Non-monetary Forms Research Articles

Perception of Headteacher's Communication Style and Teachers’ Motivation to Participate in Government Secondary School Activities in Sheema District Uganda

The study investigated the perception of head teachers` communication style and teachers' motivation to participate in secondary school activities in government-aided secondary schools in Sheema District Western Uganda. The study employed a parallel mixed model design for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 head teachers from 10 government-aided secondary schools in Sheema District Western Uganda. 186 teachers out of 371 teachers from the 10 schools in Sheema District Western Uganda participated in the study. Simple Random sampling was used to arrive at teachers. There was a significant and positive relationship between the perception of head teachers' communication style and teachers' motivation to participate in school activities (𝑟=0.386, 𝑝<0.01). This relationship was mediated by Perceived Supervisor Support which presented itself as being positively and significantly related to supervisor communication (𝑟=0.399, 𝑝<0.01) as well as to the intrinsically motivating factors (𝑟=0.408, 𝑝<0.01). The perception of the communication style of the head teacher influences the morals and morale of teachers by 15%. Hence there is a need for head teachers to organize and plan concerning why, what, when, where, and whom to communicate (hence the 5Ws communication rule). Therefore, from the study findings, non-monetary forms of motivation are important factors in motivating teachers. This is because 15% of teachers' motivation is contributed by head teachers' communication style; 16% by Perceived Supervisor Support and 20% by Perceived Organization Support. Thus, the study recommended that head teachers should always recognize the strong points by for example saying "thank you" and avoid evaluating and observing the weak points only.

Not by bread alone: Public–private intersectoral gap in job satisfaction

The choice of a workplace, in the public or private sector, is not accidental. The paper presents a study on the public—private intersectoral gap in job satisfaction (JS). Given the observed wage premium in the private sector, it can be assumed that there are non-monetary forms of compensation for the wage loss in the public sector. They are expected to manifest themselves in job safety during periods of recession, which might affect the intersectoral gap in job satisfaction. Evaluation on panel data with fixed individual effects allows solving the problem of self-selection into a certain sector. A study based on RLMS-HSE data shows that in the period 2002—2021 the intersectoral gap in job satisfaction, as well as its elements — satisfaction with the labour contract, salary and promotion, — was generally insignificant. This does not rule out self-selection into a particular sector but explains the low level of transitions between the sectors. A significant intersectoral gap in job satisfaction is revealed for less competitive groups in the labor market during crises. This is the evidence of negative self-selection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, women, young workers (17—34 years old), and at other times, workers over 55 years old employed in the public sector rated JS significantly higher. Negative self-selection into the public sector is more likely to be attributed to specific socio-demographic groups than to the entire sector. Wage, as well as its degree in comparison to the average one in the profession in the local labor market, affects the JS of public employees to a lesser extent. This suggests that public workers are less sensitive to monetary rewards and value job safety, self-realization opportunities and a sense of usefulness of work for society more.

Experimentally Disentangling Donors’ Perceptions of Government-Supported Nonprofits: Cost-Efficiency, Program Impact, and Shared Services

This study advances understanding of the relationship between government support and private donations, by further investigating the mechanisms underlying that relationship and by examining a nonmonetary form of government support, namely, shared services. We use a survey experimental design to highlight U.S. donors’ perceptions of government-supported nonprofits. The results suggest that donors are less willing to give to government-funded nonprofits. This is not only because donors see government funding as a substitute for their donations but also because donors perceive government-funded nonprofits as cost-inefficient. The results also suggest that donors’ relative reluctance to donate to government-funded nonprofits is not because donors perceive government-funded nonprofits as less impactful and that donors’ decisions about giving do not vary according to the forms of government support nonprofits receive. Overall, our findings stress the importance of governments simplifying administrative procedures for nonprofits to apply for and manage government funding.

Transition from non-monetary (barter) to money-based method of government, production, and distribution

Subject. The article considers the creation of money as a landmark historical shift from pre-State forms of the genesis of the State to early State and State forms. Objectives. The aim is to show that money was created as one of the most important instruments of government, production, and distribution in early State and State social and historical formations. Methods. The study employs my unique historical-system conception of the State and its social development. Results. Based on the general theory of the world historical process, presented in L.E. Grinin’s works, I specified the description of the nomos as a subject of this process and a certain common form of the genesis of the State. The paper clarifies that nomos evolves through series of forced evolutionary and organizational stages of development. It shows that the transition from the non-monetary form of government, production, and distribution in nomos to the money-based form is an essential feature of the landmark shift. Conclusions. The study demonstrates that money was also created as one of the most important instruments of government, production, and distribution in the early State and State nomos. In this landmark invisible instrument, two social-psychological methods of people management, called carrot and stick motivation, are far apart.

ФАКТОРИ ПОШИРЕННЯ КОРУПЦІЇ В БЕЗГОТІВКОВОМУ СУСПІЛЬСТВІ

This work examines the potential consequences of society’s refusal to accept cash payments and the final transition to cashless payments to prevent the emergence and spread of corruption. It was found that the transition to a cashless society will have an uneven impact on various forms of corruption: those forms of corruption that involve the possibility of transferring a bribe in cash form from a client to a corrupt official – bribery and extortion – are most affected, and those forms of corruption that do not involve similar cash payments – mutual favors, embezzlement and embezzlement involving other persons. It is shown that even in the case of such forms of corruption as extortion and bribery, the deterrent effect of the transition to a cashless society will be limited. The latter is explained by the fact that the participants of the corruption agreement have a sufficient number of acceptable opportunities for adaptation to new conditions: the reorientation of corrupt officials to the provision of corruption services in the form of mutual services; use of foreign currency to pay bribes; transition of corrupt officials to non-monetary forms of bribes. It is also shown that due to the low efficiency of the financial monitoring system, corrupt officials almost do not risk even taking bribes in cashless form. It has been proven that the transition to a cashless society, as a measure to prevent the emergence and spread of corruption, will have a minor impact on the overall level of corruption in the country. The low effectiveness of this measure is due to the following factors: the presence of forms of corruption that do not involve the direct payment of a bribe; the possibility of interested parties entering into a corruption agreement to refuse bribery and extortion in favor of other forms of corruption; increasing the specific weight, in the total number of corruption deals, of those forms of corruption that require greater efforts to detect them. A small reduction in the number of concluded corruption deals will occur, only in the short-term period, during which corrupt officials and their clients will look for alternative mechanisms for concluding corruption deals, adapting to new conditions.

Sales and Self: The Noneconomic Value of Selling the Fruits of One's Labor

A core assumption across many disciplines is that producers enter market exchange relationships for economic reasons. This research examines an overlooked factor; namely, the socioemotional benefits of selling the fruits of one's labor. Specifically, the authors find that individuals selling their products interpret sales as a signal from the market that serves as a source of self-validation, thus increasing their happiness above and beyond any monetary rewards from those sales. This effect highlights an information asymmetry that is opposite to what is found in traditional signaling theory. That is, the authors find that customers have information about product quality that they signal to the producer, validating the producer's skill level. Furthermore, the sales-as-signal effect is moderated by characteristics of the purchase transaction that determine the signal strength of sales: The effect is attenuated when product choice does not reflect a deliberate decision and is amplified when buyers incur higher monetary costs. In addition, sales have a stronger effect on happiness than alternative, nonmonetary forms of market signals such as likes. Finally, the sales-as-signal effect is more pronounced when individuals sell their self-made (vs. other-made) products and affects individuals’ happiness beyond the happiness gained from producing.

Internet of Things and Changing Consumer Behavior in Bottom of the Pyramid Segment for Technology Innovation

This qualitative research conducted under hermeneutic inquiry framework interprets the expressed responses of the customers belonging to the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) for exploring the role of Internet of Things (IoT) in their lives. IoT includes technologies and devices for ubiquitous connectivity. Amongst all the devices and technologies, the mobile technology is the one that has been adopted quite fast by the economically deprived because of its simplicity. It is interesting to interpret the utility of the IoT for the BoP customers and understand how this technology is influencing their lifestyles and purchase decision making process. It was learned from seven interviewees and forty participants of online focus group session that IoT has functional and symbolic utility for customers. The IoT-induced lifestyles affect BoP segment also. Although such transformation is seen in the upper sections of the society, this phenomenon is interesting to understand in the BoP context because the economically challenged persons have to make critical trade-offs between the basic necessities and the technologically advanced objects of symbolic utility. Interestingly, the use of such gadgets and technologies makes them avoid social exclusion, which is non-monetary form of deprivation. Hence, these products and technologies have a symbolic and hedonistic value for such customers. In a world of mediatized global consumer society, the BoP segment is becoming more knowledgeable about the global trends through internet and smart phones, and ultimately their insights help marketers and entrepreneurs in developing sustainable technological innovations.

Pricing for medical products in the context of non-monetary forms of payment

The various forms of accounts used in financing practical health system as a factor determining the formation of prices on medical products are studied. The practical experience of organizing purchases of medical products using various forms of accounts is analyzed. The possibility of the effect on the reduction of prices of medical products in nonmonetary payments including interpayments, barter is shown on the concrete examples. The neccesity to study raw material market for using the industrial potential of the region providing delivery of medical products at prices lower than market ones is shown. The recommendations on optimizing the schemes of delivery of medical products into medical prophylactic institutions with maximum economy of budget means are suggested.

Intimate Technology and Alien Science

The article presents the results of a study of the interaction between tDCS-users and scientists on reddit.com. The forum observation and interviewing of the most active members of the Internet community were conducted during 2020–2021 by the methods of digital ethnography. The obtained results are intended to deepen the understanding both the exchange processes between scientists and non-professional, and the space in which such coordination takes place. A suitable tool for such work is the “trading zone” concept, which is defined by the lack of consensus on a scientific fact; the presence of local subcultures separated by disciplinary or practice boundaries; pidginization or creolization of language occurring on the basis of non-monetary exchange forms, without mutual values insight. TDCS is a technology with unproven effectiveness, and therefore scientific discussions are still being held around it. Unlike scientists, users present an alternative approach to the effectiveness of these devices, which analysis allows considering tDCS-technology as a “boundary object”. The central element of interaction at the “trading zone” is the exchange of “anecdotal data”, which determines the features of the emerging pidgin, aimed at describing the individual perception of a user’s experience. The forum interaction, involving the exchange of anecdotal data, leads to the formation of skill to discriminate a variety of tDCS-types, as well as types of scientific expertise. The ability for discrimination becomes the basis of interactional expertise. The user’s right to undertake expertise arise not from the basis of formal membership in scientific institutions, or personal contribution to the development of a scientific discipline, but on the property of “interactional experience”. The article notes that the attempts of users to extend interactional expertise beyond the boundaries of the trading zones, as well as the participation of academic scientists in the activities of the forum, may be associated with risks for scientific research.

Tender Bonds: Determinants, Procedures and Implications for Credit Guarantee Funds

The purpose of the article is to outline a new procedure that will enable economic operators to increase their access to tender bonds provided by funds for credit guarantees which are among the non-monetary forms of submitting a deposit in public procurement procedure.
 Methodology used to present the topic and to achieve the goal of the article is mainly based on the expertise and professional experience of the author.
 Results of the research outline that despite being properly established in Polish law, tender bonds have as yet been scarcely applied by economic operators requesting to participate in public contract award procedures. Moreover, the majority of credit guarantee funds focus on providing this type of sureties, with the consequence being an increasingly declining share of credit sureties and changes in these funds’ business profile. In order to continue this increase in tender bond sale, credit guarantee funds need to modify their existing procedures so as to make this type of security more popular among economic operators.

Decoding Consumer Psychology toward Dietary Supplements: A Mediation analysis between Freebies and Brand Loyalty

ABSTRACT The present study ponders a significant type of non-monetary form of sales promotion called freebies. It refers to offering a gift of some worth to the customer along with the product purchased. While prior studies focused primarily on monetary forms of sales promotion, a very minimal number of works were conducted on its counterpart. The study bridges the gap between non-monetary sales promotion and brand loyalty in India and inspects into Generation Z consumer behavior toward dietary supplements. It checks whether a freebie campaign influences perceived quality, customer perceived value and purchase intentions. It also investigates the role of the variables as mediators and inspects whether they play any role between freebies and brand loyalty. Intercept method of data collection is applied for the survey across 388 health-conscious respondents. Regression and mediation analysis present that freebies influence the variables positively and partial mediation exists between the causal and outcome variable.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE: A COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF A PARENTING PROGRAM

The positive impact of parenting programs on the health and wellbeing of individuals and their immediate community has been confirmed in many studies. Often, and especially during the Covid-19 pandemics, prevention health programs are stalled due to other policy priorities. Costbenefit analysis (CBA) can be used for the economic evaluation of public health programs to support evidence-based health policies and allows the comparison of the monetized effects of programs across different societal domains. However, CBA requires a variety of data that are typically difficult to obtain. Using the Incredible Years (IY) parenting program case, we illustrate how CBA can be practically applied. For parenting programs, the positive effects arise exclusively in non-monetary form as benefits arising from avoiding adverse effects in society. We show how to monetize them by estimating the avoided costs of healthcare, educational, and other societal costs due to the program's implementation. At a 4% social discount rate, the economic net present value is positive and high, showing that the present value of the program's benefits exceeds the costs of the program by almost €800 thousand. The benefit-to-cost index of 5.6 confirms that every € invested in the program brings benefits of €5.6 in monetary terms. Cost-benefit analysis provides a convincing foundation for distributing public funds as it allows for a comparison of fieldrelated programs and programs from different fields. Consequently, they increase any public policy's effectiveness and efficiency, but especially preventive health policy.

Features of Financing and Management of the Social Protection System in Ukraine

The article considers the features of financing and management of the social protection system of the population of Ukraine in a market economy. The directions of budget financing of the social sphere during 2010-2017 are determined. Activities for the social protection of the population are a mandatory component of any modern state. In general, social protection activities cover the area of material support and provision of social services to disabled people. The grouping of expenditures on social protection and social security by different categories according to the OECD database has been studied. Transfers in monetary and non-monetary forms to the population in the consolidated budget of Ukraine are analyzed. The dynamics of the population with average per capita equivalent total income per month, lower than the statutory subsistence level for 2010-2019, is analyzed. The modern problems of financing and management of the sphere of social protection of the population in Ukraine are revealed and the ways of their overcoming are outlined.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МОТИВАЦИИ И СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛА НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКИ

The article discusses the role of human resources in the efficiency of an organization. Employees influence the result of the company’s activities and make the company competitive in the market. The authors consider incentives as part of the HR management system and analyze the relationships between an incentive scheme and labor productivity, an incentive scheme and staff turnover, an incentive scheme and competitiveness. The authors note the importance of the electric power industry in the economy of the Russian Federation, investigate the labor market in electrical engineering in St. Petersburg, and determine a range of problems. Incentives are classified into types. The incentive system of the enterprise includes material incentives and non-material incentives. Material incentives are divided into material monetary incentives and material non-monetary incentives. Material monetary incentives consist of basic wages and additional wages. Material non-monetary incentives are material benefits and rights, as well as non-monetary forms of remuneration. Features of material incentives in the industry are noted. Enterprises in the industry use a lot of material incentives. The study shows that the majority of workers in the electric power industry are satisfied with the material incentives. Non-material incentives consist of moral incentives, organizational incentives, and work time incentives. Systematic informing of staff, organization of corporate events, official recognition of achievements, and regulation of relationships in the team are moral incentives. Improving the quality of employees’ working life, managing an employee’s career, involving the team in the management process, and organizing labor competitions are organizational incentives. Provision of additional rest time, establishment of flexible working hours, and use of flexible forms of employment are work time incentives. Features of non-material incentives for personnel in the electric power industry are analyzed. Leading enterprises of the electric power industry use company websites to inform staff. Organization of corporate events is a common incentivization method at Russian enterprises. Sports activities are most effective for increasing productivity. Enterprises of the industry do not organize creative competitions, but such competitions are necessary for satisfying the need in the implementation of employees’ creative abilities. Official recognition of merit in the power industry is manifested in the placement of the best employees’ photos on the honor board and in the granting of awards. Relationships in the team are regulated by codes of corporate ethics. The results of a special assessment of jobs at enterprises of the industry demonstrate that there are no optimal working conditions in the electric power industry. Practice shows that the opportunity of career advancement depends on the scale of the enterprise: the larger the number of staff, the more ramified the management structure and the more opportunities for career advancement. Involvement of teams in the management is difficult due the large number of enterprises in the industry. Labor competitions for teams are organized, and they are very efficient for the industry. Enterprises do not give work time incentives. The authors make recommendations on how to use various incentives at enterprises of the energy industry and name the factors influencing the incentive system.

Consumers' Intentions to Adopt Blockchain-Based Personal Health Records and Data Sharing: Focus Group Study.

BackgroundAlthough researchers are giving increased attention to blockchain-based personal health records (PHRs) and data sharing, the majority of research focuses on technical design. Very little is known about health care consumers’ intentions to adopt the applications.ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the intentions and concerns of health care consumers regarding the adoption of blockchain-based personal health records and data sharing.MethodsThree focus groups were conducted, in which 26 participants were shown a prototype of a user interface for a self-sovereign blockchain-based PHR system (ie, a system in which the individual owns, has custody of, and controls access to their personal health information) to be used for privacy and secure health data sharing. A microinterlocutor analysis of focus group transcriptions was performed to show a descriptive overview of participant responses. NVivo 12.0 was used to code the categories of the responses.ResultsParticipants did not exhibit a substantial increase in their willingness to become owners of health data and share the data with third parties after the blockchain solution was introduced. Participants were concerned about the risks of losing private keys, the resulting difficulty in accessing care, and the irrevocability of data access on blockchain. They did, however, favor a blockchain-based PHR that incorporates a private key recovery system and offers a health wallet hosted by government or other positively perceived organizations. They were more inclined to share data via blockchain if the third party used the data for collective good and offered participants nonmonetary forms of compensation and if the access could be revoked from the third party.ConclusionsHealth care consumers were not strongly inclined to adopt blockchain-based PHRs and health data sharing. However, their intentions may increase when the concerns and recommendations demonstrated in this study are considered in application design.

The regulation of zero-price markets by the competition authorities in the USA and the EU

The modern economy is flooded with products that have no monetary price. However, it is becoming something of an established fact that many zero-price products are not ‘free’ but rather incur costs for consumers in other ways. Many governments intervene in markets when consumers are not being given a fair price for their products. If the costs to consumers for some products are not monetary however, how can governments evaluate whether the costs that consumers are incurring are too high? We seek to answer this question by assessing the approaches of the US and the EU to zero-price markets as informed by their legal and ideological traditions. We offer potential policy solutions while outlining the difficulties that accompany government intervention in zero-price markets and the obstacles when it comes to measuring non-monetary forms of consumer cost.

Bootleggers, Baptists and ballots: coalitions in Arkansas’ alcohol-legalization elections

Yandle (Regulation 7(3):12–16, 1983) proposed a “bootleggers and Baptists” framework to explain political coalition formation. Using mandatory disclosure reports, I document actual examples of such coalitions in Arkansas county-level elections to legalize alcohol. The coalitions often are composed of liquor stores in bordering counties where alcohol already is legal, along with churches and other religious organizations. Funding comes primarily from existing liquor stores, although religious organizations provide funding in some cases. Religious organizations contribute to the coalition in several non-monetary forms, which I also document in this article by reference to news reports and other sources. The results confirm Yandle’s theory of tacit coalitions.

КАДРОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The processes of globalization intensify the competition between business entities, which encourages them to seek new methods and technologies to improve the efficiency of their activities. It is established that efficient logistics ensures adaptation of the enterprise to market conditions and achieving an advantage over competitors. It is determined that the introduction of logistics in the economic activity of enterprises invites to join using a systematic approach. It is based on the formulation of the complex of consumers of the subsystem and their functioning functions. The driving force at the enterprise has always been labor resources. Therefore, the staffing subsystem is quite important. In this regard, the study was to identify key areas of staffing logistics activities of enterprises by increasing its efficiency and adaptation to modern business conditions. In general, the staffing has the following structures: training; personnel selection; motivation and stimulation of staff. In the process of training, you can focus on the ability to navigate logistics, levels of English language proficiency, external and internal academic mobility of higher education seekers, employees of educational institutions from external stakeholders. The issue of acquiring soft skills by future specialists, which help to find a common language with different people, to agree with them, to argue one's position and to add content to others, is relevant. In addition, flexible navigation programs help you work with information and be in your professions in the future. Recruitment offers the search for candidates through recruitment agencies, labor exchanges, staff recommendations, cooperation with educational institutions. Motivation and stimulation of staff has monetary and non-monetary forms. Cash incentives have a negative but short-term impact on staff performance. Non-monetary motivations, on the other hand, provide a lasting and lasting positive impact on the quality of people's work. It is established that the staffing of logistics activities of enterprises is based on the coordinated efforts of customers with appropriate qualifications, professional organizations, organizers of national services and government agencies, through the development of logistics.

A study on employee perception on motivational methods with special reference to small and medium scale start-ups at malumachampatti, coimbatore

Motivation is the key factor that drives the employees to work to the fullest, thereby contributing to the success of the organization. This research paper aims at observing the perception of the employees at Small and Medium Scale Startups in Malumachampatti, Coimbatore on the motivation methods already in place at their organization. Most of the organizations have both monetary and non-monetary forms of motivational techniques. Yet, studying the views of the employees on these techniques is important in order to understand the effectiveness of them and the satisfaction level of employees. Incentives, appreciation letters and awards, bonus, payment for working overtime are few of the many motivational methods used at these companies. Motivation is an important factor that brings employee satisfaction. Every concern requires physical, financial, and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motivation human resources can be utilized by making full use of it. This will help the enterprise in securing best possible utilization of resources.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ КЛАСТЕРНОЇ МОДЕЛІ РОЗВИТКУ ДЛЯ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНО-ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

UDC 330.322; JEL Classification: Q15 Purpose: to explore and justify the possibilities of introducing a cluster development model to realize the investment and innovation potential of enterprises for the production of environmentally friendly products. Methodology of research: mathematical statistics method - for processing and analyzing source data, identifying trends in source data, identifying trends and patterns in changing analyzed indicators, substantiating the results; analysis and generalization of existing approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of environmentally oriented investment projects. Findings: the key management direction for the implementation of the investment and innovation vector of eco-production enterprises has been identified and substantiated, which consists in introducing a scheme for organizing and interacting participants in the eco-production cluster based on the combination of efforts and economic interests of fruit and berry producers, processing enterprises, scientific institutions and authorities. Originality: improved methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of environmentally oriented investment projects by supplementing them with an integrated effect indicator based on the inclusion of environmental and institutional effects in non-monetary form and the managerial effect in monetary and non-monetary forms based on a systematic approach. Practical value: a scheme of organization and interaction of participants in the eco-product cluster is proposed, which ensures the growth of indicators of the components of investment and innovation potential. In order to formalize this management direction for the implementation of the investment and innovation vector of development of an eco-production enterprise, the financial result of the proposed cluster association was calculated taking into account possible clustering models. The calculations showed that, ceteris paribus, there is a direct relationship between the degree of integration of enterprises and the profitability of an integrated structure of a cluster type.