Non-invasive Monitoring Technique Research Articles

Characterization of the Cambaroides wladiwostokiensis Birstein & Vinogradov, 1934 (Decapoda: Astacidea) Mitochondrial Genome Using Genome Skimming and the Phylogenetic Implications within the Astacidea Infraorder.

The mitochondrial genome is a powerful tool for exploring and confirming species identity and understanding evolutionary trajectories. The genus Cambaroides, which consists of freshwater crayfish, is recognized for its evolutionary and morphological complexities. However, comprehensive genetic and mitogenomic data on species within this genus, such as C. wladiwostokiensis, remain scarce, thereby necessitating an in-depth mitogenomic exploration to decipher its evolutionary position and validate its species identity. The mitochondrial genome of C. wladiwostokiensis was obtained through shallow Illumina paired-end sequencing of total DNA, followed by hybrid assembly using both de novo and reference-based techniques. Comparative analysis was performed using available Cambaroides mitochondrial genomes obtained from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of 23 representatives from three families within the Astacidea infraorder were employed using the PhyloSuite platform for sequence management and phylogenetic preparation, to elucidate phylogenetic relationships via Bayesian Inference (BI), based on concatenated mitochondrial fragments. The resulting genome, which spans 16,391 base pairs was investigated, revealing 13 protein-coding genes, rRNAs (12S and 16S), 19 tRNAs, and a putative control region. Comparative analysis together with five other Cambaroides mitogenomes retrieved from GenBank unveiled regions that remained unread due to challenges associated with the genome skimming technique. Protein-coding genes varied in size and typically exhibited common start (ATG) and stop (TAA) codons. However, exceptions were noted in ND5 (start codon: GTG) and ND1 (stop codon: TAG). Landscape analysis was used to explore sequence variation across the five available mitochondrial genomes of Cambaroides. Collectively, these findings reveal variable sites and contribute to a deeper understanding of the genetic diversity in this genus alongside the further development of species-specific primers for noninvasive monitoring techniques. The partitioned phylogenetic analysis of Astacidea revealed a paraphyletic origin of Asian cambarids, which confirms the data in recent studies based on both multilocus analyses and integrative approaches.

Comparison of Supervised Learning and Changepoint Detection for Insect Detection in Lidar Data

Concerns about decreases in insect population and biodiversity, in addition to the need for monitoring insects in agriculture and disease control, have led to an increased need for automated, non-invasive monitoring techniques. To this end, entomological lidar systems have been developed and successfully used for detecting and classifying insects. However, the data produced by these lidar systems create several problems from a data analysis standpoint: the data can contain millions of observations, very few observations contain insects, and the background environment is non-stationary. This study compares the insect-detection performance of various supervised machine learning and unsupervised changepoint detection algorithms and provides commentary on the relative strengths of each method. We found that the supervised methods generally perform better than the changepoint detection methods, at the cost of needing labeled data. The supervised learning method with the highest Matthew’s Correlation Coefficient score on the testing set correctly identified 99.5% of the insect-containing images and 83.7% of the non-insect images; similarly, the best changepoint detection method correctly identified 83.2% of the insect-containing images and 84.2% of the non-insect images. Our results show that both types of methods can reduce the need for manual data analysis.

Online Noninvasive Technique for Condition Monitoring of Cooling System in Urban Rail Vehicles

The open self-ventilated cooling system is an important component to dissipate heat in urban rail vehicles. While after long term operation, the cooling system will deteriorate, which ultimately affects the reliable operation of traction converter. In this paper, we propose a method to monitor the health status of cooling system in urban rail vehicles using the temperature response curve of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor built in IGBT module. Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is employed to predict the reference curve of healthy state under different working conditions and Discrete Fréchet Distance (DFD) algorithm is applied to achieve the difference comparison. The proposed approach considers the dynamic response process and is suitable for online monitoring. Advantages of the proposed approach include no need to install additional measurement circuit and to heat the module to thermal equilibrium. Moreover, this method enables the concurrent monitoring of multiple components in the cooling system. Simulation analysis and experimental tests are performed to verify the accuracy and effectiveness.

A Non-Invasive Technique for Long-Term Monitoring of Gastroesophageal Reflux—A Pilot Study

Many people suffer from gastric or gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) due to a malfunction of the cardia, the valve between the esophagus and the stomach. GERD is a syndrome caused by the ascent of gastric juices and bile from the stomach. This article proposes a non-invasive impedance measurement method and demonstrates the correlation between GERD and impedance variation between appropriately chosen points on the patient’s chest. This method is presented as an alternative to the most widely accepted diagnostic techniques for reflux, such as pH-metry, pH-impedance measurement, and esophageal manometry, which are invasive because they use a probe that is inserted through a nostril and reaches down to the esophagus.

A systematic review on the assessment of cerebral autoregulation in patients with Large Vessel Occlusion.

As the majority of large vessel occlusion (LVO) patients are not treated with revascularization therapies or efficiently revascularized, complementary management strategies are needed. In this article we explore the importance of cerebral autoregulation (CA) assessment in the prediction and/or modification of infarct growth and hemorrhagic transformation. In patients with LVO, these are important factors that affect prognosis. A systematic search of the PubMed, EMBASE databases and a targeted Google search was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of 34 relevant articles. There is an agreement that CA is impaired in patients with LVO; several factors have been identified such as time course, revascularization status, laterality, disease subtype and location, some of which may be potentially modifiable and affect outcomes. The personalized CA assessment of these patients suggests potential for better understanding of the inter-individual variability. Further research is needed for the development of more accurate, noninvasive techniques for continuous monitoring and personalized thresholds for CA.

Non-invasive and probeless rapid in-vitro monitoring and quantification of HUVECs counts based on FFT impedimetery

Introduction: The endothelial cells derived from the human vein cord (HUVECs) are used as in-vitro models for studying cellular and molecular pathophysiology, drug and hormones transport mechanisms, or pathways. In these studies, the proliferation and quantity of cells are important features that should be monitored and assessed regularly. So rapid, easy, noninvasive, and inexpensive methods are favorable for this purpose. Methods: In this work, a novel method based on fast Fourier transform square-wave voltammetry (FFTSWV) combined with a 3D printed electrochemical cell including two inserted platinum electrodes was developed for non-invasive and probeless rapid in-vitro monitoring and quantification of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The electrochemical cell configuration, along with inverted microscope images, provided the capability of easy use, online in-vitro monitoring, and quantification of the cells during proliferation. Results: HUVECs were cultured and proliferated at defined experimental conditions, and standard cell counts in the initial range of 12 500 to 175 000 were prepared and calibrated by using a hemocytometer (Neubauer chamber) counting for electrochemical measurements. The optimum condition, for FFTSWV at a frequency of 100 Hz and 5 mV amplitude, were found to be a safe electrochemical measurement in the cell culture medium. In each run, the impedance or admittance measurement was measured in a 5 seconds time window. The total measurements were fulfilled at 5, 24, and 48 hours after the seeding of the cells, respectively. The recorded microscopic images before every electrochemical assay showed the conformity of morphology and objective counts of cells in every plate well. The proposed electrochemical method showed dynamic linearity in the range of 12 500-265 000 HUVECs 48 hours after the seeding of cells. Conclusion: The proposed electrochemical method can be used as a simple, fast, and noninvasive technique for tracing and monitoring of HUVECs population in in-vitro studies. This method is highly cheap in comparison with other traditional tools. The introduced configuration has the versatility to develop electrodes for the study of various cells and the application of other electrochemical designations.

A Preliminary Assessment of Cerebral Surface Strain

Background: Craniotomies are commonly performed neurosurgical procedures. Quantitating cerebral surface strain may facilitate the identification of intracerebral pathology and improve intraoperative management of underperfused brain tissue. Objective: The aim of this study was to test the use of digital image correlation software to quantify cerebral surface strain of intraoperative cerebral tissue during craniotomies. Methods: Ncorr, an open-source software program, was used to perform digital image correlation analysis from publicly available craniotomy videos. Mann-Whitney U tests were then utilized to assess statistical differences between craniotomy datasets. Results: Four different craniotomies were retrospectively examined, and the acquired cerebral surface strain data were subsequently extracted and analyzed. Statistically significant cerebral surface strain values were identified when comparing the four craniotomies. Additional prospective research is needed to establish baseline ranges of cerebral surface strain and to further understand the potential utility and limitations of this non-invasive intraoperative monitoring technique. Conclusion: This preliminary study successfully demonstrated the use of computer-based image analysis for the non-invasive quantification of cerebral surface strain during neurosurgery.

Ambulatory Electrocardiography Monitoring for Early Discharge After Minimally Invasive Valve Surgery

IntroductionWe sought to compare outcomes after early discharge in patients with and without predischarge diagnosis of arrhythmia following minimally invasive valve surgery (MIVS). Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed ambulatory electrocardiography (AECG) datasheets and medical records of patients discharged with 14-d AECG monitoring from our facility between October 2019 and March 2022 ≤ 3 d after MIVS. Baseline and clinical characteristics, arrhythmias during AECG monitoring, and 30-d adverse outcomes were reported for the population and stratified by presence or absence of predischarge arrhythmia. ResultsOf 41 patients discharged ≤3 d postoperatively of MIVS, 17 (41.5%) experienced predischarge arrhythmias and 24 (58.5%) did not. The population was predominantly male and White with a median age of 62 y [57, 70]. Baseline and clinical characteristics did not differ between subgroups. Most patients (92.7% [n = 38]) experienced one or more tachyarrhythmias during the AECG monitoring period. There were similar proportions of patients experiencing atrial fibrillation in both groups, but patients with predischarge arrhythmias had higher burden of atrial fibrillation on AECG monitoring (27.60% [6.57%, 100%] versus 1.65% [0.76%, 4.32%]; P = 0.004). The predischarge arrhythmia subgroup had higher proportions of patients experiencing nonsustained ventricular tachycardia but lower proportions experiencing supraventricular tachycardia. There were no mortalities within 30 d of surgery. Six (14.6%) patients were readmitted within 30 d with equal proportions of readmissions between subgroups (P = 0.662). ConclusionsEarly discharge timelines and noninvasive monitoring techniques can allow patients to return to their normal activities quicker in the comfort of their own home with no increased risk of morbidity or mortality.

Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo.

Blood glucose monitoring is an essential aspect of disease management for individuals with diabetes. Unfortunately, traditional methods require collecting a blood sample and thus are invasive and inconvenient. Recent developments in minimally invasive continuous glucose monitors have provided a more convenient alternative for people with diabetes to track their glucose levels 24/7. Despite this progress, many challenges remain to establish a noninvasive monitoring technique that works accurately and reliably in the wild. This review encompasses the current advancements in noninvasive glucose sensing technology in vivo, delves into the common challenges faced by these systems, and offers an insightful outlook on existing and future solutions.

Assessing Fluid Responsiveness Using Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pediatric Shock: A Review

AbstractNoninvasive hemodynamic monitoring devices have been introduced to better quantify fluid responsiveness in pediatric shock; however, current evidence for their use is inconsistent. This review aims to examine available noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring techniques for assessing fluid responsiveness in children with shock. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, examining published studies until December 31, 2022. Articles were identified using initial keywords: [noninvasive] AND [fluid responsiveness]. Inclusion criteria included age 0 to 18, use of noninvasive techniques, and the emergency department (ED) or pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) settings. Abstracts, review papers, articles investigating intraoperative monitoring, and non-English studies were excluded. The methodological index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS) score was used to assess impact of study bias and all study components were aligned with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Our review yielded 1,353 articles, 17 of which met our inclusion criteria, consisting of 618 patients. All were prospective observational studies performed in the ED (n = 3) and PICU (n = 14). Etiologies of shock were disclosed in 13/17 papers and consisted of patients in septic shock (38%), cardiogenic shock (29%), and hypovolemic shock (23%). Noninvasive hemodynamic monitors included transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) (n = 10), ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) (n = 1), inferior vena cava ultrasonography (n = 2), noninvasive cardiac output monitoring (NICOM)/electrical cardiometry (n = 5), and >2 modalities (n = 1). To evaluate fluid responsiveness, most commonly examined parameters included stroke volume variation (n = 6), cardiac index (CI) (n = 6), aortic blood flow peak velocity (∆V peak) (n = 3), and change in stroke volume index (n = 3). CI increase >10% predicted fluid responsiveness by TTE in all ages; however, when using NICOM, this increase was only predictive in children >5 years old. Additionally, ∆SV of 10 to 13% using TTE and USCOM was deemed predictive, while no studies concluded distensibility index by transabdominal ultrasound to be significantly predictive. Few articles explore implications of noninvasive hemodynamic monitors in evaluating fluid responsiveness in pediatric shock, especially in the ED setting. Consensus about their utility remains unclear, reiterating the need for further investigations of efficacy, accuracy, and applicability of these techniques.

Environmental DNA and visual encounter surveys for amphibian biomonitoring in aquatic environments of the Ecuadorian Amazon.

The development of anthropogenic activities has generated a decline in aquatic fauna populations, and amphibians have been the most affected. The decline of batrachofauna is concerning, as 41% of all species worldwide are endangered. For this reason, rapid, efficient, and non-invasive biodiversity monitoring techniques are needed, and environmental DNA (eDNA) is one such tool that has been sparsely applied in Ecuador. This technique has allowed scientists generates information on species diversity and amphibian community composition from a water sample. This study applied eDNA-based biomonitoring analyses and visual encounter surveys (VES) as inventory techniques to identify the diversity of aquatic amphibians in the Tena River micro-basin (TRMB). The experimental design was divided into three components: (1) fieldwork: all amphibians were recorded by the VES technique and water samples were collected; (2) laboratory work: DNA isolation from amphibian tissue samples and eDNA-containing filters, amplification, electrophoresis, and sequencing were performed; (3) Data analysis: a local DNA reference database was constructed, and eDNA sequence data were processed for classification, taxonomic assignment, and ecological interpretation. Using both eDNA and VES, we detected 33 amphibian species (13 with eDNA only, five with VES only, and 15 with both methods). These species belonged to six amphibian families: Hylidae being the richest with 14 species (three eDNA, one VES, and 10 with both methods), followed by Strabomantidae with nine species (six eDNA, one VES, and two with both methods). All families were detected with both methods, except for the Aromobatidae, having one single record (Allobates aff. insperatus) by VES. Individually, eDNA detected 28 species and had a detection probability (DP) of 0.42 CI [0.40-0.45], while VES recorded 20 species with a DP of 0.17 CI [0.14-0.20]. Similarly, using VES, Cochranella resplendens was detected for the first time in TRMB, while with eDNA, four mountain frogs Pristimantis acerus, Pristimantis eriphus, Pristimantis mallii, and Pristimantis sp. (INABIO 15591) previously recorded at 1,518 m.a.s.l. at altitudes below 600 m.a.s.l. were detected. Results obtained in this study showed that eDNA-based detection had a greater capacity to detect amphibians in aquatic environments compared to VES. The combination of VES and eDNA improves the sensitivity of species detection and provides more reliable, robust, and detailed information. The latter is essential for developing conservation strategies in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Remote Sensing for Sustainable Pistachio Cultivation and Improved Quality Traits Evaluation through Thermal and Non-Thermal UAV Vegetation Indices

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) has earned recognition as a significant crop due to its unique nutrient composition and its adaptability to the growing threat of climate change. Consequently, the utilization of remote sensing techniques for non-invasive pistachio monitoring has become critically important. This research was conducted in two pistachio orchards located in Spain, aiming to assess the effectiveness of vegetation indices (VIs) in estimating nut yield and quality under various irrigation conditions. To this end, high-resolution multispectral and thermal imagery were gathered using a Micasense ALTUM sensor carried by a DJI Inspire 2 drone in order to calculate the NDRE (normalized difference red edge index), GNDVI (green normalized difference vegetation index), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), and CWSI (crop water stress index). Each orchard underwent two flights at distinct growth stages, totaling four flights. In June, NDRE-carbohydrates (r = 0.78) and CWSI-oleic (r = 0.77) showed the highest correlations, while in September, CWSI-carbohydrates (r = 0.62) and NDVI-iron (r = 0.54) Despite NDVI’s limitations due to saturation effects, all VIs had significant yield and quality correlations, with GNDVI proving most effective in both flights. CWSI correlated considerably on both dates in terms of several quality parameters (carbohydrate percentage, magnesium, iron, and fatty acids, namely palmitoyl, stearic, oleic, and linoleic), surpassing non-thermal indices. Finally, it is important to consider the impact of environmental factors, such as the location of the sun, when interpreting the CWSI, as it modifies the temperature distribution pattern within the canopy. This study supports the viability of remote sensing and vegetation indices as potential tools for enhancing the management of pistachio orchards.

The Use of a Rupture Model to Predict Type-A Aortic Dissection

Current recommendations focus only on aortic size without reference to wall structure. Advanced imaging techniques provide some novel information on wall structure and perhaps this can be improved in the future so that collagen/elastin content can be assessed. Perhaps this will involve structural imaging of the vessel wall or functional imaging, such as response to wall stress stimuli (i.e., should structural and functional non-invasive imaging monitoring techniques be used to monitor aortic aneurysms in decision-making for surgery?).

Retracted: Optimization and Evaluation of an Intelligent Short-Term Blood Glucose Prediction Model Based on Noninvasive Monitoring and Deep Learning Techniques.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/8956850.].

Longitudinal Studies of Wearables in Patients with Diabetes: Key Issues and Solutions.

Glucose monitoring is key to the management of diabetes mellitus to maintain optimal glucose control whilst avoiding hypoglycemia. Non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring techniques have evolved considerably to replace finger prick testing, but still require sensor insertion. Physiological variables, such as heart rate and pulse pressure, change with blood glucose, especially during hypoglycemia, and could be used to predict hypoglycemia. To validate this approach, clinical studies that contemporaneously acquire physiological and continuous glucose variables are required. In this work, we provide insights from a clinical study undertaken to study the relationship between physiological variables obtained from a number of wearables and glucose levels. The clinical study included three screening tests to assess neuropathy and acquired data using wearable devices from 60 participants for four days. We highlight the challenges and provide recommendations to mitigate issues that may impact the validity of data capture to enable a valid interpretation of the outcomes.

Enabling glucose adaptive self-healing hydrogel based triboelectric biosensor for tracking a human perspiration

A breakthrough in intelligent healthcare enables the collection of real-time patient data and active diagnosis via the advancement of medical technology. Monitoring glucose levels steady is essential to minimize diabetes-related issues since glucose is used by cells as an essential source of energy. Despite the range of commercially available glucose monitoring devices, the pain of repetitive blood testing and complex power demands has addressed the shortcomings of painless compact glucose biosensors. To address these drawbacks, self-healing glucose adaptive hydrogel based triboelectric biosensors (GAH-TES) are proposed as a biocompatible noninvasive technique for simultaneous glucose monitoring. With the assistance of a -cyclodextrin inclusion complex, glucose-adaptive PVA hydrogels may be utilized as an immobilization matrix for the glucose oxidase enzyme. The modulation of dynamic hydrogel networks in the presence of diversified glucose environments leads in changes in conductivity that boost electrical performance. Introducing glucose-adaptive hydrogel into a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) allows for efficient energy conversion from motion-based glucose stimuli in human sweat to electrical output. Higher glucose concentrations were shown to boost TENG production due to the greater conductivity and polarization effect caused by the increased ionic strength carried by the enzymatic activity. Due to its ability to detect high glucose levels autonomously, GAH-TES has broadened the scope of diabetes management by highly selective, flexible, and reliable real-time monitoring of human perspiration.

State of the Art of Non-Invasive Technologies for Bladder Monitoring: A Scoping Review

Bladder monitoring, including urinary incontinence management and bladder urinary volume monitoring, is a vital part of urological care. Urinary incontinence is a common medical condition affecting the quality of life of more than 420 million people worldwide, and bladder urinary volume is an important indicator to evaluate the function and health of the bladder. Previous studies on non-invasive techniques for urinary incontinence management technology, bladder activity and bladder urine volume monitoring have been conducted. This scoping review outlines the prevalence of bladder monitoring with a focus on recent developments in smart incontinence care wearable devices and the latest technologies for non-invasive bladder urine volume monitoring using ultrasound, optical and electrical bioimpedance techniques. The results found are promising and their application will improve the well-being of the population suffering from neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder and the management of urinary incontinence. The latest research advances in bladder urinary volume monitoring and urinary incontinence management have significantly improved existing market products and solutions and will enable the development of more effective future solutions.

Online SFRA for Reliability of Power Systems: Characterization of a Batch of Healthy and Damaged Induction Motors for Predictive Maintenance

Asynchronous motors represent a large percentage of motors used in the electrical industry. Suitable predictive maintenance techniques are strongly required when these motors are critical in their operations. Continuous non-invasive monitoring techniques can be investigated to avoid the disconnection of the motors under test and service interruption. This paper proposes an innovative predictive monitoring system based on the online sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) technique. The testing system applies variable frequency sinusoidal signals to the motors and then acquires and processes the applied and response signals in the frequency domain. In the literature, SFRA has been applied to power transformers and electric motors switched off and disconnected from the main grid. The approach described in this work is innovative. Coupling circuits allow for the injection and acquisition of the signals, while grids feed the motors. A comparison between the transfer functions (TFs) of healthy motors and those with slight damage was performed with a batch of 1.5 kW, four-pole induction motors to investigate the technique's performance. The results show that the online SFRA could be of interest for monitoring induction motors' health conditions, especially for mission-critical and safety-critical applications. The overall cost of the whole testing system, including the coupling filters and cables, is less than EUR 400.

Continuous intraoperative perfusion monitoring of free microvascular anastomosed fasciocutaneous flaps using remote photoplethysmography

Flap loss through limited perfusion remains a major complication in reconstructive surgery. Continuous monitoring of perfusion will facilitate early detection of insufficient perfusion. Remote or imaging photoplethysmography (rPPG/iPPG) as a non-contact, non-ionizing, and non-invasive monitoring technique provides objective and reproducible information on physiological parameters. The aim of this study is to establish rPPG for intra- and postoperative monitoring of flap perfusion in patients undergoing reconstruction with free fasciocutaneous flaps (FFCF). We developed a monitoring algorithm for flap perfusion, which was evaluated in 15 patients. For 14 patients, ischemia of the FFCF in the forearm and successful reperfusion of the implanted FFCF was quantified based on the local signal. One FFCF showed no perfusion after reperfusion and devitalized in the course. Intraoperative monitoring of perfusion with rPPG provides objective and reproducible results. Therefore, rPPG is a promising technology for standard flap perfusion monitoring on low costs without the need for additional monitoring devices.

Early prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: can noninvasive monitoring methods be essential?

Despite remarkable breakthroughs in diagnosis and treatment, the prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants and the consequent mortality have remained high over the last half-century. The pathophysiology of BPD is complicated, with several causes. In addition, infants with severe BPD are predisposed to a variety of complications that need multidisciplinary collaboration during hospitalisation and post-discharge home treatment. Consequently, early prediction, precise prevention and individualised management have become the cornerstones of therapeutic care of preterm infants with BPD, thereby improving patient survival and prognosis. BPD has an operational clinical description; however, it has various clinical phenotypes and endotypes, making accurate prediction challenging. Currently, most approaches for predicting BPD in preterm infants include invasive collection of biofluids, which is inappropriate in fragile neonates. Consequently, researchers and clinicians are becoming more interested in noninvasive monitoring for BPD prediction. Comprehensive assessments of pertinent research, however, remain scarce. In this review, we compared many noninvasive monitoring techniques that contribute to early prediction of BPD development in premature infants.