Non-metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Hypothyroidism and possible association with Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Thyroid dysfunctions are the most common forms of endocrine disorder in our country, Thyroid hormones perform a wide array of metabolic functions including regulation of lipids, carbohydrates, protein and electrolytes and mineral metabolism, Thyroid hormones are major regulatory hormones that controls the rate of metabolic function and alteration in the levels of thyroid hormones may be associated with metabolic syndrome Aim: The study was performed to investigate the association between Altered thyroid state i.e hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: The study was done on patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism or follow up cases of hypothyroidism having metabolic syndrome. T3, T4 and TSH and were analyzed by enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) technique using Vidas auto analyzer from Biomeriuex, France. Fasting blood sugar and lipid profile were estimated by Erba Chem 7 semi-auto analyzer. The data was analyzed using SPSS-17 software package. Results: The percentage of metabolic syndrome and hypothyroidism in each age group were determined and we have found that the percentage of metabolic syndrome is increasing with age and is highest 60 % in the age group of 61-75 years, both T3, T4 are comparably decreased but TSH is on the higher side in metabolic syndrome as compared to non-metabolic syndrome Conclusion: Patients having Thyroid dysfunction should regularly be checked for parameters of metabolic syndrome: Early detection of thyroid dysfunction and treatment can prevent the complications of metabolic syndrome.

Assessment of arterial stiffness in patients with metabolic syndrome in Ecuador: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular risk, and causes damage to the vascular wall. Through this mechanism, it might increase arterial rigidity, leading to further complications and heart strain. The use of a device that measures arterial rigidity can help determine if metabolic syndrome is related to a higher vascular stiffness and changes in estimated arterial age. MethodologyCross-sectional study at Luis Vernaza hospital of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Inpatients and outpatients from the Department of Cardiology with a full blood panel and echocardiogram were included. We used the IDF criteria to diagnose metabolic syndrome and measured arterial rigidity parameters in all of them, including augmentation indexes, central blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and arterial age. Results95 patients were included for analysis, 44.2% were females and 55.8% were males. Mean age was 61.7 years (±13.1). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 49.5% of our patients and it was significantly more prevalent in women. We found significant differences in PWV, augmentation indexes, and peripheral and central blood pressure between metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome patients. There was a non-significant relationship between estimated arterial age and metabolic syndrome (p=0.32). ConclusionPatients with metabolic syndrome have an increased arterial rigidity. This, added to the high prevalence of the disease we found in our sample, shows the high cardiovascular risk these patients are at. A multidisciplinary approach to management is needed, along with patient collaboration. The introduction of these devices to measure arterial stiffness in developing countries can improve diagnosis and therapy of patients with cardio-metabolic conditions.

PS 11-45 A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF LEUKOCYTE DNA COPY NUMBER AND NEW ONSET METABOLIC SYNDROME

Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a group of defects of metabolic origin which are possibly involved in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alteration of mtDNA content, but there was no prospective study of the predictive value of leukocyte mtDNA copy number to identify individuals at high risk of new-onset metabolic syndrome. We investigated whether leukocyte mtDNA copy number predicts the metabolic syndrome in a population-based longitudinal study. Design and Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted of random sample 221 adults aged 40–70 years without metabolic syndrome examined in 2005–2008 (baseline) and 2008–2011 (follow-up). Baseline mtDNA copy number of leukocytes was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: During an average of 2.8 years of follow-up, 82 (36.6%) developed new onset metabolic syndrome. The mean mtDNA copy number in metabolic syndrome was significantly lower than that in non-metabolic syndrome (113.79 ± 51.31 vs. 132.79 ± 51.31/cell, p < 0.001) In multivariable-adjusted models, the odds ratio for new onset metabolic syndrome comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles of mtDNA copy number was 0.34 (95% CI 0.13–0.91). The corresponding odds ratios for high waist circumference, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose were 0.33(0.10–1.06), 0.26 (0.10–0.68), 0.40 (0.17–0.94), 0.70 (0.31–1.57), and 0.70 (0.31–1.61), respectively. Conclusions: Increased leukocyte mtDNA copy number is an independent protective factor for new onset metabolic syndrome and its components. Leukocyte mtDNA copy number might be a novel biomarker involved in the bioenergetics change of mitochondria.

Correlation between metabolic syndrome and uric acid stone composition

Objective To study the relationship between metabolic syndromes and uric acid calculi. Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 640 adult patients, who were diagnosed as renal calculi and finished the stone composition analysis. Among them, 394 cases were male and 246 were female. The average age was (50.9±12.8)years old. According to the diagnostic criteria of the MS, the patients were divided as metabolic syndrome group (metabolic syndrome group /MS group and non-metabolic syndrome group (non MS group); the MS group had a total of 238 cases including 151 males and 87 females. The average age was (54.1±11.0)years old. There were 402 cases in non MS group, including 243 males and 159 females, with an average age of (49.1±13.4)years old. We obtained corresponding metabolic indices. By comparing the differences between each group, the statistic were analyzed with SPSS. Results In the MS group, 42 cases was diagnosed with uric acid stones, and the non-MS group with 8 cases diagnose with uric acid stones. The MS included obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides. In the patients obtained, 123 had the 4 kinds of metabolic diseases at a time, and 23(18.7%) cases were diagnosed as uric acid stones. 115 patients had the 3 kinds of metabolic diseases in which 19(16.5%) cases were uric acid stones. 190 patients had 2 kinds of metabolic diseases and 5(2.6%) cases were uric acid stones. 137 patients had only one kinds of metabolic disease in which 3 were uric acid stones. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, after the correction of gender and age, obesity patients own the OR as 1.10(0.98-1.24)(P=0.018), high blood sugar had the OR as 1.72(1.19-1.92)(P=0.006), high glycerin three fat had the OR as 0.71(0.48-1.09)(P=0.032) and high HDL-C was 0.15(0.03-0.65)(P=0.01). Conclusions The metabolic syndromes including obesity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia obviously might influenced the formation of uric acid calculi. Key words: Metabolic syndrome; Uric acid calculi; Renal stones

건강검진 수진자에서 담낭용종과 생화학적검사, 대사증후군 및 생활습관의 관련성

최근, 복부초음파로 인해 담낭용종의 발견률이 높아지고 있다. 담낭용종의 위험인자에 대한 다양한 연구가 보고 되었지만 생화학검사, 생활습관을 포함한 대사증후군과 담낭용종의 관계에 대한 연구가 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 생활습관, 생화학적 혈액검사를 포함한 대사증후군과 담낭용종과의 관련성을 알아보는데 있다. 2013년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 건강검진 수진자 중 복부초음파검사를 시행 받아 담낭용종의 진단을 받은 596명을 대상으로 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주, 운동의 일반적인 특성과 신장, 체중, 혈압, 허리둘레, 체질량 지수 등의 신체 계측을 하였으며, 동시에 채혈을 통한 공복 시 혈당과 여러 가지 혈액검사 및 대사증후군 여부를 분석하여 담낭용종과의 관계를 알아보았다. 그 결과 남성, 흡연자, 비음주자에서 유의하게 높았으며, 체질량지수가 높을수록, 대사증후군이 있는 집단이, HBsAg 양성군에서 높았고, 위험도는 남성이 여성보다 1.8배, 대사증후군이 있는 군이 없는 군보다 2.3배, HBsAg이 양성인 군에서 2.6배 높게 나타났다. The incidence of gallbladder polyps are increasing due to the extended use of ultrasonography. Although there are various reports on the risk of gallbladder polyps, there are few studies of the relationships among the presence of metabolic syndrome including serum biochemistry, lifestyle and the development of gallbladder polyps. The aim of this study was to determine association of the presence of metabolic syndrome, including serum biochemistry, with the development of gallbladder polyps in the Korean population. Among the health examination examinees, 596 people, who underwent abdominal ultrasonography from January, 2013 to December 2013, were included in this study. Physical measurements also taken, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist measurement, and BMI. The general characteristics including age, sex, smoking, and drinking as the related factors were checked. At the same time, various blood tests were performed and the fasting blood sugar was analyzed through blood-gathering to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome. Regarding the factors associated with gallbladder polyps, the results showed that being male, smoking, non-drinking were significantly high. In addition, testing positive for HBsAg and an increasing BMI was apparently higher the group with metabolic syndrome than the non-metabolic syndrome group. The highest predictive factors for gallbladder polyps was being male (1.8 times), followed by metabolic syndrome (2.3 times) and testing positive for HBsAg (2.6 times).

Prostate-specific antigen lowering effect of metabolic syndrome is influenced by prostate volume.

To investigate the influence of metabolic syndrome on prostate-specific antigen levels by considering prostate volume and plasma volume. We retrospectively analyzed 4111 men who underwent routine check-ups including prostate-specific antigen and transrectal ultrasonography. The definition of metabolic syndrome was based on the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Prostate-specific antigen mass density (prostate-specific antigen × plasma volume / prostate volume) was calculated for adjusting plasma volume and prostate volume. We compared prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific antigen mass density levels of participants with metabolic syndrome (metabolic syndrome group, n = 1242) and without metabolic syndrome (non-prostate-specific antigen metabolic syndrome group, n = 2869). To evaluate the impact of metabolic syndrome on prostate-specific antigen, linear regression analysis for the natural logarithm of prostate-specific antigen was used. Patients in the metabolic syndrome group had significantly older age (P < 0.001), larger prostate volume (P < 0.001), higher plasma volume (P < 0.001) and lower mean serum prostate-specific antigen (non-metabolic syndrome group vs metabolic syndrome group; 1.22 ± 0.91 vs 1.15 ± 0.76 ng/mL, P = 0.006). Prostate-specific antigen mass density in the metabolic syndrome group was still significantly lower than that in the metabolic syndrome group (0.124 ± 0.084 vs 0.115 ± 0.071 μg/mL, P = 0.001). After adjusting for age, prostate volume and plasma volume using linear regression model, the presence of metabolic syndrome was a significant independent factor for lower prostate-specific antigen (prostate-specific antigen decrease by 4.1%, P = 0.046). Prostate-specific antigen levels in patients with metabolic syndrome seem to be lower, and this finding might be affected by the prostate volume.

Polymorphism in the SIRT1 gene and parameters of metabolic syndrome in a sample of the adult Brazilian population

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether the single nucleotide polymorphism rs7895833 (A/G) of the gene SIRT1 is associated with metabolic syndrome criteria in a sample of Brazilian adults. Methods: Serum samples and oral mucosal cells were collected from 243 subjects aged 30 to 70 years. Biochemical, hormonal, and anthropometric data were obtained. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs7895833 (A/G) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction using the amplification refractory mutation system. Results: Among the 243 study subjects, 100 (41.15%) were classified as non-metabolic syndrome and 143 (58.85%), as metabolic syndrome. The frequency of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs7895833 (A/G) did not differ between the groups. However, 111 patients (45.67%) were overweight (body mass index: 25-29.9 kg/m2). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure were higher in the metabolic syndrome group than in the non-metabolic syndrome group. Free thyroxine 4, grown hormone, and insulin levels were within the normal range. The metabolic conditions of the patients with metabolic syndrome indicate biochemical, anthropometric, and hormonal changes characteristic of overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The SIRT1 polymorphism rs7895833 (A/G) is not associated with the metabolic syndrome in the adult Brazilian population.

대사증후군 구성요인의 군집별 변화 양상

Objective: This study examined the changes in the clustering of metabolic syndrome, and examined the distribution of a combination of clustering. Methods: The study was performed with the data from the same 1,900 people who had a medical checkup at a health clinic twice from 2009 to 2013. The subjects were divided into two groups of metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome (normal group) and examined according to the periodic changes. The related factors were examined with a cohort study. Results: The order affecting the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by the combination of metabolic syndrome constituent factors was two combinations (TG+HDL), three combinations (WC+TG+HDL), and four combination (WC+TG+HDL+BP). Conclusions: To manage these factors, public health programs will be needed and the methods to prevent metabolic syndrome should be promoted. In addition, more study on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome will be needed.

Traditional Chinese Medicine for Metabolic Syndrome via TCM Pattern Differentiation: Tongue Diagnosis for Predictor.

Metabolic syndrome is a morbid condition, which is manifested by central obesity, abnormal glucose tolerance, lipodystrophy, and hypertension. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clarifies that obesity is classified as phlegm-dampness. It is often accompanied with qi stagnation and blood stasis. One hundred and two overweight adults, who did not receive lipid-lowering drugs, were enrolled for analysis. The exclusion criteria were adults having malignancy disease, DM, and renal disease or who were pregnant or lactating. The study was divided into two groups: metabolic syndrome group (MetS) and nonmetabolic syndrome group (nMetS). The modern tongue analysis and heart rate variability devices for data analysis and Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ) for appetite evaluation were used. Obesity patients with metabolic syndrome obviously have lower CNAQ score. The 6 items of CNAQ between two groups have significant difference in variation (P < 0.001). The nMetS average was above 28 scores (96%) and the MetS was all in 17–28 scores. The tongue appearance showed that MetS group have white coating different from the nMetS group with white and yellow coating (P < 0.05). However the HRV is not different from nMetS group significantly. Our results try to explore the relationship between the TCM pattern, nutrition appetite, and heart rate variability in metabolic syndrome patients.

The association of vaspin rs2236242 and leptin rs7799039 polymorphism with metabolic syndrome in Egyptian women.

Genetic predisposition is implicated in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the1397645907association of vaspin rs2236242 and leptin rs7799039 polymorphisms with their serum levels and with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in Egyptian women. This case control study included 100 Egyptian women with metabolic syndrome and 100 without metabolic syndrome. The genotypes of vaspin rs2236242 and leptin rs7799039 were detected by a methodology based on PCR-RFLP. Serum vaspin and leptin levels were determined by ELISA. The metabolic syndrome group was associated with higher serum vaspin and leptin levels when compared to the nonmetabolic syndrome group. The AA genotype of leptin rs7799039 was associated with metabolic syndrome and with higher serum leptin levels, while the different genotypes of vaspin rs2236242 were not associated with metabolic syndrome or different serum vaspin levels. The AA genotype of leptin rs7799039 was associated with metabolic syndrome and higher serum leptin levels. Serum leptin and vaspin can be used as diagnostic markers of metabolic syndrome.

Correlation of metabolic syndrome with tumor grade and stage of primary bladder carcinoma

Objective To evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components and the histopathological findings in bladder cancer patients. Methods The data of 326 patients in our department between October 2010 and October 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Age, gender, stature, weight, histologic stage, grade, and the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. There were 64 females, 262 males, aged 23-89 years, including 241 low stage, 85 high stage, 155 low grade, and 171 high grade, respectively. There were 117 cases with hypertension, 95 cases with diabetes mellitus, 139 cases with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and 49 cases with metabolic syndrome. The TNM classification was used, with Ta and T1 tumor accepted as low stage, T2, T3 and T4 tumor as high stage bladder cancer. In addition, the pathological grading system adopted by the 2004 World Health Organization was applied. Non-invasive papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential were regarded as low grade. Analyses were completed using Chi-square tests to evaluate the correlation of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity with the pathologic stage and grade. Moreover, the pathologic stage, grade and recurrence were compared between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome groups. Results Metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with histological grade and stage (P=0.001, P=0.011). Diabetes mellitus and obesity were also associated with histological grade and stage (P=0.006, P<0.01). Conclusions Patients with metabolic syndrome were found to have significant higher T stage and grade of bladder cancer. Diabetes mellitus and obesity may promote the grading and staging of bladder cancer. Key words: Urinary bladder neoplasms; Metabolic syndrome; Diabetes mellitus; Obesity; Histological grade and stage

Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity

To assess the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with metabolic risk factors and brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). A total of 8603 subjects (6662 males and 1941 females) were enrolled during an annual health check-up. Fatty liver was examined using a Philips HD 11 XE multi-function color Doppler diagnostic instrument, and baPWV was determined using a novel arteriosclerosis detection device. Blood pressure (BP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), waist circumference (WC), plasma triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and uric acid (UA) were measured using standard methods. The relationship between fatty liver with metabolic risk factors and baPWV was analyzed using regression analysis and the χ (2) test. The values and abnormal rates of baPWV were significantly different between NAFLD patients and non-NAFLD subjects (P < 0.001). In addition, the values of baPWV were different by gender between NAFLD patients and non-NAFLD subjects. The OR values in females, males, and the entire population were 3.33, 1.67, and 2.13, respectively (P < 0.001). The incidence of high baPWV increased with increasing degree of NAFLD (levels 0, 1, 2, and 3) (P < 0.001), which was 45.9%, 54.5%, 60.2%, and 71.4% in males and 27.0%, 49.1%, 55.60%, and 60.0% in females (P < 0.001), respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that the OR value for baPWV in the non-metabolic syndrome group and the metabolic syndrome group was 1.28 vs 1.14 (males) and 2.55 vs 0.98 (females). The OR values for baPWV in the non-high-BP and high-BP, non-high-WC and high-WC, non-high-FPG and high-FPG, non-high-TG and high-TG, non-high-HDL and high-HDL, non-high-TC and high-TC, non-high-LDL and high-LDL, non-high-UA and high-UA groups were 3.38 vs 1.19, 3.50 vs 1.44, 2.80 vs 2.30, 3.29 vs 1.88, 3.03 vs 3.28, 3.35 vs 2.70, 3.93 vs 1.66, and 3.20 vs 2.34, respectively, in females (P < 0.001), and were 1.37 vs 1.34, 1.56 vs 1.26, 1.51 vs 1.28, 1.49 vs 1.52, 1.71 vs 1.61, 1.59 vs 1.74, 1.76 vs 1.47, and 1.73 vs 1.54, respectively, in males (P < 0.01). The OR value for baPWV was still higher than 1.2 (1.21 in males and 1.40 in females) after adjustment for the metabolic component (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and above) (P < 0.01). NAFLD is closely correlated with baPWV, particularly in females. NAFLD has a large impact on baPWV, no matter whether the metabolic index is increased or not. NAFLD may be a useful indicator for assessing early arteriosclerosis.

The Relationship Between the Metabolic Syndrome and Systolic Inter-Arm Systolic Blood Pressure Difference in Korean Adults.

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between metabolic syndrome and systolic inter-arm blood pressure difference (sIAD) in Korean adults. This study included 410 adults (235 males, 175 females) who were over 30 years old and had undergone a health check from July to December in 2013. The incidence of high sIAD and metabolic syndrome were 23.4% and 23.2%, respectively. Key study results were as follows: First, the sIAD levels increased significantly with an increase in metabolic syndrome score (p<0.001), shown by sIAD levels after adjusted the variables that affect sIAD levels (age, gender, smoking, drinking, exercising, total cholesterol, and body mass index). These were 4.6±0.7 mmHg for metabolic syndrome score (MSS) 0; 5.8±0.5 mmHg for MSS 1; 6.2±0.6 mmHg for MSS 2, 9.2±0.8 mmHg for MSS 3; and 9.9±1.2 mmHg for MSS ≥4 (p<0.001). Second, the sIAD level of the metabolic syndrome group (9.3±0.7 mmHg) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than for the nonmetabolic syndrome group (5.7±0.3 mmHg). In conclusion, metabolic syndrome and an increased number of its components are associated with the sIAD levels in Korean adults.

Glycated Hemoglobin, Fasting Insulin and the Metabolic Syndrome in Males. Cross-Sectional Analyses of the Aragon Workers' Health Study Baseline.

Background and AimsGlycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is currently used to diagnose diabetes mellitus, while insulin has been relegated to research. Both, however, may help understanding the metabolic syndrome and profiling patients. We examined the association of HbA1c and fasting insulin with clustering of metabolic syndrome criteria and insulin resistance as two essential characteristics of the metabolic syndrome.MethodsWe used baseline data from 3200 non-diabetic male participants in the Aragon Workers' Health Study. We conducted analysis to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) across tertiles of HbA1c and insulin. Fasting glucose and Homeostatic model assessment - Insulin Resistance were used as reference. Here we report the uppermost-to-lowest tertile ORs (95%CI).ResultsMean age (SD) was 48.5 (8.8) years and 23% of participants had metabolic syndrome. The ORs for metabolic syndrome criteria tended to be higher across HbA1c than across glucose, except for high blood pressure. Insulin was associated with the criteria more strongly than HbA1c and similarly to Homeostatic model assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). For metabolic syndrome, the OR of HbA1c was 2.68, of insulin, 11.36, of glucose, 7.03, and of HOMA-IR, 14.40. For the clustering of 2 or more non-glycemic criteria, the OR of HbA1c was 2.10, of insulin, 8.94, of glucose, 1.73, and of HOMA-IR, 7.83. All ORs were statistically significant. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves for metabolic syndrome were 0.670 (across HbA1c values) and 0.770 (across insulin values), and, for insulin resistance, 0.647 (HbA1c) and 0.995 (insulin). Among non-metabolic syndrome patients, a small insulin elevation identified risk factor clustering.ConclusionsHbA1c and specially insulin levels were associated with metabolic syndrome criteria, their clustering, and insulin resistance. Insulin could provide early information in subjects prone to develop metabolic syndrome.

Correlation between soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and arterial stiffness in patients with metabolic syndrome

Objective investigate the correlation between plasma soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE) and arterial stiffness in patients with different types of metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods A total of 180 subjects were drawn from a epidemiologic follow-up study, including 60 cases non-metabolic syndrome (NMS) , 60 cases metabolic syndrome without diabetes mellitus (NDMMS) , 60 cases metabolic syndrome with diabetes mellitus (DMMS). Carotid femoral arterial pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) was assessed by the French KangPuLe atherosclerosis measurement instrument, and plasma sRAGE levels were measured by ELISA. Comparison of mean in multiple groups was conducted by analysis of variance. Multivariate analysis was done with multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference. Results Compared with NMS group, plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower in DMMS and NDMMS groups [(635.07±229.20) pg/mL vs. (671.17±358.16) pg/mL vs. (992.99±427.83) pg/mL, P=0.001].CFPWV of DMMS group was significantly higher than that of NMDMS and NMS groups (14.22±3.14) m/s vs. (12.15±2.79) m/s vs. (11.66±2.52) m/s, P=0.002). Plasma sRAGE level was negatively correlated with CFPWV (r=-0.278, P= 0.005). (3) Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age (β=-0.091, 95% CI-0.096 ~-0.095, P=0.031) , HDL-C (β=1.295, 95%CI 1.231~1.360, P=0.022) and sRAGE (β= 0.119, 95% CI 0.118~0.130, P=0.032) had a significant effect on CFPWV. Conclusions The increased arterial stiffness is closely related to the discreased plasma sRAGE levels in MS. Plasma sRAGE maybe a novel target for vascular disease prevention and treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome. Key words: Metabolic syndrome; Diabetes mellitus; Soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts; Pulse wave velocity; Arterial stiffness; Atherosclerosis; High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Insulin resistance

Attenuated age-impact on systemic inflammatory markers in the presence of a metabolic burden.

BackgroundThe overall burden of chronic disease, inflammation and cardiovascular risk increases with age. Whether the relationship between age and inflammation is impacted by presence of an adverse metabolic burden is not known.MethodsWe determined inflammatory markers in humans (336 Caucasians and 224 African Americans) and in mice, representing a spectrum of age, weight and metabolic burden.ResultsIn humans, levels of inflammatory markers increased significantly with age in subjects without the metabolic syndrome, (P=0.009 and P=0.037 for C-reactive protein, P<0.001 and P=0.001 for fibrinogen, P<0.001 and P=0.005 for serum amyloid-A, for Caucasians and African Americans, respectively). In contrast, trend patterns of inflammatory markers did not change significantly with age in subjects with metabolic syndrome in either ethnic group, except for fibrinogen in Caucasians. A composite z-score for systemic inflammation increased significantly with age in subjects without metabolic syndrome (P=0.004 and P<0.006 for Caucasians and African Americans, respectively) but not in subjects with metabolic syndrome (P=0.009 for difference in age trend between metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome). In contrast, no similar age trend was found in vascular inflammation. The findings in humans were paralleled by results in mice as serum amyloid-A levels increased across age (range 2-15 months, P<0.01) and were higher in ob/ob mice compared to control mice (P<0.001).ConclusionsPresence of a metabolic challenge in mice and humans influences levels of inflammatory markers over a wide age range. Our results underscore that already at a young age, presence of a metabolic burden enhances inflammation to a level that appears to be similar to that of decades older people without metabolic syndrome.

The relationship between metabolic syndrome and increase of metabolic syndrome score and serum vitamin D levels in Korean adults: 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score (MSS) and serum vitamin D levels in adults aged 20 or older (n = 5,483) using 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, which represents national data in Korea. Key study results were as follows: First, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels decreased significantly with an increase in MSS (p = 0.004), shown by serum 25(OH)D levels after adjusting the variables (age, gender, BMI, TC, HDL-C, FBS, SBP, and DBP, etc.). These were 17.30 ± 0.16 ng/ml for MSS 0, 17.13 ± 0.15 ng/ml for MSS 1, 17.02 ± 0.16 ng/ml for MSS 2, 16.60 ± 0.20 ng/ml for MSS 3, 16.55 ± 0.28 ng/ml for MSS 4, and 15.52 ± 0.50 ng/ml for MSS 5. Second, after adjusting the related variables, serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower (p = 0.004) in the metabolic syndrome group (16.49 ± 0.19 ng/ml) than the non-metabolic syndrome group (17.16 ± 0.09 ng/ml). In conclusion, metabolic syndrome and the increased levels of its components are inversely associated with the serum vitamin D concentration in Korean adults.

The Duration of Breastfeeding and Its Association with Metabolic Syndrome among Obese Children.

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether duration of breastfeeding is associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in obese children. Methods. A retrospective analysis of obese children aged 3 to 18 years followed at a pediatric outpatient clinic at a single center between the years 2008 and 2012. The children were divided according to their breastfeeding duration: no breastfeeding, a short period of breastfeeding, and a long term breastfeeding. Also, they were divided into metabolic and nonmetabolic syndrome groups, based on physical examination and laboratory tests. Results. Out of 4642 children who visited the clinic, 123 were obese and were included in the study. About half of them matched the metabolic syndrome criteria. There was no correlation between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the duration of breastfeeding. Hypertension, abnormal low levels of HDL, high levels of HbA1c, and high fasting triglyceride levels were very common in our study population, yet no statistical significance was noted among the different breastfeeding groups. Conclusion. In this study, breastfeeding was not associated with a reduced risk for metabolic syndrome, compared with formula feeding, in children who are obese.

Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol changes in middle-aged obese men with and without metabolic syndrome during weight loss.

Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL-C) is the best predictor of coronary artery disease and stroke. Studies have shown that weight loss decreases non-HDL-C levels. However, whether diet-induced weight loss in individuals with and without metabolic syndrome causes a reduction in non-HDL-C levels remains unclear. We investigated the effects of weight loss on non-HDL-C levels in 34 middle-aged obese men with and without metabolic syndrome classified using National Cholesterol Education Panel Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (metabolic syndrome, n = 17; non-metabolic syndrome, n = 17). We conducted a 12-week dietary intervention using a low-carbohydrate, -fat, and -protein diet to reduce body weight. A significant decrease in body weight and body mass index in both groups was observed. However, the non-HDL-C level after weight loss was significantly decreased in the metabolic syndrome group (151.9 ± 6.8 to 131.4 ± 6.2 mg/dL, P < 0.01) but not in the non-metabolic syndrome group (152.1 ± 8.2 to 141.2 ± 8.1 mg/dL, P > 0.05). Levels of apolipoprotein AII and B, but not AI, were similarly decreased in both groups (P > 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the change in non-HDL-C levels in the metabolic syndrome group was strongly associated with levels of total cholesterol, fasting insulin, and alanine and aspartate transaminase, as well as homeostatic model assessment index, diastolic blood pressure, and maximal oxygen uptake (P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that diet-induced weight loss without physical activity decreases non-HDL-C levels, an important factor associated with changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity, in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome.

The relationship between testosterone, metabolic syndrome, and mean carotid intima-media thickness in aging men

We studied relationships between testosterone, metabolic syndrome, and mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in aging men. We enrolled 935 men who had participated in a health examination. The median age was 57.0 years. Mean IMT showed a significant and negative linear correlation with testosterone (correlation co-efficiency = −0.067, p = 0.039). There was a significant increase in the percentage of men with hypogonadism in the second and third tertiles of mean IMT (p trend = 0.022). Logistic regression revealed a greater likelihood of hypogonadism in the third tertile mean IMT group when compared to the first tertile mean IMT group after adjusting for age and metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.700, p = 0.044). After adjusting for age and testosterone level, mean IMT was significantly higher in metabolic syndrome group as compared to non-metabolic syndrome group (0.733 mm versus 0.764 mm; p < 0.001). Mean testosterone level was significantly lower in metabolic syndrome group as compared to non-metabolic syndrome group after adjusting for age and mean IMT (5.52 ng/mL versus 4.89 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Mean IMT, testosterone, and metabolic syndrome were significantly and independently correlated with each other in aging male. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and to elucidate their causative relationship.