Non-military Threats Research Articles

A Study on the Direction of National Security Policy According to the Change to the Security Environment

우리나라의 내·외부적 안보환경이 매우 위험한 상황이다. 내부적으로는 북한의 대량 살상무기(WMD)의 확산과 군사적 도발이다. 특히, 북한의 핵과 미사일은 날이 갈수록 고도화, 정밀화 되어가고 있다. 따라서, 북한의 핵과 미사일 위협에 대비하기 위해 경제적 제제 조치와 중국의 대북역할 강조를 통한 외교적 조치 등 비군사적 조치를 포함하여 한·미 동맹의 반확산위한 전략무기이용 억제와 사용한 것이다. 더불어 우리나라도 Kill-Chain시스템에 의한 한국형 미사일 방어체졔(KMD)를 조속히 구축하여 전력화가 시급한 실정이다. 다음으로 테러, 재해/재난, 전염병 등 비군사적 위협에도 국가적 차원에서 통합의 노력을 강구하여야 한다. 이를 위해 국가위기관리기구 통합 운영시스템을 강구하여, 상황발생시 즉각적인 예방과 확산을 방지하고 조속한 사후조치로 국가위기를 체계적으로 관리하여 위협이 확산되지 않도록 하여야한다.The internal and external security environment of Korea is high in danger. Internally, there is the growth of North Korea s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and military assault. In particular, North Korea s nuclear weapons and missiles are constantly becoming advanced and more precise. Therefore, the Korea-U.S. Alliance used strategic weapons to suppress North Korea s nuclear and missile threats, including non-military actions such as financial suppression and democratic actions considering China s role. At the same, it is urgent for Korea to quickly establish the Korean Missile Defense System using the Kill-Chain System. Next, Korea should make efforts to integrate the nation despite the non-military threats, such as terrorist attacks, disasters, and epidemics. For this purpose, it is important to develop a national crisis control organization s integrated operating system for instant prevention and control of urgent situations and prompt follow-up actions to systematically manage the national crisis so the threat does not spread.

Mely Caballero-Anthony and Alistair D. B. Cook, eds. Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Issues, Challenges and Framework for Action. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013, xvi+349p.

Non-Traditional Security in Asia: Issues, Challenges and Framework for Action Mely Caballero-Anthony and Alistair D. B. Cook, eds. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013, xvi+349p.Virtually anything that constitutes a threat to a person can be indexed as a human security issue. This makes it sometimes difficult to determine what should be included and what, if anything at all, should be excluded from definition. Within human security, however, we can easily distinguish two groups of threats: state-sponsored military and non-military. Anything that is technically is commonly regarded as a non-traditional security (NTS) issue, be it local or transnational in nature. Some examples are spread of infectious diseases, natural disasters, resource scarcity, transborder pollution and environmental degradation, irregular migration, transnational crime, but also threats such as state sponsored violence on domestic populations and emergence of non-state armed actors.The worldwide discourse on non-traditional security gravitates around three major schools, as editors point out in introductory chapter (Chapter 1) of this book: 1994 UNDP Report school; Japanese school; and Canadian-Norwegian school. As scope of book is not analysis of such schools but description of some case-studies, general approach of all three is simplified as being management of non-military threats to safety of societies, groups and individuals (p. 5). One thing is, however, made very clear: since many of such security challenges are transnational, securitizing actors tend to draw closer, turning to regional and multi-level frameworks that have profound implications for regional security cooperation among states, particularly in Asia.The editors then go on to introduce five pillars of securitization analysis, as defined by scholars at S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies: issue area (the nature of threat); securitizing actors; security concept (the securitized target); process (the speech act); and intervening variables (interplay of different concepts, issue linkage, role of stakeholders, and domestic political systems). Once these questions are addressed, ultimate goal is evaluation and analysis of policies and governance, or the process of decision-making and process through which decisions are (or are not) implemented (p. 8). This inevitably results in an increased interaction between state and non-state securitizing actors, a process that gives rise to multifaceted governance structures with competing or joint mandates, such as Association of Southeast Asian Nations, United Nations bodies, Bali Democracy Forum, and so forth.Analyzing, evaluating, and eventually fine-tuning these governance structures are sine qua non of success. Eight indicators are identified to measure governance performance: participation; rule of law; transparency; responsiveness; consensus-oriented decisions; equity and inclusiveness; effectiveness and efficiency; and accountability. These are perspectives through which this book undertakes an investigation into nine key non-traditional security threats in Asia.Health is first NTS threat to be addressed (Chapter 2). Infectious and parasitic diseases linked to poor nutrition and an unsafe environment are major causes of death in developing countries, and Southeast Asia in particular has a wonyingly high incidence. The chapter not only provides a comprehensive overview of frameworks and characteristics of health systems in region; it also analyzes health discourse in Asia by delineating its transnational features ( epidemics often go beyond borders). Of particular relevance is explanation of pandemic preparedness and regional cooperative schemes developed after outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). …

From ambiguity to contestation: discourse(s) of non-traditional security in the ASEAN community

ABSTRACT‘Non-traditional security’ (NTS) is prominently featured in the agenda of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other ASEAN-led institutions in the Asia-Pacific. ‘NTS’ brings together a series transnational and non-military security threats that are considered common among regional states, urgent for them to attend to, and non-sensitive all at the same time. This a priori makes it a self-evident focus of attempts to bring regional security cooperation ‘to a higher plane’. However, this paper reveals that the uncontroversial character of NTS is overestimated, by shedding light on the co-existence of divergent – and potentially contradictory – interpretations of its meaning and implications in ASEAN and the wider region. In a context where ASEAN's relevance to the pursuit of regional security is increasingly being measured against its (in)ability to provide a coherent approach to security challenges that affect the region, the contested nature of NTS has important implications for the grouping's resilience in the twenty-first century.

Constructing Arctic security: an inter-disciplinary approach to understanding security in the Barents region

ABSTRACTThe field of Security Studies traditionally focused on military threats to states' survival, however, since the end of the Cold War the concept of security has widened and individuals and communities have gradually become viewed as appropriate referent objects of security: Multifaceted challenges facing communities at the sub-state level are increasingly regarded as security threats, including their potential to cause instability for the larger society, thus affecting states’ security. In the Arctic region, a central challenge is that inhabitants are exposed to multiple non-traditional and non-military threats resulting from environmental, economic, and societal changes, which can be understood as threats tohuman security. We argue that a comprehensive approach to human security overlaps with the concept ofsocietal security, and must therefore consider threats to collective identity and the essential conditions necessary for the maintenance and preservation of a distinct society. We see the human security framework as a suitable analytical tool to study the specific challenges that threaten the Arctic population, and in turn the well-being of Arctic societies. Therefore, we argue that utilising the concept of human security can promote societal security in the context of the Arctic, and in particular, its sub-regions, for example, the Barents region.

Cybersecurity Policy and Its Implementation in Indonesia

The purpose of state defense is to protect and to save the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, the sovereignty of the state, as well as its security from all kinds of threats, whether they are military or non-military ones. One of the non-military threats that potentially threatens the sovereignty and security of the nation-state is the misuse of technology and information in cyberspace. The threat of irresponsible cyber attacks can be initiated by both state and non-state actors. The actors may be an individual, a group of people, a faction, an organization, or even a country. Therefore, the government needs to anticipate cyber threats by formulating cyber security strategies and determining comprehensive steps to defend against cyber attacks; its types and the scale of counter-measures, as well as devising the rules of law.

An Analysis of the Implementation of the Policy to Integrate of National Defense Components in Managing Non-Military Threats in the Health Sector

This research was based on the Minister of Defense’s Decree No. 16/2012 that stated that all national defense components to integrate into one unit when they encounter military and non-military threats. The Ministry of Health, as the main player, and other governmental and private agencies would also play a role in overcoming complex and multidimensional non-military threats, especially in the health sector. Among those threats are infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Ebola. We aim to discover the implementation process of the law above in the management of those two diseases. This was a qualitative analytical research with in-depth interviews. From this research we discovered that there are several confounding factors in both the main and supporting elements of the implementation, they are the lack of socialization for the policy and fragmented management of the resources and early awareness. We recommend that the ministry increase the socialization and coordination between all stakeholders of all the sectors and from the central to the regional government.

Consequences of organized crime for national security

Organized crime is one of the greatest threats to modern civilization, which increasingly tends to assume global significance and threaten human survival, economy, economic and financial systems, the environment, as well as the achievements and values of human civilization. The paper deals with some aspects of the problem of organized crime, as one of the most serious contemporary non-military threats to national and international security. When it comes to threats to national security, destructive effects on all areas of social and state life are evident. Organized crime is not only very serious, but it is insufficiently visible and incompletely explored social phenomenon. Starting from the actuality of organized crime as a phenomenon, the paper points to the evolution and new threatening dimensions of contemporary organized crime, as well as the consequences for citizens and national security. In addition, there is a brief review of the legislative framework, and the activities and results achieved by the police in suppressing this phenomenon. Organized crime, as a severe form of criminal activity, can not be completely eradicated. However, certain forms of struggle can reduce it to a more tolerable level, with the ultimate aim to suppress it effectively with adequate resources and, if possible, eradicate in areas where it inflicts the most damage. The harm from organized crime is reflected primarily in its destructive action on the most important social values and goods: democracy, rule of law, democratic institutions, and the market economy.

Невоенные угрозы безопасности в Арктике

Невоенные угрозы безопасности в Арктике

Conflicts about water in Lake Chad: Are environmental, vulnerability and security issues linked?

This article builds on the growing literature that explores the relationships between environmental change and non-traditional security, defined as non-military threats that challenge the survival and well-being of peoples and states. The Lake Chad basin in Africa is used as a case study for analysis. Focusing on a set of questions that have dominated recent theoretical debates, this article investigates whether conflicts resulting from water scarcity are as much about the broader vulnerability of the Lake Chad region as they are about changes in the lake system and its environment. It argues that conflict is a probable outcome only in locations that are already challenged by a multitude of other context-specific factors besides resource scarcity. In the Lake Chad context, the likelihood of scarcity-driven conflict depends on whether vulnerability increases or decreases in the face of a declining water supply. The article provides perspectives for a nuanced understanding of how the receding Lake Chad has led to conflict and outlines an integrated, forward-looking research agenda for linking environmental change, vulnerability and security issues in integrated human–environment systems.

Multidimensional Threats and Military Engagement: The Case of the Italian Intervention in Libya

The military operation in Libya (2011) is a paradigmatic case regarding the growing interaction of new security challenges: regional instability, transnational organized crime and illegal immigration. The main aim of the paper is to answer the question: Why has Italy employed a specifically military instrument to tackle transnational and non-military threats? Through process tracing the research looks at the political debate over the decision-making process in the case of the Italian military engagement in Libya, emphasizing the role played by the strategic culture, international norms and domestic dynamics.

CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS

CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS

An Analysis of the Implementation of the Policy to Integrate of National Defense Components in Managing Non-Military Threats in the Health Sector

Abstract. This research was based on the Minister of Defense’s Decree No. 16/2012 that stated that all national defense components to integrate into one unit when they encounter military and non-military threats. The Ministry of Health, as the main player, and other governmental and private agencies would also play a role in overcoming complex and multidimensional non-military threats, especially in the health sector. Among those threats are infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Ebola. We aim to discover the implementation process of the law above in the management of those two diseases. This was a qualitative analytical research with in-depth interviews. From this research we discovered that there are several confounding factors in both the main and supporting elements of the implementation, they are the lack of socialization for the policy and fragmented management of the resources and early awareness. We recommend that the ministry increase the socialization and coordination between all stakeholders of all the sectors and from the central to the regional government. Keywords: non-military threats, national defense components, policy implementation

Polskie bezpieczeństwo cywilne w kontekście regionalnym

The chapter provides an overview of the civil security in Poland. At the beginning, the notion of civil security is explained and delimitated using the most common current definitions related to civil security, such as civil protection or disaster management. Theoretical conceptualizations from the Polish literature on the subject are included as well. In the second part of the chapter, main outlines of the civil security in Poland are presented based on peoples’ perception of non-military threats. This is done based on the data from Eurobarometer surveys from 2011 and 2012, both of which had a civil security component. Here, also the regional context is brought into debate, as the outcomes for Poland are compared with the ones for the Visegrad Group and with those for the whole EU. In the third and the last section, the organization of civil security in Poland is outlined, together with the appreciation of the role of the non-governmental (i.e. civic and for-profit/private) sector. The section then proceeds with the understanding of civil security as provided by the extant Polish legislation. Such understanding and practice is then compared with the theoretical approaches which were provided at the beginning. Peoples’ perceptions, too, are brought again into the forefront as they are linked here to the actual civil security practice in Poland.

Developments in Icelandic Security Policy

Iceland has been slow in developing a national security concept, for reasons that include a long period of reliance on US protection post-World War Two, and divided internal views over this defence solution. Since the withdrawal of all US stationed forces in 2006, Iceland’s security partnerships have diversified and attempts have been made to frame security in more multi-functional terms. The Risk Assessment Report of 2009 made important progress in itemizing non-military threats and risks. On this basis, a cross-party parliamentary committee was invited to start work in 2012 on guidelines for a security strategy. Its report, published in March 2014, establishes a large area of consensus on ‘softer’ security issues and on remaining in NATO, with a few dissenting voices on the latter. Its main omission is a proper treatment of economic and financial security, still tied to the divisive issue of EU membership. Meanwhile, Iceland’s recent security experience in 2014 has helped to highlight the reality of both harder and softer security challenges. The government can now proceed to draft a full official security strategy, to be laid before parliament possibly in 2015.

The legal framework for the engagement of the Serbian Armed Forces in emergencies

In the period after the world was divided in blocs, the current security issue has been extended to new security risks, challenges and threats, such as armed rebellion, terrorism and organized crime, social instability, economic problems and migration caused by them, environmental degradation, outbreaks of infectious diseases, and other phenomena. Peacetime, so-called 'non-military threats' and the conditions and situations caused by them today are the dominant type of threat to all modern states that have kept the responsibility and central role in achieving the security. Within its legal framework, the Republic of Serbia has qualified the conditions and the situations caused by the so called 'non-military threats' using the terms 'the state of emergency' and 'emergency situations'. Also, the Republic of Serbia and the Serbian Armed Forces, as part of the national security system, are mandated by this framework and allowed to act in order to reduce as much as possible the consequences caused by their occurrence. The paper determines the concepts of the state of emergency and the emergency situation, presents the prerequisites for the functioning of the Republic of Serbia and the Serbian Armed Forces in emergencies, and identifies problems that may affect the timely and joint actions of various entities in emergency situations.

Climate change and security: forging a cooperative mechanism in South Asia

The traditional notion of security in international relations can be seen as something focusing on a state’s concerns with safeguarding territory. The post-cold war era, characterised by issues such as economic dependency, intra-wars, globalisation and environmental degradation, resulted in new views on the definition and nature of security to include non-military security threats. This paper highlights the major impacts of climate change on the overall security aspects for the South-Asian region. The paper explains that climate change is a phenomenon which will increasingly undermine the very essence and existence of national and human security. The paper strongly argues for the broadening of the concept of security to include environmental and specifically climate change dimension with the help of Buzan and Waever’s ‘securitisation theory’. It further analyses how these non-military threats provide an opportunity and occasion for the nations in South Asia to forge a mechanism for cooperation. The paper also suggests some innovative cooperative security mechanism approaches for the states in South Asia to come together, to address the security threat of climate change.

VARNOSTNI IZZIVI V JUGOVZHODNI EVROPI

The purpose of this article is to identify the principal security challenges in South Eastern Europe. The mix of challenges has changed radically since the end of the Cold War and the wars in the former Yugoslavia, in favour of non-military threats. The era of wars of religion, ideology and redrawing of state borders in the Western Balkans seems to be over. The tranquillity in the region, imposed from the outside has been buttressed by two international protectorates. The suppression of armed violence did not add up to long-term stability as the underbrush of nationalism, in- tolerance and inter-communal hatred still survives in the Balkans. The potential for interethnic conflicts and for further fragmentation in the former Yugoslavia has not yet been fully exhausted in spite of much improved interstate relations. Prominent among the non-military threats to security are organized crime, corruption, natural and ecological disasters, climate change and weak energy security. The inclusion of the entire South Eastern Europe into Euro-Atlantic structures offers the best promise. There are thus good reasons for moderately optimistic expectation that the South Eastern Europe will eventually become a region of democracy, prosperity and stability.

Security Council's Humanitarian Intervention: Revisiting Somalia and Rwanda

Founded in 1945, as the Preamble of the UN Charter indicates, the United Nations tries “to provide peace, security, and justice.” The UN, in one way, tries to achieve this end through humanitarian intervention, meaning the “post hoc rationalization for uses of force otherwise difficult to reconcile with international law.” However, because the word “humanitarian intervention” does not appear in the UN Charter, the UN has agreed upon three principles of humanitarian intervention: uses military force, interferes in the state’s internal affairs, and responds to crises where states’ interests are not directly threatened. But in order to get the green light, the UN looks to the Security Council to authorize military force. As a result, when the post-cold war era (1990-2000) had an increase in non-military threats — including gross and systematic violations of human rights and obstructions in the delivery of humanitarian assistance — the UN saw Somalia and Rwanda’s situations as constituting threats to international peace and security.

Nehru’s Idea of Indian Security

Nehru’s vision of Indian security can be understood at three different levels: conceptual, operational and capability. First, at the conceptual level, Nehru did not only identify national security with military threats but located it in a broader perspective by taking cognisance of non-military security threats. Second, at the operational level, notwithstanding the criticism that he received on the issues of Kashmir and China, Nehru managed to handle critical security threats by integrating the princely states into the Union of India. Their independence could have proved to be a perennial security threat because of their location. Apart from this, Goa as a Portuguese colony was another threat to Indian security, which was handled successfully in 1961 under Nehru’s leadership. Third, at the capability level, Nehru’s contribution to Indian national security is tremendous. Nehru was aware that India had to develop its political, economic, technological and military capabilities to secure itself in the comity of nations.

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Understanding Human Security

Since the end of the Cold War, security studies have broadened to take into account a wide range of non-military threats ranging from poverty to environmental concerns rather than just national defense. Security scholars, backed by international organizations and a growing number of national governments, have developed the concept of Human Security, focusing on the welfare of ordinary people against a broad range of threats. This has aroused vigorous debate. Part I of this paper proposes an analytical model of Human Security. Part II argues that it is important to measure how ordinary people perceive risks, moving beyond state-centric notions of Human Security. We examine new evidence, drawing upon survey items specially designed to monitor perceptions of Human Security, included for the first time in the 6th wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), with fieldwork conducted in 2010-2012. Part III demonstrates that people distinguish three dimensions: national, community, and personal security and then explores some structural determinants driving these perceptions. Part IV discusses why perceptions of Human Security matter, in particular for explaining cultural values and value change around the world. The conclusion argues that the shift from a narrow focus on military security toward the broader concept of Human Security is a natural response to the changing challenges facing developed societies, in which the cost-benefit ratio concerning war has become negative and cultural changes have made war less acceptable. In this setting, valid measures of perceptions of Human Security have become essential, both to understand the determinants of Human Security among ordinary people, and to analyze their consequences.