Non-tolled Roads Research Articles

Analysis Of Multi Lane Free Flow Implementation At Toll Gates In Indonesia (Case Study Of Cililitan Toll Gate 2)

As the volume of vehicles on toll roads and non-toll roads increases, congestion occurs when the road capacity can no longer accommodate the volume of vehicles passing through it. one of the most crowded toll roads in Indonesia is the Jagorawi Toll Road. Congestion often occurs at several points along the Jagorawi Toll Road, especially the Cililitan Toll Gate. Congestion at the Toll Gate often occurs because the level of service at the Toll Gate does not match the level of vehicle arrivals during peak hours. Therefore, in the research “Analysis of Multi lane Free Flow Implementation at Toll Gates in Indonesia (Case Study of Cililitan Toll Gate 2)”, this study aims to determine the performance and impact on vehicles at Cililitan Toll Gate 2 that are still using E-Toll and its effect on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) if the E-Toll system and MLFF system are installed at Cililitan Toll Gate 2. Therefore, using the analysis method with the help of Microsoft Excel can analyze data on the performance of E-Toll and VOC and survey data processing using SPSS. Based on the research findings, on Wednesday, March 6, 2024 has a delay time on the E-Toll payment system of 49 seconds. And also obtained the value of VOC when MLFF is applied (at a speed of 60 km / h) is lower than the value of VOC when E-Toll is applied (at a speed of 9.72 km / h) resulting in congestion costs of Rp. 3,653.75 / km for passenger cars, Rp. 1,113.66 / km for medium vehicles, Rp. 4,014.32 / km for large buses and Rp. 8,045.89 / km for large trucks.

Decreased performance at unsignaled intersections affects the construction of the Solo-Yogya road with the least square method

The construction of the Solo-Yogyakarta toll road is part of the National Strategic Project. At the development stage, toll road infrastructure needs to assess the impact of traffic, considering many security and safety disturbances. Road performance evaluation is essential to overcome traffic problems during toll road operations in the future. The purpose of the study was to calculate traffic performance at the unsignaled intersection affecting the construction of the Solo-Yogya toll road. The locations studied were four Solo-Yogya toll road access intersections using primary data on the condition of existing non-toll roads. Carry out traffic surveys of the number of vehicles, travel time, and vehicle speed. The performance of the unsignaled intersection was calculated using Jica Strada's modeling with applicable toll road tariffs and traffic growth of 5.6% per year. The performance of the unsignaled intersection at the construction of the Solo-Yogya toll road in 2022 has an average Volume-Capacity Ratio (VCR) value of 0.61. In 2046, it has an average Volume-Capacity Ratio value of 0.99. At the intersection of Boyolali-Kartosuro-Banyudono and the intersection Kartosuro-Klaten-Ngaron, it is recommended to make an Interchange before 2032. The recommendation for making the Kartosuro and Boyolali Interchange is because in 2032 the Volume-Capacity Ratio is more than 0.8 to reduce vehicle delays.

ANALISIS INVESTASI PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL PASURUAN - PROBOLINGGO

Toll roads are public roads that are part of the road network system and as national roads, for which users are required to pay tolls. The existence of toll roads is very important in the smooth flow of traffic along with the increasing amount of traffic caused by the increase in the number of vehicles and the condition of arterial road pavements that have been damaged (wavy and cracked) at several locations on the road and congestion that occurs due to damaged roads. damaged. The benefits of toll road operations are to influence regional development and economic improvement, as well as increase mobility and accessibility of people and goods, also provide benefits to users in the form of saving vehicle operating costs (BOK) and time compared to passing through non-toll roads, as well as providing returns on investment, maintenance, and toll road development for the Business Entities involved. One form of cooperation between the government and the private sector is the construction of the Pasuruan-Probolinggo (Paspro) Toll Road. Through the Toll Road Business Entity (BUJT) PT. Trans-Java Paspro Toll Road, the government cooperates in the construction of a 31 km toll road. PT. Trans-Java Paspro Toll Road received a 45-year concession to operate the toll road. The purpose of this study was to determine the investment feasibility of the Pasuruan-Probolinggo Toll Road based on the investment feasibility parameters of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), and determine the length of time. payback period (Payback Period) Pasuruan-Probolinggo Toll Road, and get a comparison of Vehicle Operating Costs (BOK) between Toll Roads and Arterial Roads. The final result of the analysis obtained that the NPV value was negative Rp. -1,773,803,000,000, and the IRR value is 9.56%, which is smaller than WACC = 13.07%, and the BCR value is less than 1.00, which is 0.763 so that it can be seen that the investment is not financially feasible for investors. However, BEP < 45 years concession period is April 2043, so it can be seen that it is still in the feasible category. The Vehicle Operational Cost (BOK) for arterial roads is Rp. 3,647/km for Goal I, Rp. 6,413/km for Gol II, Rp. 9,498/km for Gol III, Gol IV, and Gol V. Meanwhile, BOK for toll roads and added toll tariffs of Rp. 3.226/km for Goal I, Rp. 6,767/km for Gol II, Rp. 7,763/km for Gol III, Rp. 8.113/km for Gol IV and Rp. 8,463 for Gol V. From the analysis it is known that the cost of passing through the toll road is cheaper than going through the arterial road for all vehicle classes and is certainly very beneficial for toll road users.

Anticipating vehicle traffic increase on improved inter-urban roads: evidence from three decades of transport projects in developing regions

ABSTRACT Consideration of the traffic generated by inter-urban road investments is important for assessing their economic feasibility and external costs and for designing sustainable road maintenance strategies. While the literature and evidence on generated traffic is growing, it has almost exclusively focused on advanced economies. In contrast, readily available methodologies for predicting the generated traffic impacts are lacking in low and middle income countries (LMICs), where most of the future road investments will be made and where detailed travel demand models and data that would be needed to feed them are often not available. This study attempts to fill this gap by specifically focusing on observed traffic growth and its drivers in developing countries. After reviewing the literature on generated traffic modelling, it presents empirical evidence on the characteristics and outcomes of inter-urban road projects implemented over the last three decades across 68 LMICs. The study quantifies the statistical association between, on the one hand, the travel time or vehicle operating cost (VOC) savings resulting from the road improvement and, on the other hand, the observed short-term growth in traffic on the project roads. Controlling for a range of macro-economic and project-level attributes, both travel time savings and VOC reductions are found to have a statistically significant, positive association with observed short-term traffic growth of a magnitude that much exceeds the elasticities reported in developed country literature. Population growth in the project country/State/province during the project implementation period is also found to have a large, positive association with traffic growth, while per capita income growth is found to have a marginal effect. Toll roads (albeit representing a small share of the sample) are found to have statistically significantly lower observed traffic growth compared to non-toll roads even after controlling for the other project characteristics.

Evaluasi Tarif Berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK) di Terminal Purabaya (Bungurasih) untuk Bus Damri P8

Transportation becomes a vital means for human life as it is used for removing, driving, carrying, or transferring objects from one place to another. Damri Bus serves as a city bus in Surabaya passing through toll and non-toll roads. Damri Bus P8 is one of city buses operating from Purabaya (Bungurasih) Terminal to Perak through toll road. This research aimed at identifying direct and indirect cost components of Damri Bus P8 and adjusting its tariff based on Vehicle Operating Cost. The research method employed the Decree of Transportation Minister No. 89 in 2002. The result of calculation on Vehicle Operating Cost of Damri Bus P8 passing the toll road obtained the tariff IDR 5,881.00, whereas the actual tariff based on the stipulation of Indonesian Transportation Ministry is IDR 6.000,00. Thus, it could be concluded that the tariff of Damri Bus P8 was appropriate in which price was determined by considering the increasing price of fuel.

Critical green road criteria for Malaysia green rural road index

Malaysia is on its path in adapting the green roadway system. The introduction of green road rating tools such as Malaysia Green Highway Index (MyGHI) for highways and Penarafan Hijau (pHJKR Jalan) for non-toll roads which the value of the projects are more than RM50 million are parts of the green initiatives taken towards the sustainable development in Malaysia. However, there is no specific green road rating tool focusing on rural roads in Malaysia. The rural road falls under the state road category, which contributes the largest proportion of the road network in Malaysia. The absence of specific green road rating tools for the assessment of the largest network of the road in Malaysia is seen as the gap that needs to be filled with a systematic approach. With that, this paper highlight the methodology of the study to develop a specific green road rating tool that suits the nature of rural road in Malaysia which is called Malaysia Green Rural Road Index (MyGreen RRI). It also aims to highlight a thorough comparative review of the established criteria of the existing international and local green road rating tools by using cross-national comparison. This comparative review leads to a set of proposed criteria to be used in MyGreen RRI. The analysis is later will be extended for the development of score and to be used for the assessment of MyGreen RRI. The establishment of MyGreen RRI as the later final output of is expected to benefit the nation in the environment, social and economic perspectives.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRAVEL COSTS ON TOLL ROADS AND NON-TOLL ROADS FOR CITY CENTER ACCESS

The Mamminasata Urban Area which is centered in Makassar City has a fivesection crossroads at the north gate of the city, where two of which, the Sutami toll and Perintis Kemerdekaan non-toll road sections lead to the city center while the gate is accessed by 18 districts and all provinces in Sulawesi. As alternative roads, the two is generally described as follows: The distance of the gate to the city by the toll road is 17 km while that of by Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan is 24 Km or 7 km longer than the toll road. The toll road is smooth during the day while the Perintis Kemerdekaan non-toll road section is congested at the peak hours in the morning, afternoon and evening with the potential resulting in far different costs and travel time. The results of the survey indicate 2: 5 in average ratio suggesting that 5 vehicles enter the city center through Perintis Kemerdekaan Non-Toll Road while 2 vehicles opt for Sutami Toll Road. This study was aimed at (1) comparing the Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) from and to the city center through toll roads or non-toll roads, and (2) analyzing the tendency of the number of travellers to choose through toll roads and non-toll roads based on their orientation to the unit of cost to incur. The mathematical and statistical analysis process was done by considering all components of fixed and variable costs. The analysis also considers the use of the elemental mode of driving mode, the average speed model and the trans-log and Cobb-Douglas models. The results obtained illustrate that the value of vehicle operating costs derived from the two road sections amount to Rp. 25,462 and Rp. 25,500 suggesting insignificant difference. Despite similar travel cost between the two, the toll road is considered more beneficial in terms of the value of time and energy for motorists travelling to the city center of Makassar.

Sustainable operation and maintenance criteria for non-toll road green rating system

Green Rating System is utilized as tools to analyze the sustainability of buildings or infrastructures. Improvising green rating system is a continuous effort due to the needs of local implementation of a country. In Malaysia, there are two established rating systems for roads; MyGHI for highways and pHJKR (Roads) for non-tolled roads. Preliminary study on pHJKR (Roads) identified this rating tool assess road sustainability performance only at planning, design & construction stages. This study foresees, it is essential to sustain its engineering and sustainability performance, including carbon assessment under Operation and Maintenance (O&M). Therefore, this paper highlights the relevance and applicability of pHJKR (Roads) in comparison to other establish green road rating tools. The assessment criteria and elements during (O&M) phase are proposed for score development, which extensive research will lead to the establishment of O&M pHJKR (Roads). The data was gathered and analysed from a comprehensive review of current pHJKR (Roads) with a comparison other green road rating index. The expert panel discussion also was utilized to determine suitable sustainability factors. This study, in conclusion providing an opportunity to the enhancement of pHJKR (Roads), which offer a complete cycle of assessment in road project development of road Green Rating System.

Development of operation and maintenance sustainability index for penarafan hijau jabatan kerja raya (pHJKR) green road rating system

The significant impact of infrastructure projects on the environment has created needs to assess its sustainability and responsiveness which indirectly respond to carbon emission reduction. A rating system is widely utilized as a tool to analyze the sustainability of buildings or infrastructures. Malaysia is one of the advanced nations which applies in road green rating system, whereby two rating systems for roads are established; MyGHI for highways and pHJKR (Roads) for non-tolled roads. Preliminary study on pHJKR (Roads) identified that this rating tool assesses road sustainability performance only at planning, design & construction stages. Since the establishment of pHJKR (Roads), no re-assessment has been carried out after the roads begin to operate. Whilst in sustainability resiliency, it is important to sustain its engineering and enhance its performance and services including carbon assessment, under operation and maintenance (O&M) of roads. This paper highlights the methodology of development for assessment criteria and elements during the operation and maintenance phase. The methodology leads to proposed score development which later will be used in association to index indicator for O&M pHJKR (Roads). The data for this study is gathered and analyzed from a comprehensive review of current pHJKR (Roads) with a comparison made to national and cross-nation green road rating index. An expert panel discussion will also be utilized as a method of verification in order to identify suitable sustainability factors during O&M. The outcome of the study will be proposed for the enhancement of pHJKR (Roads) with assessment criteria for operation and maintenance phase and eventually leads to the establishment of multiple life cycle phases for pHJKR (Roads).

The effects of interest rates on the valuation of highway infrastructure assets

The discounted value of cash flows of assets is negatively related to interest rates (i.e., the discount rate effect). However, economic activity is positively related to interest rates and positively related to the cash flows of assets with tariffs that can be adjusted to manage demand such as adjustable-rate toll roads, but uncorrelated to assets that do not bear demand risk such as non-toll roads (i.e., the cash flow effect). This effect arises in some types of assets from: (i) the positive correlation between economic activity and demand for the infrastructure assets; and (ii) the positive correlation between economic activity and inflation. We find that the cash flow effect dominates the discount rate effect for assets with tariffs that can be adjusted to manage demand and, therefore, the value of these assets increases in periods of economic expansion. Nevertheless, the opposite occurs for assets that do not bear demand risk.

Heterogeneity in decision processes: Embedding extremeness aversion, risk attitude and perceptual conditioning in multiple process rules choice making

There is an increasing interest, in the discrete choice modelling literature, in alternative behavioural paradigms that represent ways in which individuals make choices when faced with a choice set of alternatives. We see an increasing number of studies using process heuristics such as attribute non-attendance, relative advantage maximisation, extremeness aversion and value learning. With some exceptions, the study of each heuristic has been undertaken in isolation from other candidate heuristics; the exceptions being joint investigation into a fully compensatory model defined by a linear additive in attributes and parameters specification and one process heuristic, commonly using latent class models. This paper investigates the role that two behaviourally appealing decision rules play jointly in explaining choice making, both of which reflect risk attitude in different ways. We jointly estimate a model that accounts for extremeness aversion and an extended expected utility transformation for an attribute that accounts for risk attitude and perceptual conditioning under fully compensatory attributes. We use a stated choice experiment associated with a car choice between tolled and non-tolled roads in Australia. The findings suggest that the mean VTTS from the multiple-rule model is higher than the mean estimates obtained from each of the stand-alone models.

Assessment of the effectiveness of fuel and toll pricing policies in motorway emissions: An ex-post analysis

In this paper the environmental impacts of fuel and toll pricing policies were evaluated for eight Portuguese motorways for the period between 2008 and 2011. To perform such study, firstly the analysis of the elasticity was done to assess the sensitive of traffic demand. Then emission costs were estimated considering an integrated approach of environmental and human health impacts. Two motorway groups were analyzed: one originally built with both conventional and electronic toll systems (G1); and another recently equipped with non-stop electronic tolls (G2). The results show that the elasticity of the system changes with the fluctuation prices, particularly influenced by toll prices variation. During the analysis period, traffic volumes decreased (8–11% in G1, and 15–41% in G2). About 75% of traffic flow shows a high statistical significance correlation (p < 0.05) with toll prices, which highlight the impact of toll prices. Differences between emission costs can be close to 50% in those motorway groups. Nevertheless, due the absence of data in alternative routes, the obtained results show only the potential maximum environmental gains of these policies in motorways. This limitation is very important in the quantification of the environmental global impacts. Non-toll roads are usually characterized by slower speeds and higher emissions. Therefore the above mentioned gains can be converted, in these cases, in losses.

Value of Time Savings as a Factor in Deciding on Route Choice

The paper deals with the definition of time savings as a factor in deciding on route choice of a carrier whether to use toll road network. The first part of the paper describes a history of road infrastructure charging in the EU Member States and the USA. Next part analyses the factors affecting decision-making process of a carrier when considering which road infrastructure to use – toll or non-tolled roads. The paper also identifies the value of time savings as a significant factor in route choice.

Second-best urban tolling with distributive concerns

This paper analyzes the optimal urban congestion toll in a second-best setting where only one road in a network can be tolled. Both heterogeneity in labor productivity and income distribution concerns are considered. The optimal toll balances two types of considerations. The first consideration is the correction of the congestion externality on the tolled road given the distortion on the non-tolled roads, while the second is the equity consideration that takes into account which income group uses the tolled road and how toll revenues are spent. Both separating and pooling equilibria are analyzed for two alternative uses of toll revenues: poll transfers and labor-tax cuts. Using numerical simulations, we show that equity concerns can lead a government to prefer inefficient toll levels and recycling via poll transfers rather than via labor tax reductions.

Second-Best Urban Tolling with Distributive Concerns

This paper analyzes the optimal urban congestion toll in a second-best setting where only one road in a network can be tolled. Both heterogeneity in labor productivity and income distribution concerns are considered. The optimal toll balances two types of considerations. The first consideration is the correction of the congestion externality on the tolled road given the distortion on the non-tolled roads, while the second is the equity consideration that takes into account which income group uses the tolled road and how toll revenues are spent. Both separating and pooling equilibriums are analyzed for two alternative uses of toll revenues: poll transfers and labor-tax cuts. Using numerical simulations, we show that equity concerns can lead a government to prefer inefficient toll levels and recycling via poll transfers rather than via labor tax reductions.

Practices of using weigh-in-motion technology for truck weight regulation in China

Trucks exceeding legal axle and gross vehicle weight limits can bring severe damage to infrastructure and increase the risk of traffic crashes. It is therefore important to ensure that freight carriers comply with weight regulations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of how weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology has been used to improve the truck weight regulation in China. In particular, a toll-by-weight method is introduced for trucks using toll roads. Compared to the conventional vehicle class based toll structure, the toll-by-weight method establishes a fair fee structure that prevents overloaded trucks from taking advantage of non-overloaded trucks. It also allows freight carriers the flexibility of moderate overloading by paying higher toll rates. This paper further proposes a mechanism of integrating toll-by-weight with effective weight enforcement for truck weight regulations. It encourages overloaded trucks to use toll roads instead of vulnerable non-toll roads, and helps to generate additional much needed revenues by local governments for highway construction, maintenance, and truck weight enforcement. In addition, technical and managerial problems affecting the applications of WIM are pointed out in this paper. Finally, perspectives on future WIM development and adaptions of other advanced technologies for truck weight regulations are presented.

Public Perceptions of Pricing Existing Roads and Other Transportation Policies: The Texas Perspective

This work illuminates public opinion on various transportation policies and issues. Statewide survey results reveal considerable agreement on two issues (higher tolls for heavy vehicles and dedicated truck lanes) and reasonable support for conversion of non-tolled roads to tolled roads. Under congestion pricing, older persons report being more likely to reduce their travel during peak periods, members of larger households are more likely to change travel routes, and full-time workers are more likely not to change their current travel patterns. Other results tie into the information content of messages, highway safety policies and revenue generation for transportation agencies.

Dynamic Message Sign Deployment and Diversion Behavior of Travelers on Central Florida Toll Roads

Advanced traveler information systems are particularly helpful in supporting route diversion decisions. The effect of information on diversion behavior on nontolled roads is well documented in the literature. Revealed and stated preference studies traditionally have been conducted to analyze route diversion behavior. However, the effect of realtime traffic information on the behavior of toll road users is unexplored. This study examines the behavior of toll road users in Orlando, Florida. Orlando is serviced by a toll road network where dynamic message signs (DMSs) provide real-time travel time information to travelers. The response of toll road users to information was expected to differ from that of non-toll users. To capture the effects of information, specifically the DMS, a survey was conducted in two phases: predeployment (with only one DMS installed) and postdeployment (after 29 DMSs were installed). A detailed behavioral data set with rigorous modeling was used to investigate the relationship between information and travel decisions in the context of toll road trips. The surveys revealed that higher travel time savings due to diversion, 511 use, and toll payment by cash were associated with a greater propensity to divert in postdeployment. Travelers who experienced abnormal travel times or who reported that DMS helped them during congestion were more likely to divert. The study further showed that toll road users might have more inertia and avoid leaving the toll road than non-toll road users. Implications of the results are discussed.

Impact of Dynamic Message Signs on Satisfaction and Diversion of Toll Road Travelers

Dynamic message signs (DMS) are electronic signs used on roadways to give travelers information about travel times, congestion, incidents, and other alerts. The reaction that travelers have to such sources depends on their perception of the utility of these sources. The effects of DMS on driver behavior and driver expectations of information for nontolled roads are well documented. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact of DMS on toll road users in Orlando, Florida, by using a predeployment (one DMS operational) and postdeployment (29 DMS operational) survey analysis. A detailed telephone survey was administered, and modeling was performed to estimate the effects of DMS deployment on attitudes and behavior of toll road travelers. The satisfaction of travelers with certain DMS aspects and their diversion response to information on DMS were compared between the pre- and postdeployment survey periods. The results for satisfaction models showed that in predeployment, travelers valued accuracy and hazard warnings highly toward overall satisfaction. In postdeployment, travelers highly valued special event information, hazard warnings, and accuracy. The postdeployment diversion behavior model showed that increased travel time savings, 511 service, and cash mode of toll payment encouraged diversion. Travelers who experienced abnormal travel times on DMS or who reported that DMS helped them during congestion were more likely to divert. Further, this study showed that toll road users might have a greater inertia and avoid leaving the toll road when compared with non–toll road users. Implications of the results are discussed.

TRAVELER RESPONSE TO ELECTRONIC TOLLS BY DISTANCE TRAVELED AND TIME-OF-DAY

This paper examines potential travel behavioral changes of in response to the implementation of electronic tolls by distance traveled and time-of-day. An interactive computerized questionnaire with a stated preference experiment was designed to interview auto travelers using freeways for their daily commuting. The joint multinomial logit and nested logit models are employed to identify important factors influencing route and departure time choices. The preferred nested logit model implies a high correlation between unobserved utilities of two route alternatives (freeways and non-toll roads) in the earlier departure time nest and rejects the choice structure in which the choices of route and departure time are jointly determined. Elasticity analyses indicate that freeway travelers are more sensitive to total travel time than toll; existing short-distance toll-free travelers are more sensitive to the toll levels than other travelers and likely to alter their travel choices when implementing electronic tolls.