Non-ferrous Industry Research Articles

Космические снимки – визуальный источник экологической информации (на примере Экологического атласа России)

Performing the function of information visualization, satellite images together with legends of landscape type maps, types of anthropogenic load under different economic use of the territory in various natural zones, maps of soil cover structures, seasonal production processes, create a visual image of the Earth’s night lights. The ecological functions of the images are manifested with showing the sources and distribution of pollution in different natural environments, i. e. smoke pollution of air, pollution of snow cover around cities, contamination of river and lake waters. The pictures illustrate the impact on the natural environment under extraction of minerals, oil production, mining coal, mineral raw materials, gold and diamonds. Particular attention is paid to industrial pollution of cities under the influence of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and energy. In addition to these negative examples, the opportunities of using satellite imagery to monitor the effectiveness of environmental protective measures to reduce water pollution and the reclamation of quarries are shown.

Analysis of the Exports Structure from the Russian Federation in the light of the Theory of Technological Structures

The state of the modern Russian economy is considered from the point of view of the technological structures concept. On the basis of this theory, the author presents a structural section of the domestic economy from the point of view of each technological structure, as well as a comparative analysis of data on the Russian economy with the performance of the economies of other countries of different technological development levels. In particular, such countries as Bangladesh, Singapore, Great Britain, China and Germany, as well as many other countries belonging to all groups of countries of the world economy, are taken as examples. The study was conducted to determine the degree of readiness of Russia to the transition to the so-called “sixth” economic structure, characterized by the emergence and development of new materials that increase the efficiency of use and service life of most previously invented items. The conclusions about the loss of Russia’s many achievements of the fifth technological structure, were made, which, of course, can complicate the transition to the sixth. The modernization of the country’s economy, based on the restoration and development of key sectors of the fourth and, especially, the fifth technological structures (ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, oil production and processing, software production, production of consumer goods, etc.). It is necessary to develop and modernize those sectors of the national economy that are currently operating in Russia, have a competitive advantage in the world market. The author does not propose to abandon the scientific and technological development. It is recommended to use the existing and future achievements of the sixth technological structure (borrowed abroad or developed independently) to increase the competitiveness of these economic sectors, as well as the transport infrastructure modernization, limiting the adverse impact of industry on the environment.

Unfolding the price effects of non-ferrous industry chain on economic development: A case study of Yunnan province

Price changes in the non-ferrous metal industry affect economic development, especially in resource-rich regions. However, the degree of price fluctuation differs among sectors in this industry. These differences would mislead policy makers on formulating policy about the long-term development of economic and industry. Existing studies do not present the whole feature picture regarding the effects of price changes in the non-ferrous metal industry. This paper analyzes the segmented effects of prices in the non-ferrous metal industry chain on economic development in Yunnan province, China. The effects caused by price changes in the mining, smelting, and processing sectors were studied using a static computable general equilibrium model with a looping algorithm to avoid omitting the key point of price. Furthermore, the relationships between sectors are discussed by categorizing the effects into crowding-out and pulling effects. Considering the situation of non-ferrous industry in China, the scenarios of price change between −30% and 30% in different sectors of the non-ferrous metal industry were developed. The results show that decreases in the smelting price benefit regional economic development and international trade. Price changes in the mid-stream smelting sector generate more pulling effects than changes in other sectors. This suggests that regional economic development can be promoted by adjusting the smelting price of non-ferrous metals in regions with abundant non-ferrous metal resources. Moreover, as price changes bring different crowding-out and pulling effects among sectors, new price-related policies should consider the effects on other sectors of the industry.

Smart Melting: Increasing Efficiency in Non-Ferrous Melting and Die-Casting Plants through Incident Management

This study is part of the project Smart Melting in the research cooperation Green Factory Bavaria (GFB). The main targets of the project are the improvement of the key figure OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) and the reduction of the energy consumption in the non-ferrous die-casting industry. By implementing a software tool in the factory of an industrial partner, which collects the essential data to improve maintenance, a necessary requirement for an incident management is created. This article focuses on the current state of data acquisition in the plant of the industrial partner and the estimated potential of process improvement by an incident management system. The collected incident data of the producing die-casting machines are processed and analyzed. In the data analysis the incidents are classified according to their cause and assigned to the respective machine. The time to repair (TTR) and the time to failure (TTF) are investigated in order to obtain statistical probability distributions. The TTR is an exponentially distributed value and the TTF can be depicted using the Weibull distribution [1]. A simulation model based on statistically concentrated data is used to determine the effects of a better incident management on the key figure OEE. An improved maintenance reduces the number of incidents and increases the TTF. An improved incident management which shortens the downtime reduces the TTR. As a result of the improvements the availability factor of the OEE increases remarkably. Furthermore an increase of the quality factor (proportion of good parts) of the OEE can be expected.

Research on the Recycling of Pulverulent Waste from the Ferous and Non-Ferrous Industry in Order tu Reduced the Pollution

Research conducted and presented in this paper have sought to reduce the pollution of the environment by harnessing the red sludge, waste ferrous powdered alumina factories existing areas. The red mud is a waste derived from the production of alumina due to the fact that the raw material bauxite contains besides Al2O3 and other minerals such as: hematite, quartz, calcite, rutile titanium dioxide, clay, and shows the red color due to hematite, the whose content can reach up to 45-50% (or 31-35% Fe). Because mineral constituents, containing red mud and water of constitution (approximately 10%). The valorification of red mud in metallurgy is not resolved so far appropriately in terms technical-economical, due primarily to the high content of arsenic than the limit allowed to minerals, which leads to storing it in ponds or throwing by some manufacturers in the sea. This waste has been processed along with other ferrous scrap, are still able powdery or petty, but having a content almost double iron (powder steel mill, mill scale, sludge from agglomeration - furnaces) in order to increase the concentration of iron and decrease the concentration of arsenic by-product.

Assessing the policy impacts on non-ferrous metals industry's CO2 reduction: Evidence from China

Abstract The nonferrous metals industry (NMI) consumes a great amount of energy, and is a typical high CO2 emission sector. The NMI is one of the eight most concerning industries in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. In this study, we summarized policies that impact Chinese NMI's development and grouped them into three types: energy structure policies, energy efficiency improving policies and production-scale policies. Based on those quantitative policy goals, a bottom-up model has been developed to study the CO2 emissions of five NMI's major sub-sectors from 2010 to 2030. The results showed that if China's central government could stick to the CO2 reduction policy strength of 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020), then the copper, lead and zinc industries can reach their emissions peak before 2030. Furthermore, if the Chinese government restricts the production of primary aluminum of 46.2 million tons in 2025, then the CO2 emissions of China's non-ferrous industry could reach the peak in that year, when the CO2 emissions peak is 297 million tons. Having benefited from the effective CO2 reduction policies of NMI, China may reach its ambitious CO2 peaking goals more easily.

국내 주요 산업단지 대기 중 중금속농도 분포에 관한 연구

This paper reports the results of field evaluation to determine the levels of heavy metals in major industrial complexes in Korea over a seven year period (2007~2013). The measurement of heavy metal was conducted using quartz fiber filter sampling and ICP-AES analysis. In order to validate the analytical performance of these methods, studies were also carried out to investigate data quality control (QC) parameters, such as the method detection limit (MDL), repeatability, and recovery efficiencies. The average concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP) for the nine industrial complexes in Korea were 104~169 μg/㎥, which was higher than other industrial complexes and urban areas. The Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes were shown to be the biggest contributing sources to high TSP emission (159 μg/㎥ and 169 μg/㎥, respectively). The concentrations of heavy metals in TSP were higher in the order of Fe>Cu>Zn, Pb, Mn>Cr, Ni, As and Cd. It was observed that Fe was the highest in the Gwangyang and Pohang steel industrial complexes. The concentrations of Zn and Pb were high in Onsan, Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes, and this was attributed to the emission from the nonferrous industry. Additionally, Cr and Ni concentrations were high in the Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes due to plating industry. On the other hand, Ulsan and Onsan industrial complexes showed high Cr and Ni concentrations as a response to the emission of metal industry related to automobile. The correlation analysis revealed the high correlation between Cr and Ni in plating industry from Sihwa and Banwol industrial complexes. Adding to this, components related to coal combustion and road dust showed high correlation in Pohang and Gwangyang industrial complexes. Then Onsan and Ulsan industrial complexes showed high correlation among components related to the nonferrous metals.

Bioconcentration of heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes of South Urals region lakes

Krupnova TG, Mashkova IV, Kostryukova AM, Egorov NO, Gavrilkina SV. 2018. Bioconcentration of heavy metals in aquatic macrophytes of South Urals region lakes. Biodiversitas 19: 296-302. This paper studies bioconcentration of heavy metals in macrophytes. High concentration of heavy metal compounds in the lakes of South Ural is natural. Moreover, some of the South Ural lakes are polluted by heavy metals that get into the water together with partly treated sewage of ferrous and non-ferrous industries as well as mining. The paper analyzes similarities and differences of macrophyte communities in six lakes: Bolshoye Miassovo, Bolshoy Ishkul, Bolshoy Tatkul, Argayash, Savelkul, Baraus. In our research, we determined species diversity for each lake. Potamogeton lucens L. and Lemna minor L. were found in all the studied lakes, and the concentrations of heavy metals were studied in their leaves. Such metals as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn were found in macrophytes. We obtained a metal ratio Mn <Fe<Cu<Zn in plant leaves. High accumulation of Fe, Cu, Zn was observed in Lemna while Mn accumulates equally. Metals bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated

Synthesis of lead sulfide by heavy metal gypsum matched with lead paste

The heavy metal gypsum is a hazardous solid waste, which is from the process of lead and zinc metallurgical industry. In this method, heavy metal gypsum and lead paste were used to synthesize PbS by pyrogenic attack. First synthesize CaS by the reducing of heavy metal gypsum that the pulverized coal was used as a reduction agent. Then the production CaS reacted with lead paste to synthesize PbS and the product CaO. The production PbS can be reused as raw materials for the process of lead metallurgical industry and CaO can be used to replace some slag forming constituents or smelting flux. The two-steps method reaction temperatures were 1173 K and 1073 K respectively in a protective atmosphere of nitrogen, wherein the second step was the rate-controlling step. In the final product, the percentage of lead was 70.89%, which exceeded the standard level of lead of industry standard for the nonferrous industry of China. At last, lead element was almost removed from waste gypsum as PbS, with some lead free about 4.5% which can be recycled in the dust catcher system. In this way, heavy metal gypsum can be recycled environmentally, economically and sustainably.

Analysis of Quality Indicators of Fireproof Concrete by Expert Assessment

Жаростойкий бетон предназначается для промышленных агрегатов и строительных конструкций, подверженных нагреванию. Важнейшими задачами в производстве жаростойких бетонов является увеличение сроков службы тепловых агрегатов и уменьшение себестоимости изделий за счет повышения долговечности и качества выпускаемых материалов. Обладая высокими физико-техническими и экономическими показателями, жаростойкие бетоны во многих случаях более эффективны, чем штучные огнеупорные материалы. Описана процедура формирования системы качественных показателей методом экспертного опроса для оценки жаростойких, огнеупорных бетонов, используемых для футеровки тепловых агрегатов предприятий промышленности строительных материалов, нефтехимической промышленности, черной и цветной металлургии. Этот метод позволяет обозначить мнение специалистов по исследуемой проблеме, проранжировать какие-либо признаки и определить степень важности. Для каждого показателя рассчитан коэффициент весомости. С помощью рассчитанного коэффициента весомости определена степень значимости конкретного показателя для оценки качества.

The Swedish nonferrous mining industry and the environmental issue. The case of Boliden business archives

The Swedish nonferrous mining industry and the environmental issue : The case of Boliden business archives

Mechanical and microstructural characterization of cement mortars prepared by waste foundry sand (WFS)

Foundry sand is used spent in sand molds of ferrous and non-ferrous industries. When it is no longer used, it has become solid wastes generated by foundries. According to European Union regulations, it is a non-hazardous waste so it can be recycled in other industries, especially in cement industry. In the present paper, the mechanical properties and characterization of cement mortars are prepared by using waste foundry sand coming from Turkey steel manufacturer as partial replacement of natural sand were experimentally investigated and the possibility of using waste foundry sand (WFS) instead of natural sand in mortar has been determined. Recycling of solid foundry waste is considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to solve the problem of disposing of the solid wastes. Cement mortar admixtures were prepared by using with variable percentages of WFS ranging from 15 to 60%. Additionally, to make comparison, one reference admixture sample was fabricated without using any waste foundry sand. The effect of WFS on the compressive strength of the cement mortar was analyzed. The compressive strengths values of all the specimens were recorded for 3, 7, and 28 days and results showed that when the amount of WFS replacement is increased, the strength decreased slightly according to the comparison of the reference sample. However, cement mortar containing 15% additive has showed the highest strength value at 3 and 28 days. As a result in the present study, it is observed that optimum additive amount of WFS as replacement of natural sand in cement mortar is 15%. SEM images were also taken to evaluate the relationship between microstructure and strength of the specimens. Moreover, scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination was carried out to explain the effectiveness of the matrix in the reuse of WFS. Microstructural observation of the samples by SEM showed that the sand particles of the WFS were well embedded in the cementitious matrix.

LMDI Decomposition Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Korean Manufacturing Sector

The energy consumption of Korea’s manufacturing sector has sharply increased over the past 20 years. This paper decomposes the factors influencing energy consumption in this sector using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method and analyzes the specific characteristics of energy consumption from 1991 to 2011. The analysis reveals that the activity effect played a major role in increasing energy consumption. While the structure and intensity effects contributed to the reduction in energy consumption, the structure effect was greater than the intensity effect. Over the periods, the effects moved in opposite directions; that is, the structure effect decreased when the intensity effect increased and vice versa. The energy consumption by each industry is decomposed into two factors, activity and intensity effects. The increase of energy consumption due to the activity effect is largest in the petroleum and chemical industry, followed by the primary metal and non-ferrous industry, and the fabricated metal industry. The decrease of energy consumption due to the intensity effect is largest in the fabricated metal industry, followed by the primary metal and non-ferrous industry, and the non-metallic industry. The energy consumption due to intensity effect in the petroleum and chemical industry has risen. To save energy consumption more efficiently for addressing climate change in this sector, industrial restructuring and industry-specific energy saving policies should be introduced.

Sequestration of carbon dioxide by red mud through direct mineral carbonation at room temperature

In the developing countries, power generation is likely to be primarily dependent on coal reserves in the coming years, thereby they face the scenario of upsurge in CO2 emissions. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are considered as a promising tool to mitigate CO2 emissions. In this work, direct mineral carbonation capacity of red mud (RM) has been studied which is one of the major solid waste produced from the non-ferrous industries in the country and that is largely land filled. Carbonation (dry and wet) studies were performed at low pressure (1-10 bar) conditions and at room temperature using a simple methodology in a batch reactor with pure CO2 gas. The dry route resulted in a maximum sequestration capacity of 5.16 g of CO2/kg of RM (10 bar and 3 h), whereas wet phase aqueous carbonation route yielded 20.09 g of CO2/kg of RM (liquid to solid (L/S) ratio - 0.6, 6 bar and 1 h). The carbonated samples were characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis which evidenced the carbonation process. Thus, it can be concluded that the solid waste that generated in ample quantities pose to be a promising option towards climate change mitigation.

Molding and casting behavior of ferro chrome slag as a mold material in ferrous and non-ferrous foundry industries

ABSTRACTIn the present investigation, efforts are made to use Ferro Chrome (Fe-Cr) slag as a mold material for the replacement of silica sand in the foundry industry. The sodium silicate-Fe–Si process is adopted for evaluating the same. The process parameters considered for this investigation are % of sodium silicate, % of Fe–Si powder as a binder, and mold setting time. A series of sand tests are carried out on sand, slag individually, and for various combinations of these two. Three types of molds are made with sand, slag individually, and combination of these two with 6% sodium silicate and 1.5% Fe–Si. Various ferrous and non-ferrous castings are performed on these newly developed slag molds. The results reveal that the Fe-Cr slag with mold permeability, compression, and shear strength is a suitable candidate for either partial or full replacement of silica sand. During casting neither fusing, dripping, nor collapse of the mold walls is observed in slag molds; this is true for both ferrous and non-ferrous castings. Castings with good surface finish and no surface defects are made by slag molds. Faster heat transfer in slag molds enable to obtain castings with enhanced metallurgical and mechanical properties.

Structure and properties of aluminium\u2013magnesium casting alloys after heat treatment

Since the forming of the microstructure depends on the specific of the casting method, which directly affects further mechanical and physical properties of the material, it is important to understand how to control the microstructure of the cast to understand changes that taking place during the crystallisation process. For estimating the metallurgical quality of the liquid metal before casting, the thermal-derivative analysis (TDA) is utilised. The TDA has been used for a long time, in both ferrous and non-ferrous industries casting. The Universal Metallurgical Simulator and Analyser (UMSA) platform is a rapid, sensitive and economical method of determining a full range of solidification features. The work focuses on the thermal analysis and heat treatment of aluminium alloys. The liquidus and solidus temperatures and dendrite coherency point (DCP) are then characterised. The research shows that the UMSA platform allows precise determination and calculation of thermal parameters. The influence of the heat treatment on structure and properties of aluminium castings has been determined as well. Heat treatment was carried out to increase the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys. Based on the findings above, the influence of microstructure on properties of the alloys is discussed.

ПЛАВЛЕНЫЕ ОГНЕУПОРЫ МАГНЕЗИАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ТЕРМОСТОЙКОСТИ

The influence of various additions to magnesia refractories is investigated in the article to increase the thermal stability and to decrease the costs for high-refractory bricks production. In accordance with the results the efforts have been undertaking to raise the refractories' thermal stability by means of Cr 2 O 3 additions. The ferrochrome, however, which forms in course steel melting reduces the operating refractory temperature. The optimal addition was found to be 5-15 % of raw magnesia MgCO 3 . The refractories with elevated thermal stability can be used effectively in the linings of high-temperature ferrous and non-ferrous industry vessels such as liquid furnaces, oxygen-flash smelting furnaces for lead-zinc concentrates, horizontal converters, electrical furnaces for ferrous industry. Ref. 3. Tab. 2.

Chemical content and estimated sources of fine fraction of particulate matter collected in Krakow

The monitored level of pollution remains high in Krakow, Poland. Alerts regarding increased levels of pollution, which advise asthmatics, the elderly, and children to limit their exposure to open air, continue to be issued on numerous days. In this work, seasonal variations in PM2.5 (particulate matter containing particles with aerodynamic diameter no higher than 2.5 μm) concentrations are shown. An increasing trend is reported, which is enhanced during the colder seasons. The mean PM2.5 concentrations in Krakow exceeded the target value of 25 μg/m3 specified for 2015 in the spring, autumn, and winter seasons. For this reason, particulate matter pollution is of special concern. Elemental concentrations as well as the presence of black carbon (BC) and black smoke (BS) in PM2.5 samples were determined. Seasonal variations of Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb concentrations were observed whereas V, Cr, Ni, BC, and BS concentrations did not significantly change with the time of year. Seven factors were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique, and one was non-identified. They were attributed to the following sources of pollution: steel industry, traffic (diesel exhaust), traffic (gasoline exhaust, brake wear), road dust, construction dust, combustion (biomass, coal), and non-ferrous metallurgical industry. The last, non-identified source, could be attributed to secondary aerosols. It is worth to mention that combustion shows significant seasonal variations with a high impact in winter. The reported results of the completed studies may significantly aid in solving air quality issues in the city by highlighting major sources of air pollution.

Транспортна логістика: основні виклики для України

In the article the author has analyzed the general principles of transport logistics in Ukraine. The main factors that determine the logistical activities and which have an influence on the choice of the mode of transport have been determined. The transportation of cargo by mode of transport was analysed, and outlined a place of road transport. In this paper conducted analytical studies to determine the sectoral structure of export of Ukraine’s regions to neighboring countries by automobile transport by means of transportation and information portal Ukraine “Lardi-trans”. According to the study from the regions highest exports to neighboring countries – produce timber and woodworking industry. Production of the industry ranks first in the structure of exports of goods Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Lviv, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Transcarpathian, Ivano-Frankivsk, Vinnytsia, Chernivtsi, Donetsk, Chernihiv and Sumy regions. Food products in the export structure dominated Kiev, Cherkassy, Poltava, Kharkiv, Odessa, Mykolayiv and Kherson regions. In other regions dominated by agricultural products – particularly Kirovohrad region, iron and steel products – Dnipropetrovsk region, Lugansk region – produce pulp and paper industry. In second place in the export structure in Western countries mainly agricultural products and foodstuffs. But in the eastern regions of the country is mostly engineering products. According to the study the regions of Ukraine were divided into 3 groups: West of the predominance in the structure of exports of forestry and wood processing industry, Central – dominated the food industry and agricultural and East – dominated, industries and mechanical engineering and metal working, chemical, steel and non-ferrous industry. In the work assessed exports by region of Ukraine with the release of several groups of regions and analyzed by mode of transport. An important role in the study covers evaluation of transit of goods by road through the territory of Ukraine with analysis of major trend and states – participants. Countries that use the transport system of Ukraine for the transit of their goods to third countries were divided into three groups. The first group includes Turkey, Russia and Moldova on transit volumes over 500 ths. tons. The second group consists of Romania, Italy, Belarus and Poland. The volume of transit through Ukraine up to 200 – 500 ths. tons. In the third group, with the least, but no less important for the economic development of Ukraine transit volumes include Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Slovenia and Germany. The basic tasks of transport logistics were defined in the article, including states which improve the quality of the transport infrastructure and transport services and bringing them up to global standards, the maximum load of the rolling stock, cargo insurance and vehicles.

DAMPAK KRISIS EKONOMI TERHADAP KINERJA SEKTOR INDUSTRI: PENDEKATAN MODEL KESEIMBANGAN UMUM TERAPAN INDORANI

This paper tries to examine the impact of economic crisis on industry performance during 1997 - 1998. The performance was measured in terms of value added, employment, domestic prices, and exports volume. The method used in this research was simulation with INDORANI Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE Model). The results of the simulation were then crosschecked with the data provided by BPS, field survey, and others preliminary research. The results of this research show that in general, the economic crisis has a negative impact on industry performance. The negative impact consists of the increasing domestic prices, decreasing value added and export volume, lower production for domestic market, and lower rate of employment. Howewer, domestic resources-based and/or export oriented industries (such as food and beverages, plywoods, chemicals and non-ferrous industries) have better negative impacts compared to import resource-based and domestic-oriented industries (such as iron and steel, and machinery industries). Keywords: economic crisis, industry performance, INDORANI CGE-Model.