strains than the calculated thermal-induced strains at 100 °C - 300 °C due to the high thermal expansion coefficient of the additional buffer layer. The B-DFOS gave smaller measured strains than the thermal-induced strains at 300 °C - 500 °C. The displacement calculated by integrating the measured strains along the length of each mortar specimen was related to the applied temperature by parabolic regression equations.

Numerical analysis of pyrolysis and coking of aviation kerosene in a rectangular U-bend tube under one-side heating

Pyrolysis and coking of Chinese aviation kerosene RP-3 in a rectangular U-bend tube of nonuniformly heating was numerically simulated. Discussion was held regarding how the bending structure affected temperature distribution, thermal cracking, and pyrolytic deposition. Results indicated that the secondary flow induced by centrifugal forces effectively promoted thermal convection between near-wall and core regions. This effect further decreased the fuel temperature of near-wall region. Furthermore, nonuniform distribution of temperature in the U-bend tube was reduced. More RP-3 reacted along the heated wall in the straight tube, which significantly accelerated the average reaction rate in the cross section and increased the yield of coke precursors formed by secondary reactions. Notably, the curved structure promoted heat transfer and anticoke deposition performance. Under the same inner surface area, the total amount of pyrolytic deposition of U-bend tube was reduced by 17.77 mg during coking duration of 5 min.

Turbine vane endwall aerothermal and film cooling performance considering realistic swirling inflow conditions

The turbine vane inlet downstream of the lean premixed combustor presents nonuniform distributions of velocity and temperature. For obtaining swirling inflow profiles close to reality, the simulated non-reacting combustor is designed firstly. Applying these profiles as inflow boundary conditions, the effects of realistic swirling inflow on the turbine vane endwall aerothermal characteristics and film cooling performance are numerically investigated through solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the shear stress transfer ([Formula: see text]) turbulence model. Two swirling orientations (anticlockwise and clockwise) and five swirling core pitch-wise positions (aligned with vane 1 to vane 2) are considered in the current work. The results indicate that the residual vortices in the vane passage are strengthened and move with the swirling core along the pitch-wise direction. The migration of the horseshoe vortex is controlled by this movement. The shrinkage or expansion of the separation line of the horseshoe vortex can be observed under the anticlockwise and clockwise swirling inflow conditions respectively. The anticlockwise swirling inflow results in a larger aerodynamic loss by a 10%–35% increase of the laterally [Formula: see text]. The high Nu region near the pressure side surface enlarges and the area-averaged Nu at [Formula: see text] increases from 2337.9 to 2878.3. For the cases with clockwise swirling inflow, the area of the hot ring is enlarged and the Nu downstream of the row 3 film holes is decreased. As for the film cooling performance, the endwall coverage area shrinks and the phantom cooling area enlarges when the anticlockwise swirling core is aligned with vane 2. The endwall loses the protection from the row 3 film holes and the cooling failure ([Formula: see text]) occurs at [Formula: see text] when the swirling core is aligned with the vane passage. This is an extremely bad phenomenon that should be avoided. Among all cases, the highest endwall area-averaged [Formula: see text] (0.122) is obtained when the clockwise swirling core is aligned with vane 1. The largest endwall coverage area is achieved when the clockwise swirling core is aligned with vane 2.

Achieving ultra-uniform temperature distribution with a heterogeneous wettability surface for two-phase flow in microchannels

Microchannel-based two-phase schemes have been proposed as an efficient solution for thermal management. However, the non-uniform temperature distribution in flow boiling limits phase-change performance and impedes commercial applications. In this study, we introduce a novel surface featuring heterogeneous wettability, comprising upstream superhydrophobic, middle plain, and downstream superhydrophilic regions. Hierarchical nanowires are employed to achieve the desired wettability, which can promote bubble departure and enhance capillary pumping. This wettability distribution facilitates upstream bubble nucleation and downstream liquid supply, significantly improving temperature uniformity. Moreover, surface contact angle variations effectively contribute to flow behavior improvement by restricting vapor reversal and fostering churn flow. Our results demonstrate that heat aggregation in the middle region and temperature restriction in the downstream region cause the high-temperature region to migrate upstream. This temperature redistribution stimulates axial heat transfer, substantially suppressing inlet subcooling and restricting temperature gradients. Compared to the plain surface, the heterogeneous wettability surface afforded an 87.8% reduction in temperature difference between Tw1 and Tw5 at approximately 120 °C, suggesting an ultra-uniform temperature distribution. Additionally, the average heat transfer coefficient showed a 35.1% enhancement rate at a wall heat flux of 100 W/cm2, and the performance evaluation criterion showed a 44.2% enhancement rate at an effective heat flux of 190 W/cm2. These results indicate that the proposed surface can efficiently regulate temperature distribution, maintain performance stability, and enhance heat transfer. The heterogeneous wettability surface has considerable potential for practical applications in high-power component heat dissipation.

Study on choosing mobile sensor location to improve the prediction accuracy of indoor temperature distribution

Nonuniform indoor temperature distributions have been widely introduced due to the increasing concerns brought about by the trade-off between building energy consumption and thermal comfort. Related to this, obtaining real-time indoor temperature field is crucial for control and regulation. Previously, a rapid temperature prediction algorithm based on the contribution ratio of indoor climate (CRI) and sensor information was proposed. Compared with fixed sensors, mobile sensors have better moving flexibilities and higher prediction accuracies. Given that considerable data can be obtained from one sensor, the chosen mobile sensor location has a strong correlation with the prediction accuracy. However, only a few studies have investigated the impact of the sensor location. Thus, this study aimed to determine the optimal mobile sensor location for improving prediction accuracy using the proposed algorithm. Two differently scaled rooms were numerically built, and 1.2 m high points were set as the selected locations. After experimental validation of the simulation results, three factors (moving path, supply/return air, and air velocity) were investigated to determine their effects on prediction accuracy. The results showed that the air velocity was the only significantly impactful factor. Furthermore, two principles of choosing location were proposed: (1) when the percentage of dominant velocity is high, all points should have one identical dominant direction, and (2) when the percentage of dominant velocity is low, points should have a similar actual direction. These principles were verified in both models with a prediction accuracy greater than 85%.

Lessons Learned Toward Estimating the High-Pressure Turbine Inlet Temperature Profile Using Measurements Acquired at the High-Pressure Turbine Exit

Abstract To achieve higher thermal efficiency, gas turbines operate at increasingly higher turbine inlet temperatures, leading to the need for advanced cooling methods such as film cooling, impingement cooling, and passage cooling in modern high-pressure turbines (HPTs). However, accurately predicting the nonuniform temperature distribution at the HPT inlet in real-time has been a challenge, resulting in oversized cooling flow rates of up to 25% of the core engine flow. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel approach based on discrete measurements acquired at the HPT exit to predict the turbine inlet temperature and nonuniformity magnitude. The proposed method utilizes a multiwavelet approximation technique to extract the hot-streaks-related component at the HPT exit, which is then used to approximate the HPT inlet temperature distribution based on the hot-streaks' decay rate across the HPT. This paper provides an overview of the proposed method and its potential applications in the gas turbine industry. Additionally, the impact of burner-to-burner asymmetry on the accuracy of the proposed method is analyzed, and recommendations for improving its effectiveness in such scenarios are presented.