Non-polar Resin Research Articles

Natural deep eutectic solvents-based green extraction of vanillin: optimization, purification, and bioactivity assessment.

The sustainable extraction of natural compounds has recently attracted significant attention. The extraction of high-quality natural vanillin in active form is crucial for its efficient use in various industries, but conventional solvents are not suitable for this purpose. The flammability, volatility, and toxicity of organic solvents can harm extraction personnel, and their waste liquid can cause environmental pollution. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic organic alternative to conventional solvents. In this study, 20 different NADES were tested for the sustainable extraction of natural vanillin. Among these, a DES system composed of choline chloride: 1,4-butanediol: lactic acid exhibited the highest extraction rate (15.9 mg/g). Employing response surface methodology (RSM), optimal extraction conditions were determined, yielding a vanillin content 18.5 mg/g with water content of 33.9%, extraction temperature of 64.6°C, extraction time of 32.3 min, and a solid-liquid ratio of 44.9 mg/mL. Subsequently, the optimized NADES system was then assessed for reusability in extracting vanillin from vanilla pods and kraft lignin over three cycles, retaining 43% of its extraction efficiency and demonstrating potential for waste reduction. Purification of vanillin was achieved through chromatography using a non-polar resin SP700, with ethanol as a desorption eluent and a feed solution pH of 4.0, resulting in the highest vanillin purity. HPLC and GC-MS analyses confirmed purity, while antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and ABTS) showcased significant antioxidant activity of the purified vanillin. Moreover, vanillin exhibited notable antimicrobial activity against a panel of food-borne bacteria. This study introduces an environmentally friendly approach to vanillin extraction highlights using NADES, emphasizing the potential for producing high-quality bioactive vanillin with reduced environmental impact. The applicability of NADES systems extends beyond vanillin, offering a versatile method for extracting diverse natural compounds.

Itaconic Anhydride as a Bio-Based Compatibilizer for a Tung Oil-Based Thermosetting Resin Reinforced with Sand and Algae Biomass

In this work, renewable composites were prepared by the association of a thermosetting resin synthesized via free-radical polymerization, using a mixture of tung oil, n-butyl methacrylate, and divinylbenzene, with silica-rich fillers, namely an algae biomass with high silica content, and a well-sorted sand. Furthermore, to investigate if the interaction between the non-polar resin and polar reinforcements could be improved, enhancing the materials’ mechanical properties, itaconic anhydride, a bio-derived molecule obtained from itaconic acid, was introduced to the resin composition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested that the thermal stability of the composites was overall not changed with the addition of itaconic anhydride. The mechanical properties of the sand composites, however, did improve, as the storage modulus at room temperature, measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), almost doubled in the presence of itaconic anhydride. The glass transition temperatures of the materials increased by approximately 30 °C when sand was used as a reinforcement. Water absorption experiments validated an increase in the polarity of the unreinforced resin by the addition of itaconic anhydride to its formulation. The composites, however, did not exhibit a significant difference in polarity in the presence of itaconic anhydride. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), demonstrated better matrix–filler adhesion in the presence of itaconic anhydride for high-silica algae composites.

Study on the mechanism affecting the quality of micro-hole in ultrasonic-assisted drilling of high-speed circuit boards

High-speed circuit boards are created to meet the high-speed signal transmission requirements of 5G communication technology, but the non-polar resins, flat glass fibers, and multiple and hard fillers used for this purpose have posed new challenges to their micro-hole processing. The quality of micro-hole has always been a decisive factor in board performance. Therefore, this paper aims at proposing a new processing method for improving the micro-hole drilling quality of high-speed circuit boards. By establishing an ultrasonic-assisted drilling tool motion model, analyzing the changes in drilling method, material deformation, chip breakage, and chip removal during ultrasonic-assisted drilling of printed circuit boards, the influence mechanism on micro-hole quality during ultrasound-assisted drilling is studied prudently. Besides, an experimental platform for ultrasonic-assisted drilling is designed and built, and single-factor experiments for verification of ultrasonic effects, optimization of drilling parameters, and orthogonal experiments for ultrasonic-assisted drilling of high-speed circuit boards are conducted on this platform. The experimental results show that the loading of ultrasonic vibration has made an obvious improvement on several machining defects including hole wall roughness, entrance burr, and nail head in micro-hole drilling of high-speed circuit boards. In addition, the influence order of each processing parameter and a better combination of them are discovered, which provides a theoretical research basis and instructions for the improvement of micro-hole quality of high-speed circuit boards.

Horseradish peroxidase‐mediated functional hydrophobization of jute fabrics to enhance mechanical properties of jute/thermoplastic composites

AbstractIn this study, nonpolar octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), and octadecyl gallate (OCG) were grafted onto the surface of hydrophilic jute fabrics, which were mediated by horseradish peroxidase to improve the hydrophobicity of jute materials. The gallate‐grafted jutes were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and grafting percentage (Gp), and the hydrophobic properties were evaluated by water contact angle and wetting time measurements. The Gps determined by saponification was 3.91%, 5.12%, and 4.58% for OG, DG, and OCG, respectively. The nonpolar chain length and the grafting rate of the monomers had a considerable effect on the hydrophobicity of the modified jute fabrics. The as‐prepared hydrophobized jute fabrics had superior interfacial compatibility with nonpolar resins, such as polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) making them most suitable to be utilized in the development of jute fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composites. The tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the grafted jute/PP or jute/PLA composites were improved compared with pure PP, PLA, and non‐modified jute composites.

Separation of Cytidine 5′-Monophosphate and Guanosine 5′-Monophosphate Based on the Hyper-Cross-Linked Resin XDA-1 with pH Gradient Elution

Cytidine 5′-monophosphate (CMP) and guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP) were separated based on hyper-cross-linked resins. The adsorption performances of different resins to the two 5′-ribonucleotides were compared. The adsorption equilibria, kinetics, and dynamic separation process of CMP and GMP with pH gradient elution were studied experimentally and theoretically. The nonpolar resin XDA-1 was selected as the best adsorbent for separating CMP and GMP. A pH-dependent Langmuir isotherm model was developed. The model predicted the adsorption isotherms of CMP and GMP at different pH levels satisfactorily. The surface diffusion model can describe the adsorption kinetics curves of CMP and GMP better than the pseudo-first-order rate model and the pseudo-second-order rate model. CMP and GMP could be both separated with a high separation resolution when the loading amount is 0.031 or 0.093 bed volume (BV). A novel pH-dependent film-surface diffusion model was developed and the model predicted the dynamic separation process of CMP and GMP with pH gradient elution satisfactorily.

Preparation of Polar-Modified Styrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymer and Its Adsorption Performance for Comprehensive Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Dilute-Acid Hydrolysate.

Lignocellulosic hydrolysate contains complex nonsugar compounds and undegraded sugars in the process of preparing platform compound levulinic acid (LA) and furfural by one-step dilute-acid hydrolysis. For efficiently and comprehensively utilizing the hydrolysate, a series of polar modified resins were synthesized for adsorption and separation of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate to obtain platform compounds and fermentable hydrolysate simultaneously. The adsorption capacities of LA and furfural were optimized to 85.32mg/g and 33.55mg/g on polar modified resin prepared with 80wt% glycidyl methacrylate (GMA -80), which was much higher than nonpolar resin (4.16mg/g and 16.14mg/g). GMA-80 obtained the best comprehensive adsorption property, whose desorption rates were 99.90% and 89.86% for LA and furfural, respectively, and its regeneration performance was also excellent, indicating that the resin is a potential adsorbent and expected to be used in the separation and purification of the lignocellulosic hydrolysate.

Investigation on the interface modification of PET/PP composites

In this study, surface modifications and manufacturing processes for polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polypropylene (PP) composites were developed. When non-polar PP resin is combined with polar polyester fiber, its compatibility and wettability are the key technologies. Maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) was blended with PP to improve the polarity of the PP resin and react with PET fibers. In addition, a primer was applied to the PET fabric to improve the bonding and reactivity of PET fiber and MAPP. PET/PP composites that imitated the texture and appearance of carbon fabric were prepared by thin film stacking method. The effect of MAPP and primer on interfacial bonding was evaluated by single-fiber pullout test. The mechanical properties of the PET/PP composites such as impact, and open-hole tensile strength (OHT), were studied.

Sustainable utilization of cane molasses by an integrated separation process: Interplay between adsorption and nanofiltration

Molasses-based fermentation produces a large amount of wastewater with high salinity and recalcitrant pigments, and thus alternative strategies to efficiently utilize molasses are required. In this study, the clarified molasses were treated by nonpolar resin adsorption to recover caramel pigments, and this operation also greatly alleviated fouling formation on loose nanofiltration (NF) membranes used for molasses decolorization, especially the polyethersulphone (PES) membrane. PES1 membrane (molecular weight cut-off ∼1000 Da, AMFOR) was selected as a substitute for NF5 membrane (340–460 Da, self-made) with a polyamide (PA) separation layer thanks to its stronger long-term chlorine resistance than NF5. The short-term chlorine cleaning at pH 12 could improve the hydrophilicity of PES1 and mitigate its irreversible fouling formation, but such effect decreased color retention by PES1 because the fouling-induced pore narrowing was weakened. The decolorized molasses (the PES1 permeate) were further treated by a tight NF and ion exchange resin adsorption, and the tight NF could not only separate sucrose and reducing sugar, but also retain most divalent ions and residual pigments lessening the burden of the subsequent resin adsorption. The sucrose-rich liquid could be used for sugar crystallization while the desalted reducing sugar was expected to be concentrated to produce syrup. This work offered a complete technological route for green and sustainable utilization of cane molasses from practical application point of view.

Adsorption of vanillic and syringic acids onto a macroporous polymeric resin and recovery with ethanol:water (90:10 %V/V) solution

In this work the adsorption of vanillic (VA) and syringic (SA) acids onto the nonpolar resin SP700 was investigated aiming to collect data to evaluate their separation from a lignin oxidation mixture containing other phenolic compounds. The respective adsorption equilibrium isotherms in aqueous solutions were assessed at three different temperatures 288, 298 and 333 K and experimental results were fitted with Bi-Langmuir isotherm model. Maximum adsorption capacities of 0.486 g g−1dry resin and 0.407 g g−1dry resin were obtained for VA and SA, respectively.Dynamic studies at different temperatures and feed concentrations were performed and a mathematical model comprising the Bi-Langmuir equilibrium isotherm, axial dispersed plug flow, intraparticle mass transfer resistance expressed with linear driving force approximation with no temperature gradients and constant porosity along the bed successfully described the adsorption concentration histories at the outlet of the fixed bed.More than 83% of each phenolic acid was readily eluted within 5 min elution with ethanol:water (90:10 %V/V) solution allowing obtaining a final concentrated solution with 5.8–11.7 g L−1.

Study of hydrocarbons adsorbed in asphaltenes of domanic formation bitumoid

Asphaltenes have adsorption and occlusion properties, and the study of the compounds adsorbed and occluded in them can characterize the evolutionary processes occurring in the oil reservoir. In this paper, the adsorption properties of asphaltenes isolated from bitumoid of Domanic formation of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia) were studied. It was found that asphaltenes adsorbed to a greater extent the polar resins and to a lesser extent – the nonpolar resins and the saturated hydrocarbons. It was shown that adsorbed resins were enriched in aromatic structures with poor alkyl substitution, and adsorbed saturated hydrocarbons were enriched in high molecular weight n-alkanes in comparison with compounds present in maltenes of bitumoid. Asphaltenes, after adsorbed compounds were extracted from them, became more carbonized. The assumption was made that vanadyl porphyrin complexes were occluded in asphaltenes rather than adsorbed on them.

The study of bitumen by differential scanning calorimetry: The interpretation of thermal effects

By the method of temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry it`s carried out the study of the microstructure of petroleum bitumen and its fractions (macro- and microcrystalline paraffins, mono-, bi-, poly cycloaromatic hydrocarbons, asphaltenes, nonpolar and polar resins). The method makes it possible to separate “order-disorder” transition from glass transition and to identify phase transitions invisible or overlapping on the curves of conventional DSC. The thermal effects of glass transition, cold crystallization and recrystallization, melting of crystalline structures, isotropization and disordering of mesophases were identified on the thermograms of bitumen and its fractions.

A novel process for molasses utilization by membrane filtration and resin adsorption

Cane molasses is mainly used for ethanolic fermentation but a large amount of wastewater with refractory pigments and highly concentrated salts limited its application. For the first time, we attempt to directly extract pigments from molasses, and an integrated process consisting of ceramic membrane clarification, nonpolar resin adsorption and loose nanofiltration purification was proposed for recovery and fractionation of the molasses pigments. A 300 KDa ultrafiltration membrane was preferred for clarification of the pretreated molasses due to high permeate flux and low irreversible fouling, which could improve the quality of the extracted pigments. The nonpolar macroporous resin was chosen for only extracting the hydrophobic caramel pigments in order to reduce the resin regeneration frequency and improve the pigment purity, where ethanol was used for resin regeneration as it was easy to separate and reuse. The resin adsorption could reduce hydrophobic fouling formation and reappear the “salt-induced pore swelling” effect on the nanofiltration membrane, thus decreasing operating pressure by 50% at 60 °C and increasing the sucrose/salt transmission during diafiltration (save diafiltration water by 27%). The polyphenol pigments were obtained in the nanofiltration retentate after removing sugar and salts by diafiltration, and the permeate could be further desalted to produce syrup drinking. This novel integrated process could not only recover two natural pigments in a clean way, but also save energy and water consumption during the nanofiltration separation, which provided a sustainable strategy to utilize cane molasses.

The influence of carbonate rock on the processes of oil transformation

ABSTRACTThe study of the processes of crude oil transformation in carbonate rock was carried out on the “oil – carbonate rock” model systems. For the study, oils of different chemical composition recovered from both terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs, and rock from carbonate reservoir were selected. It was shown that not all oils were subjected the catalytic action of carbonate rock. In oils that have experienced the catalytic action of carbonate rock the content of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased significantly and the content of non-polar resins increased. In carbonate rock, in addition to calcite and aragonite the montmorillonite was detected and it was supposed that the catalytic effect of the carbonate rock was due to this clay mineral. It was found that the oil transformation in the carbonate rock did not require much time and high temperature, and also that the oil recovered from the carbonate reservoir was resistant to the catalytic action of the carbonate rock.

Development of a Cobalt Electrode for the Determination of Phosphate in Soil Extracts and Comparison with Standard Methods

ABSTRACTA phosphate-sensitive cobalt electrode was evaluated in detecting orthophosphate ions () in ammonium lactate–acetic acid soil extracts. The dependence of the mixed potential of a cobalt electrode on concentration was investigated through potentiometry. The mechanism of detection is based on the consumption of a surface cobalt (II) oxide layer to form (Co3(PO4)2), which leads to a concentration-dependent shift of the mixed potential. Two reference electrodes were evaluated: Ag/AgCl (3 M) KCl and a platinum (Pt) wire. A linear response was observed using both reference electrodes. However, application of a Pt wire quasireference electrode increased the linear dynamic response range of the detector from 10–103 mg L−1 or 10−4–10−1 M (Ag/AgCl (3 M) KCl) to 0.1–105 mg L−1 or 10−6–101 M. In addition, the response time using the Pt wire was less than 5 min compared to a minimum of 10 min using Ag/AgCl (3 M) KCl. There was close agreement between the response of the phosphate-sensitive cobalt electrode with a standard colorimetric method. As dissolved organic substances can potentially interfere with electrochemical techniques, an investigation into the use of a nonpolar resin for decolorization and removal of organic matter in soil extracts was performed and successfully used. The phosphate-sensitive cobalt electrode was found to be a fast method for the analysis of soil extracts with high sensitivity and selectivity. It has the potential to be developed into a sensor for the in situ measurement of phosphate in various environmental matrices.

Soxhlet-Assisted Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion for the quantitative analysis of 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol

Background/Objectives: 2-Ethylhexan-1-ol (2-EHN) is a fatty alcohol, an organic compound used as a frother during the production of ground calcium carbonate (GCC) to remove impurities. Methods/Statistical analysis: Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) using XAD-4 (a non-polar polystyrene resin) was applied to adsorb and concentrate 2-EHN followed by Soxhlet extraction that extract 2-EHN (having a limited solubility for water) by the continuous extraction with recycling the solvent (ethyl acetate).The mass spectral ions of 2-EHN (acquired by GC-MS), m/z 57, 70, 83, 98, and 112 were accessed for the most accurate quantification. Findings: Findings: The amount of 2-EHN adsorbed to XAD-4 resin (1 g) was highest after stirring for 14 hours followed by continuous extraction with 80 mL of ethyl acetate for 3 hours at 90?C. A modified Soxhlet extractor with a glass thimble (having a small hole at the bottom) worked well. The most accurate results were given by the ions at m/z 83 and 98 with 126% each (the value closest to 100%). These may be the most desirable mass spectral ions for the quantitation of 2-EHN because of the lack of background noise. The calibration function was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.9944. The limit of quantitation was measured as 0.5µg/L. The established 2-EHN analysis method was successfully applied to real surface water sampled far from and close to aground calcium carbonate (GCC) quarry, where the resulting levels of 2-EHN were shown to be 3.0 and 6.8µg/L, respectively. Improvements/Applications: 2-EHN in environmental surface water was accurately quantified by GC-MS analysis using m/z 83 or m/z 98 after sample treatment by adsorption to Amberite XAD-4 and continuous Soxhlet extraction with ethyl acetate enabling ppb level quantitation.

Mechanical characterization of scalable cellulose nano-fiber based composites made using liquid composite molding process

Plant derived cellulose nano-fibers (CNF) are a material with remarkable mechanical properties compared to other natural fibers. However, efforts to produce nano-composites on a large scale using CNF have yet to be investigated. In this study, scalable CNF nano-composites were made from isotropically porous CNF preforms using a freeze drying process. An improvised Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) process was used to make the nano-composites using a high bio-content ‘green’ epoxy resin. Formation of the freeze dried CNF preforms' porous network highly affects the mechanical properties of the composite, therefore mechanical testing was performed to characterize the effects of pore structure on global mechanical properties. The level of cure was investigated by comparing DSC results and the effect of curing on the composites was studied by tensile and dynamic mechanical analysis tests. The efficacy of silylation on the CNF preforms was analyzed with Water Contact Angle (WCA) measurements where the treatment led to hydrophobicity and hence better wettability by the non-polar resin. The causes of the failure in the composites were investigated using SEM analysis of the fractured surfaces. In general, silylation improved the infusion of resin into CNF preforms and resulted in better mechanical properties.

Dual gradient macroporous resin column chromatography for concurrent separation and purification of three families of marine bacterial lipopeptides from cell free broth

A simple and efficient dual-gradient elution strategy for the separation and purification of marine bacterial lipopeptides was developed in macroporous resin column chromatography. Preliminary batch adsorption studies conducted on four different resins revealed that a non-polar resin, HP-20, exhibited the highest adsorption capacity. The optimal conditions yielding maximum adsorption of lipopeptides on to this resin were as follows: temperature=40°C, resin dosage=10gL−1 and initial lipopeptide concentration=3gL−1. While employing a simple stepwise solvent gradient elution under optimal conditions, three lipopeptide families, namely, iturin, fengycin and surfactin could be separated with poor resolution. However, the resolution was significantly improved after implementing a family specific dual-gradient elution strategy, wherein, both the solvent composition and pH of the mobile phase were simultaneously varied. Using this approach, lipopeptides were effectively resolved and purities up to 68.3% (iturin), 77.6% (fengycin) and 91.6% (surfactin) were achieved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) chromatography employing family specific dual-gradient elution strategy for simultaneous recovery and purification of lipopeptides directly from cell free culture broth.

Preparative separation of echinocandin B from Aspergillus nidulans broth using macroporous resin adsorption chromatography.

Echinocandin B (ECB), an echinocandin type of lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Aspergillus nidulans, is a precursor for the synthesis of novel anti-fungal drug - anidulafungin. In this work, a separation strategy involving one-step macroporous resin adsorption chromatography was established for ECB purification from Aspergillus nidulans CCTCC M 2010275 fermentation broth. Among nine macroporous resin adsorbents tested, the non-polar resin HP-20 had the best adsorption and desorption performance. The static equilibrium adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir equation, and the adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second order model. The separation parameters of ECB from broth were optimised by dynamic adsorption/desorption experiments with the column packed with HP-20 resin. Under optimal conditions, the purity increased by 3.8-fold from 23.2% in broth to 88.5% in eluent with 87.1% recovery yield by a one-step treatment. Our study provided a one-step and effective method for large-scale production of ECB, and offered references for separating other echinocandins from broth.

Polyethylenimine-Impregnated Resin for High CO2 Adsorption: An Efficient Adsorbent for CO2 Capture from Simulated Flue Gas and Ambient Air

Polyethylenimine (PEI)-impregnated resins with high CO2 adsorption capacity were successfully prepared in this study. The nonpolar resin HP20 was suitable for PEI loading to achieve high CO2 adsorption, and the optimal PEI loading was 50 wt %. On the basis of the pore-size distribution of the resin before and after PEI modification, it can be found that mesopores of <43 nm were mainly responsible for PEI loading and pores in the range of 43-68 nm were probably favorable for CO2 diffusion. The adsorbed amount of CO2 on HP20/PEI-50 decreased with increasing adsorption temperature because of the dominant role of exothermic reaction of CO2 adsorption. The adsorption of CO2 on the adsorbent was very fast, and sorption equilibrium was achieved within 6 min at 75 °C. HP20/PEI-50 almost kept a stable adsorption capacity for CO2 at concentrations of 15 vol % and 400 ppm in the consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, and its adsorption capacity was 181 mg/g from pure CO2 and 99.3 mg/g from 400 ppm CO2 at 25 °C, higher than all PEI-modified materials reported. The high volume-based amount of CO2 adsorbed on HP20/PEI-50 (96.0 mg/cm(3) at 25 °C and 84.5 mg/cm(3) at 75 °C for pure CO2) is beneficial to reducing the required volume of the adsorption bed for CO2 capture. This spherical and stable HP20/PEI-50 adsorbent with high and fast CO2 adsorption exhibits a very promising application in CO2 capture from flue gas and ambient air.

Purification of baicalin and wogonoside from Scutellaria baicalensis extracts by macroporous resin adsorption chromatography

In this study, resin adsorption as a means to separate and purify baicalin and wogonoside from extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis was investigated. Among the ten tested resins, the non-polar resin HPD-100 offered the best adsorption and desorption properties. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the interactions between solutes and resin at different temperatures, and the equilibrium experimental data were well fitted to the two isotherms. Column packed with HPD-100 resin was used to perform dynamic adsorption and desorption tests to optimize the separation process. After one round treatment with HPD-100 resin, the contents of baicalin and wogonoside were 3.6-fold and 12.0-fold increased with recovery yields of 85.7% and 65.6%, respectively. In addition, a laboratory preparative-scale separation was carried out under the final conditions. The results showed that the preparative separation of baicalin and wogonoside can be easily and efficiently achieved via adsorption and desorption on HPD-100 resin. The developed method is a promising basis for large-scale preparation of baicalin and wogonoside from S. baicalensis extracts.