Non-military Threats Research Articles

The Role of the Ministry of Home Affairs as Non-Military Defense in Handling Inflation to Support National Security

Inflation is one of the non-military threats in the economic dimension, as stipulated in Presidential Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning the General Defense Policy of 2020-2024. The Ministry of Home Affairs plays a crucial role as a key component in non-military defense against the threat of inflation in Indonesia. This research aims to elucidate the role of the Ministry of Home Affairs as part of non-military defense in handling inflation to support national security of a country. The author employs a qualitative research method with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, literature review, and data analysis using an interactive model by Miles Huberman, Saldana (2014), and Bruce J. Cohen's Theory of Roles (1992). The research findings indicate that the Ministry of Home Affairs, as part of Non-Military Defense, has played an enacted role in concrete efforts to control inflation. In the context of National Security, these follow-up actions by the Ministry of Home Affairs can have implications for economic stability and the inflation rate to support or maintain national security of a country

Analisis Peran Pendidikan Dalam Membentuk Kesadaran Akan Hak dan Kewajiban Warganegara di Kalangan Generasi Muda Indonesia

Considering that the millennial generation will continue the life of the nation and state, the millennial generation needs to be made aware of the importance of preserving the country. This will support the country's defense against internal and external, military and non-military threats. Because education helps future generations of young people understand history, values, and dedication to preserving the country, education is very important for national defense. Students can become development agents who benefit society and the nation through education and learning how important it is to maintain national unity. This research will use normative juridical research which takes an approach from legal, phenomenon and ideological perspectives. This article aims to determine the extent to which formal education in Indonesia influences the development of awareness of national defense in the younger generation, explores the factors that influence this understanding and awareness, examines how the national education curriculum is implemented, and provides suggestions for strengthening the education system. The advantages of this work are as follows: it provides an in-depth analysis of how education forms a strong concept of national defense knowledge for the younger generation

Women's involvement in terrorism in Indonesia (A study of nirmilitary defence strategies to counter the threat of terrorism by involving women)

The phenomenon of women's involvement in acts of terrorism around the world is growing, including acts of terrorism in Indonesia that use women as suicide bombers. Terrorism crimes are included in non-military threats so that they must be faced with non- military strategies. In this case, BNPT is the leading sector in implementing non-military strategies to prevent women from being involved in terrorism and also deradicalisation efforts for prisoners, deportees and returnees. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the motives and factors of women can be involved in terrorism and how the non-military defence strategy to overcome women's involvement in terrorism. The research method used is qualitative which is conducted by using desk review technique. The results show that there are two opinions found to be the root cause of women's involvement in terrorism, the first is patriarchy culture and women as victims. But the tendency in Indonesia that occurs is women as victims, the powerlessness of women who are bound by patriarchal culture, the limited insight they have is also the reason so that women are victims of terrorism itself, the findings of the other root of the problem are social inequality or economic problems. Non-military strategy can be implemented by increasing awareness and education for women with a religious approach, economic empowerment, and also women's equality.

Protective structures as a device of ensuring the safety of victims in a war situation

Interest in protective structures is steadily increasing as the armed conflict in Ukraine unfolds. Experience shows that shelters and hiding places are the most effective form of protection for civilians from conventional and unconventional war threats. Meanwhile, there are no guidelines and rules for the construction of public and private shelters in Poland. The problem is a big one, especially in view of the war that is taking place in the close vicinity of Poland. The purpose of the article is to review Polish and foreign legal and organizational solutions in the field of protective constructions and to indicate the technical requirements necessary to meet in a situation of war danger, with particular emphasis on the use of nuclear weapons. The authors put forward the thesis that in the face of military and non-military threats, the effective way to protect and defend the life and health of the population are properly maintained and managed protective structures, including shelters and hiding places and places of temporary shelter. However, the basic problem remains the question of legal regulation in this regard and the responsibility for their financing and maintenance, which involves the issue of ownership (private and public shelters). In Poland, the experience of other countries that have adopted a variety of solutions should be a guideline for forward-looking activities in the area of protective structures. 

Strengthening the shield: analysing the Finland-Russia border dynamics in the context of EU and NATO security among contemporary geopolitical

ObjectivesThe flood that hit the south of Poland in 1997 was an important test for the national security system, including above all the institutions and services responsible for general security and protection of the population. The Polish Armed Forces were also involved in the flood relief operations. The aim of the publication is to analyse the involvement of the forces and resources of the Krakow Military District in the flood relief operation.MethodsTheoretical methods such as analysis, synthesis and inference on the basis of available sources, including legal acts, the military press (the Krakow Military District magazine Nasz Refleks) and scientific studies, were used to achieve the adopted objective.ResultsThe article succeeds in achieving its aim. The structure and tasks of the Cracow Military District were presented. The preparation of engineering and anti-chemical troops to fight against non-military threats was discussed. Then the anti-flood action of the army was shown. Finally, the activities of the engineering and anti-chemical forces were analysed.ConclusionsThe Polish Armed Forces played a very important role in combating the effects of the 1997 floods. The action confirmed the good training and high morale of the soldiers. Engineering and anti-chemical troops performed specialised tasks. A major problem in the first days of the flood action was the chaos in the process of directing the flood action at the local level. There was also a lack of Civil Defence structures that could carry out humanitarian activities for the affected population.

CIVIL SELF-DEFENCE IN THE PROCESS OF BUILDING THE SECURITY OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES. FOCUS STUDIES

This paper is devoted to the issue of community self-defence and its role in the process of building personal and structural security in the Visegrad Countries. self-organisation within a local community constitutes an integral part of the national security system. The organisation and functioning of the common self-defence (as it is defined nowadays) consists in the exploitation of civic activity directed at remedial and relief measures in the circumstances of both military and non-military threats. The level of self-organisation within a society has a profound impact on the security of territorial communities. It also significantly affects the effectiveness of governmental security organisations (e.g. Police, Armed Forces, Civil Defence, etc.) by cooperating with and supporting them. Self-defence is the natural and oldest form of security organisation of social groups. As a result of the measures undertaken in the search for new and complementary solutions in the field of structural and personal security, it bears noting that social potential has certain resources that can be activated. When faced with contemporary threats, one must aspire to make use of all the resources that can contribute to increasing not only the sense of security within a society but also to building public and state resilience to emerging challenges in practical and actual terms.

NATIONAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL CAPACITY

Society is one of the fundamental resources on which the organisation of national security is based. The activation of society in the field of national defence is based on programming, coor-dination and monitoring of cooperation between state institutions responsible for creating the desired dimension of national security and non-governmental organisations. These organizations have a particular capacity for social monitoring of non-military threats, especially for detection, warning and alerting. The effectiveness of government organisations – the armed forces, police, guards and inspections – in the field of state security depends to a large extent on their support. A society that is aware of its rights and duties towards the Homeland lays the foundation for actions taken for the proper functioning of the state and the organisation of national security. When assessing social capacity, attention should be paid to the issue of dissemination of safety knowledge. The preparation of citizens for the defence and development of the state is one of the main chal-lenges of security policy. Directly related to this issue is the ability of the institutions of political power to defend the state and protect its citizens

Soldier duties as a form of shaping the ethos of military service

The war which broke out on February 24, 2022, as a result of the military aggression of Russian Federation against Ukraine once again shattered the state of relative peace in Europe and reevaluated the perception of threats, shifting focus from non-military threats to military ones. Thus, the issue of the readiness of the state, including the readiness of its military forces acting as its armed wing, for another potential military conflict came to the forefront of all discussions conducted in the political, scientific and social world. Events on the international arena coincided with measures undertaken as part of the Ministry of National Defence. These consist primarily in increasing the number of soldiers in the Polish Army (ultimately up to 300,000 soldiers), increasing combat capacity through modernisation and purchasing modern armament, as well as improving combat capabilities, as assumed by the Development Program of the Armed Forces for 2017-2026. It is worth noticing that the process focuses not only on supplying the army with modern equipment, but also on shaping in soldiers those features that will be useful both in peacetime and in wartime. What is meant here is soldier duties understood as fulfilment of a certain moral obligations to the Homeland, nation, as well as both military and civil environment. Duties can also be understood in the context of a specific vocation, mission, or responsibility to be fulfilled towards those who established a particular entity, in this case the Polish Army, to fulfil tasks prescribed by law and put their trust in them. In the course of the research, the soldier duties which are relevant to the process of building the ethos of military service and the way in which these duties should be shaped were identified.

SISTEM PERTAHANAN UDARA BERLAPIS DALAM MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN PERPINNDAHAN IBUKOTA NUSANTARA (IKN)

The relocation of the Ibu Kota Nusantara is based on regulations contained in Law Number 3 of 2022 concerning the State Capital. With the transfer of the Ibu Kota Nusantara, there will be threats from military threats, non-military threats, and hybrid threats. Therefore, Indonesia needs to form a defense strategy so that it is able to prevent the threats. The purpose of writing this manuscript is to provide advice and input to the TNI and TNI AU in determining further policies in terms of defense strategies to deal with air threats in order to ensure the security of the Ibu Kota Nusantara. The method used in the preparation of this manuscript using a qualitative descriptive method, collect data and information that is useful as supporting facts in research writing. The data collection technique used was through literature study from various literature books, laws and regulations, and internet media to be used as references. In order to deal with air threats in the context of ensuring the security of the Ibu Kota Nusantara, an air defense posture is needed which is built and developed in accordance with the implemented defense strategy. Through a good national air defense strategy, it is hoped that it will be able to deter threats that exist in Ibukota Nusantara (IKN).

Building The Independence of The Defense Industry Through the Subcontractor System (Study of Indonesian-British Cooperation in The Development of The AH140 Frigate)

More complex forms of threats, not only in the form of military threats but non-military threats, are increasingly sophisticated due to the presence of increasingly new technologies and targets of cybercrime which also target various business sectors such as construction companies because of the great value in their cooperation. In 2021, Indonesia will cooperate with the United Kingdom to develop the AH140 frigate through the Merah Putih Frigate, outlined in a Joint Operation Agreement. What is interesting is Babcock Marine's concern as the party cooperating with PT. PAL in subcontracting this project. In order to answer these concerns, a study is needed regarding the subcontractor system in Indonesia, which can be used as a contribution to building the independence of the Indonesian defense industry. The research method used in this study is a descriptive approach, a qualitative research type using library research methodology through credible books, journals, and news to be used for research studies. It can be concluded that the subcontractor system in defense industry projects has contributed to the government's efforts to build defense industry independence. However, subcontractors need more support in developing their capabilities

Couter Radicalism in Central Java by Peace Education : The Central Java Regional Cyber Youth Peace Ambassador

Based on data on the arrest of perpetrators of terrorism, radicalism, and extremism among Central Java youth through social media terror networks from 2003-2022 has increased. Security disturbances and non-military threats in the form of ideology can cause social conflicts that disturb religious, social, and political peace in real and virtual life. The Central Java NCTA Cyber Youth Peace Ambassador is present as an organization engaged in the issue of peace education through digital literacy skills to play an active role in filling social media with peace narratives, national insights, and alternative narratives in an effort to prevent conflict due to radicalism and terrorism for the sake of National Security in Java Middle. The purpose of this study is to analyze the actions and roles undertaken during 2017-2022. Qualitative research methods, and constructivism research paradigm. The theories used are role theory, peace education, conflict, counter-propaganda for preventing radicalism, the concept of SISHANKAMRATA, and national security. The results of this study indicate that peace education efforts as counter-radicalism propaganda are carried out through two online and offline axles. NgrumPeace Program, Teng-Teng Crit, Content Sharing and Social Media (SKMS), Posters, Articles, Halte Rubric, SRAWUNG, Healthy DD, Audience, Gen Sae, and Company Profile. Efforts are not running optimally and must be optimized due to obstacles in constructing ideas, communication, and unclear legality of the organization. An active role is still not optimal, but it is very much needed as a concrete manifestation of youth involvement in efforts to maintain National Defense with the SISHANKAMRATA doctrine according to Law Number 3 of 2002 through digital and social literacy skills. Researchers recommend, further research is needed on the effectiveness of the role of Duta Damai, mapping the potential for radicalism among students including groups of people with disabilities in Central Java or other provinces.

Strengthening The Awareness Of State Defense Of The Millennial Generation Through Defense Management Against Economic Threats After The Covid-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic that hit globally at the end of 2019 had a significant impact on the Indonesian economy. The PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restrictions) policy enacted at that time caused various economic problems such as increasing commodity prices in the market and increasing unemployment due to layoffs (Termination of Employment) which occurred due to the declining economic growth rate. This research uses a qualitative approach that aims to identify how the economic impact of the post-Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and outline how appropriate state defense efforts for the millennial generation to face economic threats as non-military threats that affect national resilience. The results of this study confirm that the concept of state defense efforts must be implemented gradually and continuously in order to instill awareness of state defense in the younger generation. This approach can be done through various channels, both through formal and non-formal education. Promoting the concept of universal defense by involving all potential national resources is key in strengthening national character building. This is done by fostering awareness and state defense skills for every Indonesian citizen, so that they are ready to become part of the human resources that defend the country. Moreover, this approach also strengthens national identity that is rooted in personality and culture based on the values of Pancasila. Given the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Indonesia's economy, including rising prices of basic necessities, high unemployment rates, and declining investment, it is important that we raise state defense awareness and educate Millennials about their role in maintaining the country's resilience.

Analisis Manajemen Pertahanan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Post-Pandemic

Covid-19 is one of the unpredictable non-military threats. For approximately three years, Indonesia has experienced a transition period that has had an economic and social impact on people's lives. Thus, the country needs a strategy in dealing with these threats. Therefore, the state involves all policy stakeholders in various sectors related to handling Covid-19. This research aims to provide insight related to Indonesia's defense management in dealing with post-pandemic. The research method used is a qualitative approach. Data collection was conducted with FGDs of Defense University students and defense management experts. In addition, data collection is also carried out by literature studies. The results of this study show that for three years defense management in Indonesia in facing non-military threats of COVID-19 was carried out by strengthening the pentahelix element. Therefore, countries should face various threats with a universal defense strategy supported by a general state defense policy that has been considered holistically about what, how, who and what to do. The implications of this research can be used as a consideration for policymakers to continue to prioritize the pentahelix element in various non-military threats.
 
 

The Role of Environmental NGOs in Indonesia’s Policy on Re-Export Plastic Waste to Anticipate Non-Military Threats

This paper analyzes an important gap in understanding the role of the Environmental Non-Government Organizations in Indonesia’s policy on re-export waste. This paper provides insights into how NGOs can be more effective to enforce Indonesia’s policy on re-export plastic waste to anticipate non-military threats and protect the environment and public health from the harmful effects of illegal waste imports. Moreover, this research will help to ensure that the government is held accountable for enforcing its policies regarding waste plastic import. Using the New social movement theory by Philip W. Sutton and the descriptive qualitative approach can answer and help to understand the role of Environmental NGOs. The result shows that Environmental NGOs played a significant role in shaping Indonesia’s on implementing re-export plastic waste and used various actions such as advocacy, lobbying, and awareness campaigns to influence policy decisions and ensure that the government’s policies were in line with environmental protection. The new social movement theory emphasizes the role of non-government organizations in shaping the social environment, especially in raising awareness of the environmental and health risks posed by plastic waste.

Economic Sanctions and Civil–Military Relations in Target Countries

How do economic sanctions affect civil–military relations in targeted states? Though much research has focused on how external military threats affect civil–military relations, no study to date has offered a thorough assessment of the degree to which non-military threats, particularly sanctions, alter civil–military dynamics. We posit that sanctions alter civil–military bargaining in ways that increase the military’s role in political decision-making, ultimately lessening civilian control. However, we also posit that targeted regime leaders want to fulfill as many of the military’s demands as possible with their restricted pot of resources, ultimately leading to sanctions’ limited role in observed coup attempts. We substantiate our theoretical claims using time-series, cross-national data on economic sanctions, civilian control, and coup attempts.

Strategi Pertahanan Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Ancaman Militer dan Non Militer Melalui Prespektif Ekonomi Pertahanan

Advances in science and technology are one of the factors that can pose military and non-military threats. For this reason, the study of Indonesian defense is important for the academic and policy community. Countries tend to accumulate weapons or ally with big powers to maintain national security. This study aims to analyze the defense strategy adopted by Indonesia in facing military and non-military threats. Qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. This study concludes that national defense is the duty and responsibility of all elements of the nation, so a critical and scientific way of thinking is needed to build national defense through enriching the scientific repertoire of defense management. In addition, the defense economic perspective is an alternative that can be used as a defense strategy for Indonesia in facing various threats.

Strategic Studies, Strategy, and Strategic Thinking in Study of Security

Current technological progress offers mankind a feeling of finding a panacea for almost all problems. The collapse of bipolarity at the end of the 20th century brought about an upheaval in international relations, which was also a catalyst for a change in the approach to the study of security. The peace secured by a single global actor, after the collapse of bipolarity in the late 20th century, also fundamentally influenced the thinking of many experts in that a broader approach to the study of security was favored, with an emphasis on non-military threats. Armed conflicts around the world in recent times highlight the increasingly important, and undiminishing role of military power for state security. The importance of strategy remains unchanged and is an essential defining tool for state actors to exert power effectively, which cannot be properly executed without apt military support even in today's age of technological conveniences. Strategic studies are not a relic after all and continue confirming their adequacy for examining the evolution of international security relations.

The securitisation of international economic law and ‘global security’: an analysis of the EU law approach through the prism of the Common Commercial Policy

The so-called ‘securitisation’ of international economic law is largely premised and enacted on grounds of defensive security exceptions, whereby governments invoke their national security interests to depart from their international economic obligations. This article aims to contribute to the ongoing debate on the compatibility of such security-driven unilateral measures with international law and within the current system of global governance, by exploring whether legal patterns tackling essential security interests under international economic law may reach beyond State-centred national security interests to also encompass concerns arising from global security threats (such as environmental security). In doing so, this article focuses on the relevant approaches taken by the European Union (EU), particularly in the operation of the EU Common Commercial Policy (CCP) under Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The EU enjoys broad exclusive competence in framing and implementing its trade and investment policy under the CCP, both in terms of its internal regulation and external action. In this context, security considerations are bound to arise. This article explores a series of relevant legal instruments originating from or concluded by the EU, and analyses how these incorporate security considerations and the EU’s understanding of the concept of security thereunder. After considering security under EU primary law, the article reviews the position taken by the EU as a bilateral treaty player, by reference to the Trade and Comprehensive Agreement with the United Kingdom, and as a member of the World Trade Organization, notably on the interpretation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade security exceptions clause. It also looks into EU internal action on foreign direct investment screening, export control and foreign subsidies regulations, as well as the EU’s proposed ‘anti-coercion mechanism’ and its ‘global human rights sanction regime’. The analysis of the EU’s multifaceted practice shows that while global security concerns may increasingly underlie obligations to cooperate and coordination clauses, existent security-related legal patterns in bilateral and multilateral treaty practice remain ‘national security’-centred; and despite the increasing ‘enlargement’ of the scope of national security to encompass additional non-military threats, the vast array of global security threats and vulnerabilities are hardly covered by this expansion.

Indonesia's Defense Strategy Against Transnational Crimes of the Abu Sayyaf Group in the Sulu Archipelago

Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, is a region where there are many cases of attacks by armed pirate groups. One of the points is in the Sulu Sea which is included in the territorial waters of the Philippines. The waters of the Sulu Sea are directly adjacent to several areas of Indonesia, namely Kalimantan and Sulawesi, so it is not surprising that terrorist groups from the Philippines carry out acts of piracy/jacking of ships originating from Indonesia. The Abu Sayyaf group, which started its criminal activities in the 1990s, hijacked slow-vehicle loaded ships and took hostage crew members who passed through the area. This paper will be prepared using a qualitative descriptive method. This paper will focus more on explaining and providing an overview of the forms of defense strategy carried out by Indonesia in dealing with the problem of transnational crimes by the Abu Sayyaf group. This research data was obtained based on literature review sourced from previous research in the form of journals, books and other scientific works that are relevant to the topic of discussion. The result of this paper is that the Abu Sayyaf Group threat is asymmetrical, coming from non-state actors facing state actors. The Abu Sayyaf group has an interest in establishing an Islamic state in the Philippines and to maintain the existence of its group, the Abu Sayyaf group takes hostage actions by asking for ransom. In order to deal with these non-military threats, the Indonesian national defense strategy is not only carried out by means of the military, but is carried out by relying on 3 (three) main pillars, namely the use of defense force, international cooperation, and the development of defense forces. In facing the threat of the Abu Sayyaf Group, Indonesia has prioritized the pillars of international cooperation even though there have been options for the development and use of defense forces and also the development of defense forces as a deterrent factor to minimize threats.

Defense Strategy In Dealing With Threats Of National Security

The national defense strategy is to prevent, deter and overcome threats and disturbances to the integrity of the nation and state in various forms by developing capabilities as the main component in the form of ready reinforcements and reserves so that they have high preparedness and immediate response. Indonesia's national defense is not carried out solely by military means, but is carried out based on three main pillars, namely the use of defense force, international cooperation and the development of defense forces even though Indonesia's national defense strategy does not adhere to the development of defense force facts. The purpose of this study is to determine the strength of the country's defense through the Indonesian National Armed Forces with the readiness of military operations other than war in the face of non-military threats. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a literature study followed by data presentation, reduction and conclusion. The result of this research is that the state defense is carried out with several efforts such as forming a reserve component, establishing a universal people's security defense system, preparing an active defensive defense, and preparing a multi-layered defense.