Non-resource Exports Research Articles

Small Enterprises and Non-Resource Exports in Kuzbass

ABSTRACT This study compares the structure and geography of the exports of Kemerovo Oblast with the Russian national average in the last five years. Non-resource exports are analyzed as a factor in the qualitative improvement of the structure of foreign trade and the region’s position in foreign markets. The results of the study show that the dynamics of non-resource exports not only coincides with the national growth trend, but also surpasses it for certain groups of products. It is argued that non-resource and non-energy exports must be expanded to reduce the anthropogenic impact of the regional economy, to develop small and medium-sized enterprises, and to incentivize enterprises to stay in Kemerovo Oblast. Reasons are given for creating a regional export support center in Kemerovo Oblast.

Russia as part of global economic ties: The present and the future

Subject. The article discusses the competitiveness of the Russian Federation and its place in the global economy. Objectives. We examine metrics of the trade and geographic structure of foreign trade and discover factors, conditions, tendencies of the foreign trade development. The article presents our forecast on how the baseline indicators will behave. Methods. We apply methods for systematization, comparison, structural and trend analysis. Results. We analyzed and substantiated the development of Russia’s foreign trade today. The article enlists directions of the foreign trade and depicts its geographic and commodity structure. We flag the Asian and African lines for promoting the foreign trade, emphasizing the need to expand the EEU ties, since it will have a positive effect for Russia and its key partners within the alliance. Speaking about the innovative economy, we underline the importance of non-resource export. The article provides the graphic presentation of estimated exports and imports. Conclusions and Relevance. Referring to the analysis of the Russian foreign trade indicators and their development and the respective forecast, we can infer rather an optimistic scenario. The above changes will definitely reshape the development of the global economy, since there are some objective difficulties predicting the foreign trade and the pandemic and the deteriorating global situation are a key risk.

ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS AS PART OF THE COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM AS A BACKGROUND OF IMPROVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL PROPORTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPROVING GOVERNANCE

Purpose – the main purpose of the study is to analyze the institutional factors that are usually considered as components of economic freedom, as well as to assess the level of economic freedom as a prerequisite for improving structural proportions and stimulating the investment process in an economy with excess raw materials sector (such as Ukraine). Research methodology – the methodological basis is a system of complementary mathematical, general scientific and special methods, in particular system-structural comparison of retrospective, diagnostics and mathematical methods of studying possible dependence, general methods of analysis and synthesis, etc. Findings – the main result of the study is that increasing the degree of economic freedom in Ukraine contributes to structural shifts in favour of non-resource exports. Research limitations – our assessment methodology does not take into account the specifics of most European countries and is mainly aimed at countries of Eastern Europe so far. Practical implications – our proposed methodology for assessing the dependence of structural changes in a country’s exports on the economic freedom index IEF can be used in the practice of public administration in countries of such countries as Ukraine and others. Originality/Value – a proposed method for estimating the dependence of structural changes in Ukrainian exports on the IEF Index of Economic Freedom.

The Relationship between Inventive Activity and National Export Structure

The presented study examines the relationship between export structure and inventive activity. It is established that the correlation between items of national export and inventive activity in the corresponding areas of technology is clear in medium-and high-tech fields and significantly lower in the commodity sector. The existence of this correlation makes it possible to conclude that maintaining the achieved level of non-resource exports is feasible only in the context of a constant search for new technological solutions that could become the source of new comparative competitive advantages for exported goods. Aim. The study aims to examine the correlation between export structure and the dynamics of inventive activity. Tasks. The authors analyze possible relationships between patent activity and exports in low-, medium-, and high-tech fields and determine patterns in the export dynamics of raw materials, fertilizers, and chemical batteries. Methods. This study uses the methods of correlation-regression analysis and time series analysis. Results. It is established that the correlation between items of national export and patent activity in the corresponding areas of technology is clear in medium-and high-tech spheres and significantly lower in the commodity sector. Conclusions. It is impossible to transfer all results of technological development into production with their subsequent transformation into export-oriented value propositions, which makes it necessary to ensure such rates of inventive activity in the target areas of technology that would outpace the desired growth rates of the corresponding export items. An increase in the exports of goods with high added value by the national economy can be achieved only providing that the rate of inventive activity is higher than the worldwide average for the corresponding area of technology.

EXPORT VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND FAT INDUSTRY: REGIONAL ASPECT

The tasks of developing non-resource exports set for domestic producers require achieving competitiveness of Russian products on world markets, and creating a high-performance export-oriented sector in the basic industries. A significant place in their solution is given to the agricultural sector. The article contains the results of an author’s study of the possibilities, prospects and problems of the export-oriented development of the oil and fat industry in the Altai Territory. The definition of export potential and its quantitative assessment are given. The influence of macroeconomic factors on the market conditions of oil and fat products is investigated. The assessment of the possibilities of solving the problems facing the industry in the field of increasing the volume of export supplies is given. The conditions and directions of the export development of the oil and fat industry in the Altai Territory are studied, taking into account the main trends in the development of the world market. Promising export markets are identified and access opportunities to high-margin markets are assessed. The results of the study, conclusions and suggestions may be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners involved in organizing the export of agricultural products.

Развитие высокотехнологичного производства и рост несырьевого экспорта в условиях усиления угроз национальной экономической безопасности России

Article presents the results of analysis of the most significant threats to Russia's economic security that materialized in late 2019 – early 2020. The problems of significant dependence of Russia's key macroeconomic indicators on the parameters of oil and gas exports are Identified. The priorities of increasing non-resource exports, as well as increasing the volume of high-tech closed-loop production are outlined. Indicators of investments aimed at reconstruction and modernization in the total volume of investments in fixed assets for high-tech economic activities in the Russian Federation are analyzed. Indicators of investments aimed at reconstruction and modernization in the total volume of investments in fixed assets by types of economic activity in the raw materials sector of the Russian Federation are analyzed.

Possible export development scenario of agricultural products of Russia

In modern conditions of constantly arising global economic risks, which sharply affect the development of world commodity markets, the role of developing its non-resource exports is increasingly becoming more visible in strengthening the economy of the Russian Federation. This study poses a question and proposes a scenario for improving the country's balance of payments based on increase in Russian food exports. The importance and necessity of solving this issue is reflected in the Message of the President of the Russian Federation of February 20, 2019 and his instructions to the Government of the country. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to consider and forecast possible scenarios for the implementation of approved plans for the development of agricultural exports. Achieving this goal several interrelated tasks had been solved: 1) identifying the ratio of export and import of agricultural products in the Russian Federation; 2) analysis the structure of export agricultural products; 3) forecasting the real possibilities of achieving the target indicators for the export of agricultural products, as well as the processing and food industries; 4) the proposal of options for improving the system of state regulation of agricultural exports or its elements. The result of the study was the confirmation of hypothesis that state regulation of agricultural exports is, in general, effective.

Prospects of online education in Russia

  The subject of this article is the problems in the export of Russian education, particularly in online education. The author examines the prospects of demand for Russian online education in Russia and abroad. Such problematic questions of online education as its quality and control are raised in the course of this research. Attention is given to the export of education in the Russian Federation, namely online education in universities. The government conducts active import substitution policy since 2014, including in the sphere of education. The prospects of online education in Russia can be reflected in three vectors: 1) development of vocational education; 2) development of higher education; 3) development of business education. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to answer the following question: is online education as an important element of import substitution policy and advancement of non-resource export is necessary for the government and educational organizations. The provided information testifies to the fact that online education is beneficial for flagman universities, as the grants are allocated to them. At the same time, it is an extremely rare case when nonprofit organizations gain advantage from it. Therefore, the question on the need for advancement of online education remains controversial.  

ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЕМ СИСТЕМЫ ВЫВОДА ПРОДУКЦИИ НА ЭКСПОРТ

The article is dedicated to practical aspects of organizing export in a company. The article provides a number of prerequisites for the development of non-resource non-energy exports, proposes a system for exporting products and examines in detail the individual elements of this system.

Экспорт российской продукции АПК: состояние и перспективы развития

In the current realities of the development of the world economy, it is important for Russia not only to maintain its position on the world market, but also to actively promote non-resource exports. According to experts, representatives of non-primary production have a large export potential. Special attention is paid to the export of agricultural products. Agribusiness products are the basis of goods exported from Russia abroad. Further development of exports should be aimed at reorienting from the export of raw agricultural products to the export of processed products, that is, with greater added value, while world prices for the finished product are significantly higher than for raw materials. The Russian agro-industrial complex has a significant potential not only for self-sufficiency of the country, but also is able to provide significant exports of products. For the further development and stabilization of the Russian agro-industrial complex, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the state and support this sector of the economy. According to economic theory and practice, agriculture is the most vulnerable to instability. That is why state regulation of this sector is necessary. It is extremely difficult for Russian producers of agricultural products with little state support to compete with goods whose value is 40% of public investment. With the necessary support from the state, the export of food products will increase its potential in the near future. Russian exports of agricultural products have every reason to increase competition on the world stage. In modern conditions, the expansion of production capacities and the export of agricultural products and food are a special opportunity for the Russian economy to show its export potential.

State Participation in Industrial and Agricultural Internationally Competitive Produce Advancement

The subject of the research is state policy in supporting export of industrial and agricultural produce. The purpose of the work is to propose actions aimed at the increase of competitiveness of industrial and agricultural production and at creating mechanisms for its advancement to international markets in the context of Western sanctions intensifying and the necessity to escape raw materials based development model. To achieve these goals, new institutions for national business development are created, export oriented branches of production are developed. The amount of state participation in financing industry and agriculture development is increasing. Russian Export Center has been organized. It supports in financial and nonfinancial way Russian companies that are ready to raise the competitive advantages of their production and to enter foreign markets. It is concluded that due to the actions that the state puts into practice to fulfill complicated and ambitious tasks aimed at competitive recovery of home products and at increasing of non-resource exports some positive results have been achieved both in industrial and agricultural production. The results, however, are not weighty enough to dramatically change the place of Russia in international division of labor. As before, resource commodity still constitutes a significant part of export. The state policy lays special emphasis on financing branches of industry without taking into consideration their effectiveness. Financial and nonfinancial instruments are of high importance, but they should be used in the framework of a comprehensive approach. The transition to a new industrial and technical development platform, modern knowledge, technologies and innovations deployment are yet not in line with the requirements for international competiveness of domestic product.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ НА РАЗВИТИЕ НЕСЫРЬЕВОГО ЭКСПОРТА СТРАНЫ

The paper analyzes the actual directions of cooperation of logistics systems in the context of globalization of the Eurasian economic area and the development of non-resource exports of the state. The dynamics of cargo traffic export of Russia in the period of 2008–2017 is shown in comparison with the dynamics of cargo traffic import. The authors note that the export potential of the state is related as well to the reduction of import ratio in the inner market. The authors estimated the state of the Russian market of the transportation and logistics services (TLS) taking into account its specifics, carried out the analysis of global trends of the logistics services development. Both the changes in the TLS structure and re-orientation of international cargo transportation of Russia to the markets of Asian countries are observed. The paper pays special attention to the analysis of the strategy of development of the partnership relations in the supply chains in which the potential for the decrease in the cost of the goods and services lie. The authors note that it is possible to develop the technique of optimization of the logistics transportation costs for the countries-members of the integrated process of the Eurasian Economic Union on the base of the innovative logistics concept only which allow simulating the processes within the supply chain in order to align transport processes, specify the competition rules, harmonize the legislation for better use of transit potential and cargo transfer. The study showed the significance of the industry and logistics clusters for the development of the economy of the RF entities and the role of the logistics systems of the state economy entities in their formation on the basis of public-private partnership. The authors determined that the state economy entities should integrate to the international supply chains through the complex implementation of the cluster, logistics approach to the management of multiple supply chains in the regions.

Development of trade and economic cooperation between China and Russia in new geopolitical conditions

The article analyzes the trade relations between Russia and China in the modern period characterized by changes in the situation on the world stage and in the domestic political life of countries. The dynamics and commodity structure of bilateral trade of Russia and China have been studied, the Index of trade com-plementarity has been calculated, which showed that Chinese exports are more complementary to the structure of Russian imports than vice versa. Emphasis is placed on traditional trade in goods, excluding services and cross-border e-Commerce. The paper identifies two main directions which the development of Russian exports to China can take in the conditions of the "trade war" of China and the United States. The short-sighted policy of increasing only fuel and energy exports is justified. The reasons hindering the development of non-resource exports of Russia, primarily agricultural products and food, to China have been identified.

The impact of state support on the development of non-resource exports in the Russian Federation

This article aims to study the role of government instruments supporting export-oriented enterprises, which specialize in the production of non-resource and non-energy goods and services. In view of the increasing importance and potential of small and medium-sized enterprises, the authors, using economic analysis of the data of the Russian Federal Customs Service and the statistics of the Russian Export Center, have confirmed the need of such enterprises being the central element of the national system of support and development of exports. The results prove that the majority of export-oriented small and medium enterprises show interest in starting export activities, increasing its share, and seeking to expand the geography of their supplies. However, a number of factors prevent the foreign economic strategy, including lack of confidence and employees with export competencies, financial limitations, as well as complete inexperience when interacting with foreign counterparts and markets in general. The authors have determined that the insufficient level of competitiveness on part of the Russian producers requires a full-fledged support of the state authorities to stimulate non-resource and non-energy export. The statistical analysis of the recent years shows that the indicator of Russian competitiveness on foreign markets has not undergone serious changes due to the low competitiveness of the Russian exported goods, as well as insufficient knowledge and skills of export-oriented enterprises in terms of strengthening their position on new markets. The world experience shows that each nation puts their own priorities on the choice of export development direction. Based on a comparative analysis and classification of support measures in the European Union, the authors have identified the possibility of approximating the existing mechanisms for supporting small and medium export-oriented enterprises in the Russia. The results have revealed a linear relationship between the launch of programs to support export-oriented enterprises and the growth of foreign economic activity in general, as well as the relationship between such activities as the interaction with relevant ministries and agencies, the cooperation with key industry and business organizations, and the improvement of export conditions in Russia.

EXPORT POTENTIAL OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE NON–RESOURCE SECTOR AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS GROWTH

TodayRussiahas embarked on the difficult path of transition to a new, higher, production and export level, so it is important to understand in which areas domestic enterprises can increase supply volumes abroad and most successfully compete in the global market. To this end, the article identified the key features of the concept of «export potential»: its dependence on the existing production capacity and the competitiveness of products manufactured for export. A retrospective analysis of the commodity structure of Russian export deliveries showed that non-fuel components account for about 41%, and about 34% of products have a non-resource character, with positive dynamics in such important groups as «machinery and equipment», «chemical products and rubber» and others. However, by the end of 2017, there is a predominance of goods of the lower redistribution (about 46% of non-resource non-energy exports), that indicates the high dependence of the Russian exports on the simplest products. Experts identified the points of growth of non-resource exports: the sphere of high technologies, the internationalization of small and medium-sized firms, the development of the regional export potential, and the expansion of tourism and educational services exports.

PROBLEMS OF EXPORTS IN RUSSIA

The development of non-resource exports is one of the key objectives in the Russian economic policy. The article considers the state of non-resource exports in Russia compared to that of foreign countries, analyzes the main approaches to the classification of exports, and determines the key areas of non-resource exports development in the regions.

One more resource curse: Dutch disease and export concentration

Economists have long discussed the negative effect of Dutch disease episodes on the non-resource tradable sector as a whole, but little has been said on its impact on the composition of the non-resource export sector. This paper fills this gap by exploring to what extent concentration of a country's non-resource export basket is determined by their exports of natural resources. We present a theoretical framework that shows how upward pressure in wages caused by a resource windfall results in higher export concentration. We then document two robust empirical findings consistent with the theory. First, using data on discovery of oil and gas fields and of commodity prices as sources of exogenous variation, we find that countries with larger shares of natural resources in exports have more concentrated non-resource export baskets. Second, we find capital-intensive exports tend to dominate the export basket of countries prone to Dutch disease episodes.

Несырьевой экспорт союзного государства как фактор экономического развития территории России и Беларуси

Несырьевой экспорт союзного государства как фактор экономического развития территории России и Беларуси

Повышение геоэкономического потенциала России в мировой экономике посредством наращивания несырьевого экспорта её регионов (на примере Ростовской области)

Повышение геоэкономического потенциала России в мировой экономике посредством наращивания несырьевого экспорта её регионов (на примере Ростовской области)

One More Resource Curse: Dutch Disease and Export Concentration

Economists have long discussed the negative effect of Dutch disease episodes on the non-resource tradable sector as a whole, but little has been said on its impact on the composition of the non-resource export sector. This paper fills this gap by exploring to what extent concentration of a country’s non-resource export basket is determined by their exports of natural resources. We present a theoretical framework that shows how upward pressure in wages caused by a resource windfall results in higher export concentration. We then document two robust empirical findings consistent with the theory. First, using data on discovery of oil and gas fields and of commodity prices as sources of exogenous variation, we find that countries with larger shares of natural resources in exports have more concentrated non-resource export baskets. Second, we find capital-intensive exports tend to dominate the export basket of countries prone to Dutch disease episodes.