Non-military Threats Research Articles

INDONESIA'S STATE DEFENSE STRATEGY COUNTER-TERRORISM AS IRREGULAR WARFARE FROM A TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE

<div><p class="Els-history-head">National defense is an effort to maintain territorial integrity, national safety, and state sovereignty, from disturbances and threats to the state and nation. Threats have evolved, not only military and non-military threats but also hybrids. Terrorism is a threat in the area of defense as well as security. By using qualitative research methods, this article tries to answer the question, what is the role of Indonesia in the national defense strategy to fight terrorism as an irregular war in Indonesia? From the discussion, it can be concluded that the efforts made to strengthen the national defense as a whole are to strengthen the ability to defend the state for all citizens because state defense is an integral part of the universal national defense system. </p></div>

DENTISTS' ROLE IN STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE SYSTEM

<div><p class="Els-history-head">National defense is a form of effort to maintain state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national safety. In Indonesia, the national defense system is used in the form of a universal people's defense system that involves all resources prepared by the government and is carried out in a total, integrated, directed, and sustainable manner. The common people's defense and security system is used in dealing with various threats. Military threats place the Indonesian National Army (TNI) as the main component, while non-military threats place Ministries/Institutions as the main component. This study will identify how dentists can play a role in strengthening the defense system in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with data collection techniques through literature studies and field observations. The results showed that in strengthening the defense system, dentists had the following roles namely 1) examination and treatment of the dental and oral health of soldiers, when the condition of the teeth is not good, it would interfere with the personnel’s performance in the field; 2) in military operations, dentists also play a role in recording the ante mortem of troops; and 3) in the field of review, plays a very large role in identifying disaster victims, this is because teeth are the only part of the body that has a good level of resistance. Military dentists as one of the professionals in the health sector in Indonesia play an active role in strengthening the national defense system, but the distribution of human resources for health workers is still not evenly distributed throughout Indonesia. There needs an effort to manage dental health personnel so that the rights of every Indonesian citizen in the health sector, especially dental health, can be fulfilled optimally. </p></div>

Hybrid Threats – Means of Destabilization of Law and Order in Modern Democratics Societes. Idea and Methodology of Proposed Research

Threats are one of the most serious threats to the legal order of a democratic state. Their non-linear, asymmetric nature makes them more dangerous than other threats to the legal order. The use of multifaceted measures as a weapon disrupts, above all, the legal order of the state. Hybrid threats rely heavily on non-military domains. Civilian populations are central to the hybrid threat scenarios as sources for potential socio-political vulnerabilities and as targets for non-military threats and attacks, not least disinformation campaigns. A significant part of the hybrid threat phenomena is psychological. Actors targeting communities/societies to exacerbate weaknesses do not necessarily create social vulnerabilities themselves but make use of divisions that already exist in civil society. Using disinformation, populations are targeted and used as potential weapons within the state/society in question. This paper shows a concrete scientific approach to the study to of this issue.

TOPIC: SECURITIZATION OF GLOBAL HEALTH PANDEMIC AND REITERATING THE RELEVANCE OF 2005 INTERNATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS: COVID-19 AND HUMAN SECURITY IN AFRICA.

The Copenhagen school of security changed the long-standing traditional thinking of security that was state-centered. Thus security, from a state-centric view was a Westphalian doctrine that centered on issues of war, interstate rivalry, boundary disputes, foreign policy, arms race, alliance, protection of state and its leaders, etc. The integration of non-military threats like health, disease, poverty, terrorism, environmental degradation, etc. into security discourse was adopted as serious security threats of global proportion. The securitization of health pandemics like COVID-19 was also given a boost by the 2005 International Health Regulation-IHR. The IHR-2005 tends to prevent, protect against, control, detect with surveillance using an early warning system, and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade restrictions. Yet countries and the African continent were not swift in tracking the COVID-19 unleashed unbearable global suffering in the form of the heavy death toll, unemployment, denial of human rights to movement, assembly, worship, and a decline in the global economy, halting international travel and international economy/business. The paper, therefore, examined the success of the IHR-2005, in terms of African continent compliance with IHR-2005 and the impact of COVID-19 on human security in Africa. The paper is content analysis-based in methodology as data was obtained from mainly secondary sources, such as textbooks, journal publications, internet materials, magazines, etc. the human security theory was explored to buttress the paper. It was discovered that, despite the International and Regional regulations, to track and curb the spread and devastating impact of health pandemic as COVID-19, the African continent still suffered severely, with death tolls, job loss, human and Civil rights abuses, etc. the work, therefore, recommends: equipping the various states, not just financially, but with skilled and trained manpower in areas of health emergencies, ensuring various states implement such regulations with strict monitoring.

Changes in the Benelux defence policy between 2014-2019

Europe’s security situation has evolved somewhat over the past few years, causing national defence policies to be reviewed and strengthened. Being members of Nato and the European Union, the Benelux countries of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg have been changing their defence policies to face complex military and non-military threats. The potential threat from Russia is one factor which has been behind their closer military cooperation, supported by the process of rebuilding national military capabilities. Progress has been especially visible after 2014 most especially due to Russian aggression against Ukraine, along with hybrid threats and terrorists attacks. All three countries tend to cooperate with each other while also enjoying ever-closer relations with Nato and other EU members, while the USA has a special place in this arrangement. All of these connections and areas of cooperation will be covered in this article. The author utilises the qualitative research approach which involves one or more case studies, along with institutional and behavioural analysis, deskbound research, analysis, and synthesis methods.

PANGKALAN TENTARA NASIONAL INDONESIA HALIM PERDANAKUSUMA SEBAGAI BANDARA KOMERSIL DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PROFESIONALISME AWAK PESAWAT

Halim Perdanakusuma Air Base is not onlt used for military purposes but also for commercial flights. This condition is certainly not an easy matter, especially since it only has one shared runway where the militaru and commercial secter habe their own orientatios. Moreover, where the Halim Perdanakusuma Airfield is always required to be ready to face various threats, considering that currently global dynamics are very developing. For this reason, it is necessary to suppert the professionalism of good flight crews though the implementation of well-scheduled operations and exercise so that the Halim Perdanakusuma Airfield is prepared to face this challenges. The research method used is qualitative method with a phenomenological research desigh. From this study it was concluded that 1) As a multifunctional Air Base, Halim Perdanakusuma needs to be managed properly considering it is quite vulnerable to military and non-military threats, and 2) Halim Perdanakusuma Airbase operations and training in realizing the professionalsm of the flight crew are carried out well even though the are still experiencing problems. Obstacles, including time management, not yet developed good synergy and cooperation, limited facilities and infrastucture, no measurable grand design in the implementation of practice operation and so on. The conclucion is necessary to develop Halom Perdanakusuma Airbase wichi is carried out in a sustainable and structure manner in the managenet of airbase, the addion of a missle unit that functions as a detterent to air attacs, increasing cooperation between the airbase and airport through MoU, grand design specially in operations and training in realizing flight crews also improving facilities and infrastructure to support the existence.Keywords: Exercise, Indonesian, Air force, Operation, Use and Professionalism

Disinformation, Propaganda, and Fake News as Non-Military Security Threats for Contemporary Modern Human Society

Today’s modern human civilization is significantly influenced by deepening globalization processes, which are reflected to a greater or lesser extent in all spheres of society. With one of the characteristic manifestations of the present, with the dynamic onset of new media, the rapid development and massive use of information and communication technologies, systems and means, another new range of possibilities has emerged, such as disseminating, sharing, but also searching for information and news. At the same time, however, a new range of options has emerged for disseminating misleading and information – disinformation – in order to influence people’s actions. The spread of disinformation thus represents an extremely dangerous threat today, which can have very adverse consequences for individuals, organizations, and society as a whole. Therefore, the aim of the author of the article is to point out the danger of dissemination of disinformation, the need to look at them as a security threat for a democratic society and the need to take adequate measures to prevent their dissemination.

PENGARUH ANGGARAN PERTAHANAN DAN MINIMUM ESSENTIAL FORCE DALAM MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN NON MILITER

National defense is a government function that is carried out through a universal defense system. Defense is functioned to deal with urgent threats to national security and defense not only limited to space and time, but also to the strategic environment at the global, regional, and national levels. The conditions faced by the COVID-19 pandemic have weakened several sectors. Through the program of military operations other than war (OMSP), the Indonesian National Armed Forces together with related institutions are trying to strengthen each other in actions to stabilize the country. For this reason, it is very important to prepare the defense budget in optimizing personnel and material capabilities. This research is focused on knowing the effect of the defense budget and minimum essential force in facing non-military threats partially or simultaneously. This research method uses a survey with data collection through questionnaires. This research is associative quantitative research which aims to find the influence or relationship between variables. The sample used is 76 respondents. Data processing using SPSS 21.0 analysis for the data quality test process, classical assumption test, and multiple linear regression test. The results achieved in this study include, (1) the defense budget and the minimum essential force simultaneously have a positive and significant effect in dealing with non-military threats, (2) the budget has a positive and significant effect in dealing with non-military threats, (3) the minimum essential force has an effect on positive and significant in dealing with non-military threats.

The policy in handling transnational crime at Indonesia’s Maritime Borders (Study at tanjung Balai Asahan, North Sumatera Province)

The strategic geographical constellation on the one hand, can bring benefits to Indonesia, but on the other hand, this position is very vulnerable to threats, both military threats from foreign countries and non-military threats in the form of crimes or illegal activities. Meanwhile, accelerated globalization with technological advances, especially information technology, makes it seem as if there are no boundaries between countries. The rise of transnational crimes in Indonesia, of course, has implications for national defense. Therefore, a comprehensive and integrated effort is needed to minimize the occurrence of transnational crimes at Indonesia's maritime borders, especially in Tanjung Balai Asahan, Medan, North Sumatra Province. It is proven by the increasing trend in the number of transnational crime rates that continue to increase from year to year and it is made worse by the involvement of the community and unscrupulous security forces that choose shortcuts to seek profit by carrying out these illegal actions as happened in several research taken. From the results of the analysis, it was found that 4 types of crime dominate in the Tanjung Balai area, they are smuggling of illegal goods, Drugs, Human trafficking, and People smuggling. Moreover, the weaknesses that made the crimes happened can be categorized as the lack in communication, resources, disposition, and Bureaucratic structure.

THE MEASUREMENT OF POTENTIAL RISK OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION AT GAS STASION IN TO ANTICIPATE NON-MILITARY THREATS

Introduction: Gas stations (SPBU in Indonesia) have the potency for fire and explosion hazards due to the storage and distribution of flammable liquids, one of which is Pertamax. This can be a non-military threat in the dimension of public safety because if it occurs, the resulting loss could be very large in terms of material or life. This study aims to determine the risk of fire and explosion at Indonesian gas station. Methods: The risk assessment method used is the Dow's Fire and Explosion Index in a simulated case. Results: The potential for fire and explosion or the value of the Fire Explosion Index (F&EI) in the simulated case is 110,828. The exposure radius is 28,39 m and the damage factor to the Pertamax storage tank is 63%. The large area of the Exposure is 24 m2 with an area of 96 m3 of the bunker building volume. The value of the loss suffered by the company in the event of a fire and explosion in the Pertamax tank is Rp. 403.908.076,97. Conclusion: The results of the study have a risk level that is classified as Intermediate, so it is necessary to control risks such as increasing active protection and is expected to be an input in efforts to safeguard against non-military threats so as to reduce the impact of risks and losses that occur in the Pertamax storage tank.

Non-Military Defense Against Covid-19 in Bali Indonesia

The importance of strengthening non-military defense capabilities in the province of Bali as a result of the threat of the Covid-19 virus is motivated by the importance of maintaining national defense from various non-military threats, such as ideological, political, economic, socio-cultural threats, terrorism, drugs and public safety such as the spread of the Covid-19 virus. . The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in the province of Bali is still high where as of June 9, 2021, it was recorded that the cumulative number of cases was 47,581 people, 45,630 people recovered (95.90%), and 1,514 people died (3.18%), 437 active cases. people (0.92%), with the highest number of sufferers in Denpasar City with an accumulation of 15,032 sufferers. The spread of the Covid-19 virus in Bali has reduced economic growth and people's income in the tourism aspect. From these conditions, questions can be drawn about how the level of non-military Defense capability is to deal with the threat of the Covid-19 virus, alternative priorities and strategies for strengthening non-military Defense capabilities. By using quantitative research methods on non-military defense capabilities in policy/regulatory aspects (3.6), early awareness (3.9), state defense (3.9), technological capability (3.7) and budgetary support (3.5 ). To support the strengthening of non-military defense capabilities, it is necessary to formulate appropriate policies and establish non-military threat countermeasures institutions. The strategic step that needs to be taken is to increase the ability to analyze various potential threats in order to provide appropriate data analysis to deal with various potential military threats. As a suggestion, government action is needed to support increased national awareness to prevent risks from non-military threats.

KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK PERTAHANAN NEGARA INDONESIA

This research is analytical descriptive research. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze Indonesia's national defense public policy from time to time. Formulating national defense public policies with appropriate and adaptive strategies in the implementation of national defense is an absolute requirement for realizing the independence of national defense and security. Public policy on national defense can guide and provide the nation in the future in facing various threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges that come and go, both military and non-military threats. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution of national defense public policy based on Indonesia's leadership so that it can be a reference in improving national defense in the future. The results of the study indicate that the more renewable National Defense Public Policy is following technological developments and the types of threats that are increasingly unpredictable, namely the National Defense Policy of 2018 and Presidential Regulation No. 8 of 2021 concerning the General Policy of National Defense for 2020-2024 which produces various strategic products including the National Defense Doctrine of 2021, National Defense Posture of 2021, National Defense Strategy of 2021, National Defense White Paper of 2021, MEF Adjustments, and MEF's TNI for 2020-2024

The synergy of human resources management between the regional governments of the Riau Islands Province with elements of defense in facing non military threats

Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2002 concerning the National Defense explained that Indonesia's defense was carried out with a universal defense system to deal with every form of military and non-military threats. Geographically, Riau Islands Province is an area directly border to neighboring countries that have potential non-military threats. These non-military threats include illegal activities in the form smuggling of goods, illegal drugs, human trafficking, terrorism and penetration of foreign ideologies as well as cases of actual non-military threats, COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of the research are to analyze the management of human resources and the synergy between local governments and defense elements from the army, navy and air force in the Riau Islands Province as well as analyze the obstacles and the efforts to create in the face of non-military threats. The method of the research is a qualitative method with primary data collecting techniques, interviews, and secondary data in the form of literature studies. The results showed that the local government and elements of defense in the Riau Islands Province in facing non-military threats with ideological, economical, technological and information dimensions, economics, health and safety made programs by managing human resources through the functions of planning, organizing, actuating and controling. While synergy is built in two ways, namely communication through social communication through discussion, dialogue, official letters, mutual cooperation and coordination through communication forums of regional leaders. Constraints faced are geographical conditions, facilities and infrastructure, budget constraints and limited personnel. Efforts to overcome obstacles in creating synergy are increasing the frequency of regional leadership communication forums, optimizing cooperation, transforming defense human resources and increasing joint activities.

The Challenges of Civil-Military Cooperation in The Face of Cyber Threats in Indonesia

Non-military threats in the era of globalization are so complex, cybercrime is a threat that must be considered by all groups, including the government, military and society. The existence of cyber threats requires strengthening civil-military cooperation to deal with them. In this research, the writer wants to knowwhat are the challenges ahead for civil-military cooperation in dealing with cyber threats in Indonesia. Methods of data collection using literature review. The results of the research are cyber threats at the civilian level. The government has regulated matters relating to activities in cyberspace through laws and regulations. At the military level, cyber defense has been established to deal with cyber threats. It can be said that civil-military cooperation has been carried out by using their respective powers. And another form of cooperation is civilians supporting the military in defending the country’s sovereignty and participating in various threats.

NATO-EU: security policy in the XXI century.

The article characterizes the state and development of the security policy of NATO and the EU in the 21st century. The main provisions of the EU security system are disclosed. Attention is focused on the key aspects of the formation of a strategic partnership in the specified period. Challenges to European and global security that consolidate NATO and EU efforts to deepen cooperation are outlined. There are terrorism, Russian aggression, hybrid, and now full-scale war in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea, the strengthening of the role of China, Brexit, climate change, 5G, cybercrime, the global remilitarization race, increasing defense budgets, the coronavirus pandemic, and others. It is noted that both the EU and NATO are looking for adequate tools for responding to these challenges and tools for adapting to the new state of affairs. It was emphasized that Russian aggression and an attack on a sovereign democratic state have become the biggest threat to European security. The modern architecture of European and world security largely depends on whether a collective action will be able to provide support for Ukraine, protect values and stabilize the existing world order. Documents, official publications, statements of leaders, etc. were analyzed. The main principles and directions of NATO-EU cooperation in the field of security, as well as the priorities of political-strategic and diplomatic cooperation, which ensures the coordination of plans, have been accumulated. The strategic partnership is based on strengthening cooperation on crisis management, enabling NATO to support the EU in crisis management and operations through the sharing of resources, operational planning and management. It was concluded that the closer convergence of EU and NATO security policies in 2016 was activated by the EU policy, which was aimed at strengthening Europe’s collective security through cooperation with its strategic partners, starting with NATO. It was noted that one of the key principles of cooperation between the EU and NATO is a single set of forces. This means that joint member states do not have separate armed forces for NATO and separate ones for the EU. That is why the EU and NATO are working to streamline the priorities and bring together the processes of defense planning, cooperation in civil and military operations, military exercises and the development of the defense industry. The senior leadership of the EU and NATO also coordinates political activities and diplomatic matters to ensure a coherent and common approach in the Euro-Atlantic community. A separate important item in the list of joint measures between the EU and NATO is the improvement of military mobility, which should significantly contribute to the increase of joint defense capabilities. It is revealed how the intention to strengthen the partnership is reflected in the NATO 2030 development strategy and in the new strategic concept of NATO – 2022. It is concluded that according to the Strategy, the EU acts as an important and unique partner of NATO and that these organizations play a complementary, harmonious and mutually reinforcing role in maintaining international peace and security. Neither NATO nor the European Union has all the tools needed to respond to Russia’s malign activities or to challenges involving other non-military threats. Faced with these threats, they need to work together and have many tools, political, diplomatic, economic, military, which facilitate countermeasures. And despite the existence of different views on the role of the EU and NATO in the implementation of security policy, their mandates in the sphere of security and defense coincide and complement each other more and more. However, it is obvious that there are more common themes for NATO and the EU in the defense sphere than dividing factors.

Climate Change and Global Security: Framing an Existential Threat

Should the climate change crisis be framed in security terms? Many argue that it is dangerous to treat non-military threats as security issues. Such “securitization” is associated with the expansion of executive power and the exercise of exceptional measures involving the suspension of individual rights, secrecy, state violence, and a weakening of the rule of law. Nonetheless, climate change has already been identified as a security issue by many government agencies and international institutions.1 But, as J. Benton Heath explores in “Making Sense of Security,” the very concept of security is both ambiguous and contested.2 There are different and competing ideas about what it means, when, and by whom it should be invoked, the kinds of law and policy responses it should trigger, and, crucially, who gets to decide these questions. Heath argues that differing approaches to security reflect deeper struggles over whose knowledge matters in identifying and responding to security threats. He develops a typology for assessing these different approaches, and the implications they have for international law and institutions. But, while he notes that climate change is precisely one of those issues around which there are competing security claims, he leaves to others the question of whether, or how, to frame climate change in security terms. This essay takes up that question, continuing the inquiry into how best to understand the concept of security, and how Heath's typology helps think about the question. It argues that it may indeed be important to frame climate change in security terms, but as a matter of global security rather than national security.

TRANSNATIONALISM THREAT TO THE INDONESIAN SOCIETY IN THE BORDER AREA OF INDONESIA-MALAYSIA (STUDY ON CAMAR BULAN SOCIETY)

<div><p class="Els-history-head">In general, issues related to the threat of transnationalism at the border have long been a hot topic among academics. This issue includes a real threat that threatens the nationalism of people living on the border. The purpose of this research is to prove transnationalism from the real life of the people who live on the border of the hamlet of Camar Bulan Temajuk. The use of ethnographic methods deepens the analysis of data in the field in the form of descriptive and objective data taken from 12 informants from different community groups. Field data collection begins with observations and interviews with community informants. The result The data describes various threats and obstacles that come from military threats at the border. However, non-military threats such as the circulation of foreign money, kinship ties, infrastructure, social inequalities, and overly free community interactions have made the psychology of society towards Indonesian nationalism lose and fade. Furthermore, transnationalism also disappears the people's national identity at the border, prides themselves on being Indonesian citizens, and more trust in other countries. This research provides contributions and thoughts related to the real threat of transnationalism to be reference material and evaluation for academics, government, and field practitioners.</p></div>

National security policy and strategy of the Republic of Poland – introduction to a discussion

This article presents basic issues related to the theoretical assumptions of state security policy and strategy. The aim of this article is to present basic problems related to the doctrinal assumptions of the national security strategies of the Republic of Poland. During its preparation, theoretical research methods were applied. The considerations presented in the article indicate that security of The Republic of Poland, which is the case of most countries in the world, is conditioned by external and internal factors and should be treated as a key goal of the state's security policy and strategy. They also indicate that the high level of military and non-military threats in various parts of the world makes everyone aware of the complexity of broadly understood security and the tools that the state has at its disposal for the sake of it.

THE ROLE OF THE INDONESIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE AGAINST THREATS TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FROM A NON-MILITARY DEFENSE PERSPECTIVE

<div><p class="Els-history-head">The agricultural sector is the main element in the food supply, especially to achieve food security, climate change, damage to agricultural infrastructure, land conversion and declining agricultural production are threats in the agricultural sector that are currently occurring both globally and nationally can cause a food crisis. One of the government's efforts to maintain sustainable food availability is the food estate program involving the Ministry of Defense. This study aims to identify the role of the Indonesian Ministry of Defense in overcoming threats to the agricultural sector for the welfare and interests of national defense. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach. The data collection technique is to examine empirical information or data sourced from books, journals, scientific research reports, and other literature that has links to the national defense sector and the agricultural sector, as well as open library materials such as magazines, newspapers, and websites. From the perspective of non-military defense, it can be concluded that the role of defense institutions in overcoming non-military threats, in this case, the threat of a food crisis, is as a form of support capacity in securing national food availability, both production and distribution as well as supporting non-military defense functions in the context of realizing national logistics reserves. To support the implementation of a non-military defense system in agriculture that can maintain the safety of the nation from the threat of a food crisis, it is necessary to empower non-military defense so that it has strong deterrence in preventing all threats that arise.</p></div>

SOCIALIZATION STRATEGY TO INSTILL NATIONALISM IN 3T (FRONTIER, LEAST DEVELOPED, OUTERMOST) REGIONS TO COUNTER THE NATIONAL DEFENSE THREATS

<div><p class="Els-history-head">The 3T region (terdepan, tertinggal, terluar or frontier, least developed, outermost) in Indonesia is an area that is prone to non-military threats, especially ideological threats that can affect national defense. Various efforts have been made by the government but the level of success achieved is still minimal. In this case, the state needs to seriously develop steps to socialize the attitude of nationalism, especially to people in the 3T region. The purpose of this study was to explore the appropriate socialization strategy used in inculcating the attitude of nationalism in the 3T society regions. This study used qualitative methods with data collection through library research and analytical methods using descriptive analysis. The results of this study are expected to find the right socialization strategy that should be applied in the 3T region in the future. The success in efforts to socialize the planting of nationalism in the 3T region by the government depends on many factors, and the involvement of the central government and regional parties, as well as all levels of society, is an important aspect in determining the success of these efforts.</p></div>