Non-standard Technologies Research Articles

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НОРМ ПО ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЮ НЕСУЩИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ИЗ МНОГОСЛОЙНОГО СТЕКЛА.

According to Federal Law No. 384 “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”, when non-standardized technologies and materials are used at a construction site, confirmation of their load-bearing capacity by experimental research and the development of special technical conditions are required. In 2023, the first regulatory document was formed and released considering glass structures as load-bearing structures – this is the new Code of Rules 521.1325800.2023 “Structures made of laminated glass. Design Rules", which expands design capabilities. A new GOST “Glass load-bearing structures” is being prepared for release. Test methods”, regulating the testing procedure. The article presents the results and analysis of tests of glass structures performed by specialists from TSNIISK named after. V.A. Koucherenko in the formation of regulatory documentation, as well as for its expansion and clarification.

Global Economy: Moving from a Standardized to a Non-Standardized Development Model

The world economy has entered a new phase of its development — the destruction of the technological system created after the WWII. The purpose of the article is to argue that the destruction of the standardized economy is the main cause of the most acute problems of the world economy. The common features of standardized production and economy of scale are investigated. The key role of dual use technologies in the development of a global system of standardized production and a special role of the Chinese economy in the development of the economy of scale, which the country played in the 21th century, are described. The author comes to the conclusion that the cyclical downturn of the world economy is caused mainly by the exposition of the techno-economic model of standardized production, which leads to the aggravation of international economic conflicts and contradictions such as trade wars, global supply chain disruption, disintegration and many others. The destruction of the standardized economy of scale is manifested in the increase in the production and transportation costs, the global inflation growth, the global supply chain disruption. In the study the author applies the methods of empirical research and theoretical cognition. Methodological novelty is presented in the argumentation of the global economic transition from a standardized economy of scale to a non-standardized economy of scope. The business localization, the new trend towards resource saving mode in production, the necessary diversification of industrial production consistent with the specifics of the given locality are just a few among others arguments that testify to this transformation. The article highlights preliminary features of economy of scope, based on the non-standardized technologies, such as heterogeneity, diversification of production, continues technological improvement, compliance with a specific regional comparative advantage in business clustering.

Professional Competence of the Head of the Club as a Component of Quality Out-of-school Education

The article substantiates the theoretical foundations of professional competence and defines the qualities that contribute to the pedagogical competence of the head of the club, emphasizing that the professional competence of an out-of-school teacher is a necessary and prerequisite for successful professional activity.
 Attention is focused on the fact that the formation of creative initiative personality is inextricably linked with the problem of professional training of out-of-school teachers, his ability to organize the educational process according to fundamentally new non-standard innovative technologies.
 The article states that an out-of-school teacher is an organizer of life activities for a competitor education who provides basic needs for creative self-realization and recognition. By activating personal resources, the head of the club creates favorable conditions for his creative development.
 It is determined that an out-of-school teacher who strives for professional growth is a creative person with a high level of development of creative skills, reflection, constant self-improvement and skills of pedagogical activity.

A Low-Noise CMOS SPAD Pixel With 12.1 Ps SPTR and 3 Ns Dead Time

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have become the sensor of choice in many applications whenever high sensitivity, low noise, and sharp timing performance are required, simultaneously. Recently, SPADs designed in CMOS technology, have yielded moderately good performance in these parameters, but never equaling their counterparts fabricated in highly customized, non-standard technologies. The arguments in favor of CMOS-compatible SPADs were miniaturization, cost and scalability. In this paper, we present the first CMOS SPAD with performance comparable or better than that of the best custom SPADs, to date. The SPAD-based design, fully integrated in 180 nm CMOS technology, achieves a peak photon detection probability (PDP) of 55&#x0025; at 480 nm with a very broad spectrum spanning from near ultraviolet (NUV) to near infrared (NIR) and a normalized dark count rate (DCR) of 0.2 cps/<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^2$</tex-math></inline-formula>, both at 6 V of excess bias. Thanks to a dedicated CMOS pixel circuit front-end, an afterpulsing probability of about 0.1&#x0025; at a dead time of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula>3 ns were achieved. We designed three SPADs with a diameter of 25, 50, and 100 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m to study the impact of size on the timing jitter and to create a scaling law for SPADs. For these SPADs, a single-photon time resolution (SPTR) of 12.1 ps, 16 ps, and 27 ps (FWHM) was achieved at 6 V of excess bias, respectively. The SPADs operate in a wide range of temperatures, from &#x2212;65 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C to 40 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C, reaching a normalized DCR of 1.6 mcps/<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 6 V of excess bias for the 25 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>m at &#x2212;65 <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>C. The proposed SPADs are ideal for a wide range of applications, including (quantum) LiDAR, super-resolution microscopy, quantum random number generators, quantum key distribution, fluorescence lifetime imaging, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, to name a few. All these applications can take advantage of the vastly improved performance of our detectors, while enjoying the opportunities of megapixel resolutions promised by the economy of scale that is offered by CMOS technologies.

Personalized Cancer Medicine in the Media: Sensationalism or Realistic Reporting?

Background: Given that media coverage can shape healthcare expectations, it is essential that we understand how the media frames “personalized medicine” (PM) in oncology, and whether information about unproven technologies is widely disseminated. Methods: We conducted a content analysis of 396 news reports related to cancer and PM published between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2011. Two coders independently coded all the reports using a pre-defined framework. Determination of coverage of “standard” and “non-standard” therapies and tests was made by comparing the media print/broadcast date to the date of Federal Drug Administration approval or incorporation into clinical guidelines. Results: Although the term “personalized medicine” appeared in all reports, it was clearly defined only 27% of the time. Stories more frequently reported PM benefits than challenges (96% vs. 48%, p < 0.001). Commonly reported benefits included improved treatment (89%), prediction of side effects (30%), disease risk prediction (33%), and lower cost (19%). Commonly reported challenges included high cost (28%), potential for discrimination (29%), and concerns over privacy and regulation (21%). Coverage of inherited DNA testing was more common than coverage of tumor testing (79% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). Media reports of standard tests and treatments were common; however, 8% included information about non-standard technologies, such as experimental medications and gene therapy. Conclusion: Confusion about personalized cancer medicine may be exacerbated by media reports that fail to clearly define the term. While most media stories reported on standard tests and treatments, an emphasis on the benefits of PM may lead to unrealistic expectations for cancer genomic care.

Performance of the ATMOS41 All-in-One Weather Station for Weather Monitoring.

Affordable and accurate weather monitoring systems are essential in low-income and developing countries and, more recently, are needed in small-scale research such as precision agriculture and urban climate studies. A variety of low-cost solutions are available on the market, but the use of non-standard technologies raises concerns for data quality. Research-grade all-in-one weather stations could present a reliable, cost effective solution while being robust and easy to use. This study evaluates the performance of the commercially available ATMOS41 all-in-one weather station. Three stations were deployed next to a high-performance reference station over a three-month period. The ATMOS41 stations showed good performance compared to the reference, and close agreement among the three stations for most standard weather variables. However, measured atmospheric pressure showed uncertainties >0.6 hPa and solar radiation was underestimated by 3%, which could be corrected with a locally obtained linear regression function. Furthermore, precipitation measurements showed considerable variability, with observed differences of ±7.5% compared to the reference gauge, which suggests relatively high susceptibility to wind-induced errors. Overall, the station is well suited for private user applications such as farming, while the use in research should consider the limitations of the station, especially regarding precise precipitation measurements.

Hybrid minimally invasive multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting to achieve complete myocardial revascularisation: the first clinical case

Aim. To report the first clinical case of the hybrid procedure combining off-pump minimally invasive multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting (MICS-CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the obtuse marginal (OM) artery to achieve complete myocardial revascularisation.Clinical case. Bilateral in situ skeletonised left internal mammary artery (IMA) grafting to the left anterior descending artery was performed, and a Y-shape anastomosis was created from the left IMA-right IMA to the circumflex branch. At 2 hours postoperatively, graft failure caused by subtotal stenosis at the graft was diagnosed. Reconstruction of the anastomosis improved the transit time flow measurement by 3.5 hours postoperatively. Acute myocardial infarction did not develop. On postoperative day 1, graft patency was assessed, and then the OM stent was placed. On postoperative day 8, the patient was discharged and referred to the outpatient centre for further treatment and rehabilitation. Hybrid revascularisation offers the advantages of both CABG and PCI; however, the technical complexity is a major limitation for its widespread use. This case reports the development of adverse events during the surgeon's training to perform this nonstandard technology. Timely diagnosis of the initial graft failure and surgical revision led to a successful and complication-free outcome and avoided prolonged patient rehabilitation.Conclusion. Hybrid revascularisation combining MICS-CABG and PCI with new-generation drug-eluting stents can be a worthwhile alternative to conventional multivessel CABG with minimal invasiveness and complete revascularisation. Received 5 June 2020. Revised 10 September 2020. Accepted 15 September 2020. Funding: The study did not have sponsorship. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

CityMii - An integration and interoperable middleware to manage a Smart City

Modern cities are supported by multiple heterogeneous IT systems deployed and managed by distinct agents. In general, those systems use old, dependent and non-standardized technologies, which make them legacy and incompatible systems. As smart cities are moving toward a fully centralized management approach, the lack of integration among systems raises several problems. Since they are independent, it is not easy to correlate information from different systems and put it together to work in order to achieve application goals.The collaboration among different systems enables an agent to offer new functionalities (services or just information about the city) that cannot be provided by any of these systems working as individual entities. The goal of this paper is to propose an integration middleware to support the management of Smart Cities in a dynamic, transparent and scalable way. The proposed middleware intends to support interoperability among different systems operating in a city.

PD59 Formulation and Disclosure Of Information On Technologies In Health

Introduction:The Brazilian public health system (SUS) provides technologies based on the best available scientific evidence. However, there is a large number of lawsuits against the government for access to non-standard technologies, a phenomenon called “judicialization of the right to health”, which disrupts the system's operating logic. The aspect of judicialization that most impacts the health system involves unregistered technologies without scientific evidence of superiority being comparing to the alternatives already offered in the country. The aim of this study is to report experience of the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation in the Brazilian Health System (CONITEC) to mitigate the effects of the judiciary, with the elaboration of informative documents about technologies directed towards policy-makers, patient, users of system health, professional health and other stakeholders.Methods:The main judicialized technologies in the country were identified and then a meeting with experts was realized to discuss a more appropriate format for these documents. After defining the format, a review of the literature was carried out to identify the best available evidence of those health technologies.Results:A question-and-answer (QA) format document was drawn. The QA addressed information on the use of the technology for a specific clinical condition. Health registry and price in Brazil, if it has already been evaluated by CONITEC and its respective recommendation, as well as strategies of care and therapeutic alternatives available in the SUS were included. Their content has been adapted to a lay language and all of the documents were made available on the CONITEC website in the “Law and Health Section”.Conclusions:The availability of QA represents a strong link between evidence and actions in health. For, they enable broad access to quality information by the lay public and stakeholders who seek information to support evidence-based decision-making.

Technology and complexities of the Inner Asian frontier reflected in crossbow bolts

The Inner Asian frontier along the Gobi Desert was an arena for competition between the Xiongnu (ca. 209BCE–100/150CE) and Han (206BCE–220CE) empires. A number of crossbow bolts from two military outposts there were examined to infer technological and political environments of this region. The analytical results reveal evidence of an established bolt-manufacturing technology based on the Cu-Sn-Pb system typical of the Han dynasty. It was also found that alloys within a specific composition range were most frequently selected as a preferred material. In many cases, however, the tin and lead contents were significantly away from this standard formula. Moreover, the dependency on non-standard methods showed notable variation between the outposts under consideration. The above results demonstrate that these sites shared in a common tradition based on a Han dynasty standardized model, but differed significantly in the implementation of these standards. The non-standard technologies likely represented manufacturing away from well-supplied production centers and reflected shifting frontier environments that often imposed restrictions on transport, communications, and access to material or technological resources. The occurrence of such alloys, therefore, may be indicative of the nature of supporting systems available to these peripheral sites. This observation suggests that crossbow bolts might serve as a medium for clarifying complex and dynamic border situations in terms of supply chains, interaction networks, and political affiliations.

CPCA: The Cloud Platform of Complex Virtual Instruments System Architecture

Virtual instruments is a program that implements functions of an instrument by software which could replace the work of real instruments to save resources. The functions of these sensor-based systems are limited and they commonly cannot manage related information, such as sensors and monitoring objects, due to special requirements. The procedure of development and integration often suffers from low efficiency because of non-standard technologies. To solve the aforementioned problems, an integrated system architecture based on complex virtual instruments (CVI) is proposed, which could not only extend the function of virtual instruments but also ease the development procedure of the system. By analyzing the characters of existing virtual instruments systems, this paper presents the data interaction standard, which has been applied by two IEEE standards, and the architecture, which consists of configuration subsystem, data collection simulation subsystem, Web service registration center, and so on. We also offer a light universal client which could dynamically load the DynamicLinkLibrary of different CVIs, in order to replace the complex integration procedure by scheduling different components. To valid the architecture, three existing systems are reconstructed by the proposed prototype subsystems. The result shows that the proposed architecture is efficient and feasible.

Wykorzystanie nietypowych materiałów i technologii w budynkach i obiektach o konstrukcji drewnianej

Wykorzystanie nietypowych materiałów i technologii w budynkach i obiektach o konstrukcji drewnianej

Study on the Application of Shear Modified GTN Model to Small Punch Test

As an important non-standard test technology, the testing result of small punch test(SPT) is largely influenced by the experiment condition. In the research of SPT, an appropriate mechanical constitutive model of material is much needed. The shear modified GTN model proposed by NAHSHON is implemented into ABAQUS via user defined material subroutine VUMAT to study the material fracture behavior at various stress triaxialities. The undamaged elastic-plastic mechanical properties of the cold rolled silicon steel are obtained by the tensile test. The damage evolution parameters of void nucleation are determined by experiment data of tensile test combined with a large number of simulations. The shear modified parameter that characterizes the contribution of void distortion to damage evolution is identified by the comparison of the results of pure shear test simulations and the experiment data. The shear modified GTN model is used to simulate the small punch test. The results show that, as the void distortion is taken into account in damage evolution, the prediction results of the shear modified GTN model is much more consistent with experiment data than the original GTN model. It comes to the conclusion that the shear modified GTN model can reveal the failure mechanism of material better in intrinsic, and is a better choice to apply in the study of small punch test.

Handle with Care: The Impact of Using Java Applets in Web-Based Studies on Dropout and Sample Composition

In Web-based studies, Web browsers are used to display online questionnaires. If an online questionnaire relies on non-standard technologies (e.g., Java applets), it is often necessary to install a particular browser plug-in. This can lead to technically induced dropout because some participants lack the technological know-how or the willingness to install the plug-in. In two thematically identical online studies conducted across two time points in two different participant pools (N = 1,527 and 805), we analyzed whether using a Java applet produces dropout and distortion of demographics in the final sample. Dropout was significantly higher on the Java applet questionnaire page than on the preceding and subsequent questionnaire pages. Age-specific effects were found only in one sample (i.e., dropouts were older), whereas sex-specific effects were found in both samples (i.e., women dropped out more frequently than men on the Java applet page). These results additionally support the recommendation that using additional technologies (e.g., Java applets) can be dangerous in producing a sample that is biased toward both younger and male respondents.

Tomotherapy and Other Innovative IMRT Delivery Systems

Fixed-field treatments, delivered using conventional clinical linear accelerators fitted with multileaf collimators, have rapidly become the standard form of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Several innovative nonstandard alternatives also exist, for which delivery and treatment planning systems are now commercially available. Three of these nonstandard IMRT approaches are reviewed here: tomotherapy, robotic linear accelerators (CyberKnife, Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), and standard linear accelerators modulated by jaws alone or by their jaws acting together with a tertiary beam-masking device. Rationales for the nonstandard IMRT approaches are discussed, and elements of their delivery system designs are briefly described. Differences between fixed-field IMRT dose distributions and the distributions that can be delivered by using the nonstandard technologies are outlined. Because conventional linear accelerators are finely honed machines, innovative design enhancement of one aspect of system performance often limits another facet of machine capability. Consequently the various delivery systems may prove optimal for different types of treatment, with specific machine designs excelling for disease sites with specific target volume and normal structure topologies. However it is likely that the delivery systems will be distinguished not just by the optimality of the dose distributions they deliver, but also by factors such as the efficiency of their treatment process, the integration of their onboard imaging systems into that process, and their ability to measure and minimize or compensate for target movement, including the effects of respiratory motion.

Adaptation of the 1 MV bushing to the SINGAP concept for the ITER NB injector test bed

The 1 MV bushing of the ITER NB injector is probably one of the most challenging components of the whole accelerator, since such a high voltage (HV) in a contaminated and radiated environment requires the development of non-standard technologies. This paper intends to provide a guideline for the design of 1 MV bushing for the ITER neutral beam injector test bed. Although mainly focused on the SINGAP alternative concept of the injector, the reported general criteria can be useful for the design of other HV components, such as post insulators of the acceleration grids. For every different kind of required insulation, basic physical models describing breakdown phenomena are reported together with the main technological implications and the practical recommendations necessary to improve insulation performance. The results of the finite element analyses of 1 MV bushing, operating at CEA—Cadarache laboratories, are used to validate general criteria in a typical geometry. The effects of radiation, such as neutrons and gamma rays, on solid insulators and gases have also been taken into account, describing the most important phenomena and the related implications in terms of voltage hold-off capabilities. Finally the design of the bushing in the SINGAP option and the solutions adopted are described.

Process control in municipal solid waste incinerators: survey and assessment.

As there is only rare and scattered published information about the process control in industrial incineration facilities for municipal solid waste (MSW), a survey of the literature has been supplemented by a number of waste incineration site visits in Belgium and The Netherlands, in order to make a realistic assessment of the current status of technology in the area. Owing to the commercial character, and therefore, the confidentiality restrictions imposed by plant builders and many of the operators, much of the information collected has either to be presented in a generalized manner, and in any case anonymously. The survey was focused on four major issues: process control strategy, process control systems, monitors used for process control and finally the correlation between the 850 degrees C/2 s rule in the European waste incineration directive and integrated process control. The process control strategies range from reaching good and stable emissions at the stack to stabilizing and maximizing the energy output from the process. The main indicator to be monitored, in cases in which the focus is controlling emissions, is the oxygen content in the stack. Keeping the oxygen concentration in a determined range (usually between 8 and 12 vol.%) ensures stable and tolerated concentrations of the gaseous emissions. In the case for which stabilization of energy production is the principal aim, the main controlled parameter is the steam temperature and flow-rate, which is usually related to the fuel energetic input. A lot of other parameters are used as alarm criteria, the most common of which is the carbon monoxide concentration. The process control systems used most commonly feature partially automated classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers. New and innovative process control systems, such as fuzzy-logic control systems, are still unknown to most plant managers while their performance is reported to be unsatisfactory in plants in which such systems have been tested or are in use. Monitoring components used in process control are still based on classical tools such as thermocouples. The use of modern and more reliable sensors is very limited due to the high initial investment cost or simply the fear of using non-standard technologies. Complying with the 850 degrees C/2 s rule in the European waste incineration directive generally is seen to be a handicap for the process control, either in terms of cost, or flexibility of reaction, or both, particularly in old incineration facilities where such restrictions were not planned in the design.

E-Taxation-An Introduction to the Use of TaxXML for Corporate Tax Reporting

Online tax systems are rapidly replacing paper-based tax reporting systems. Promising many advantages over the traditional method of hard copy tax filing, these systems promise faster process, lower costs and increased efficiency. Using a specific language from the eXtensible Markup Language family called TaxXML, TIGERS, a government subcommittee for the establishment of electronic taxation standards is looking to revolutionize the way government administers taxation. TaxXML draws upon the concepts and constructs of basic XML and utilizes tax-related vocabularies to create a standardized and systematized framework of electronic tax preparation and reporting. Having said that electronic tax reporting is advantageous over traditional paper-based reporting, there are further advantages of using a TaxXML based electronic system than one that is engineered using non-standard proprietary technologies. While it is still in its early stages of development, it is unclear how hard the government will impose this technology onto the industry and also how the industry will react to this new technology. This paper will provide some background for the study of TaxXML and will suggest why TaxXML is a very significant development in the realm of online tax systems.

Analytical modelling for the RESURF effect in JI and SOI power devices

The authors present a review and assessment of state-of-the-art analytical models which describe the breakdown behaviour of JI and SOI RESURF power devices. The results are compared with numerical values, and a short evaluation of strengths and weaknesses specific to each model is given. A new modelling concept for the breakdown regime in RESURF power structures is introduced, and the results are assessed against numerical values. The same technique can be used to derive the breakdown voltage of RESURF devices fabricated in JI and SOI technologies, and is potentially useful for non-standard technologies, such as linearly graded SOI, partial SOI and 3-D RESURF. The model provides accurate description for punch-through, non-punch-through and volume breakdown.

GENERIC PROGRAMMING OF PARALLEL APPLICATIONS WITH JANUS

Janus is a conceptual framework and C++ template library that provides a flexible and extensible collection of efficient data structures and algorithms for a broad class of data-parallel applications. In particular, finite difference methods, (adaptive) finite element methods, and data-parallel graph algorithms are supported. An outstanding advantage of providing a generic C++ framework is that it provides application-oriented abstractions that achieve high performance without relying on language extension or non-standard compiler technology. The C++ template mechanism allows to plug user-defined types into the Janus data structures and algorithms. Moreover, Janus components can easily be combined with standard software packages of this field.