Non-exercise Physical Activity Research Articles

Acute Vigorous Exercise Decreases Subsequent Nonexercise Physical Activity and Body Temperature Linked to Weight Gain.

Exercise benefits the body and mind, but its weight loss effect is less than generally expected. Although this phenomenon is likely due to an exercise intensity-dependent decrease in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), resulting in a decrease in non-exercise activity thermogenesis, the underlying mechanisms and effects of exercise intensity remain unknown. Here we show that acute vigorous exercise decreases subsequent NEPA and body temperature (BT) in association with body weight gain. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were categorized into three groups: sedentary, moderate exercise, and vigorous exercise, with exercise groups undergoing a 30-min treadmill session. Using an intraperitoneally implanted activity monitor, NEPA and BT were monitored for 2 d before and 3 d after exercise. The daily synchrony between NEPA and BT was evaluated using a cross-correlation function. Plasma corticosterone was also detected 6 and 24 h after exercise. Notably, only the vigorous exercise group exhibited a decline in both NEPA and BT, resulting in body weight gain the following day, despite no observed changes in food intake. Furthermore, vigorous exercise induces a distinct delay in the daily dynamics of NEPA compared with BT. A positive correlation was observed between plasma corticosterone levels and changes in NEPA levels before and after exercise across all exercise groups. Our findings provide evidence for vigorous exercise-specific reduction in subsequent NEPA, BT, and their synchrony linked to weight gain, likely due to the disturbed circadian rhythm of corticosterone. This is an initial investigation redefining the significance of exercise intensity in beneficial effects beyond the energy expenditure of the exercise itself.

Physical Activity Components that Determine Daily Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults: An Intensive Longitudinal Diary Study.

Although previous studies have shown that engaging in physical activity can elevate daily life satisfaction, few studies have identified the specific aspects that can result in this. This study examined whether enjoying moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercises with others for a longer time, but not any aspects of non-exercise physical activity, was associated with higher daily life satisfaction among older adults. We conducted an intensive longitudinal diary survey of 182 individuals for 1week and obtained valid data for 853 person-days. The time spent engaging in light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at 8:00-11:59, 12:00-15:59, and 16:00-19:59h was measured using an accelerometer. Duration, intensity, timing, social context, and enjoyment of the exercises were assessed based on diary entries. Stratified by non-exercise and exercise days, we conducted multilevel models. On non-exercise days, longer duration of light physical activity from 12:00 to 15:59 at the within-person level was associated with higher daily life satisfaction. On exercise days, longer duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from 12:00 to 15:59 at the within-person level, longer exercise duration at the within-person level, exercising with moderate-to-vigorous intensity, and enjoyment of exercise at both the within- and between-person levels were associated with higher daily life satisfaction. These findings indicate that enjoying moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise for a longer duration than usual and engaging in non-exercise physical activity in the afternoon are important for elevating older adults' daily life satisfaction.

Activities of daily living and non-exercise physical activity in older adults: findings from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey

ObjectivesStudies have shown that good cognitive function can moderate the relationship between non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) and activities of daily living (ADLs) disability to some extent, and this study mainly...

The effect of a structured running exercise intervention on non-exercise physical activity and sedentary behaviour in persons with mild Multiple Sclerosis and healthy controls

BackgroundExercise interventions fail to increase objective physical activity (PA) in persons with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS), while they self-report higher exercise participation. This suggests that PwMS change their non-exercise PA (NEPA). We aimed to explore NEPA changes of PwMS and healthy controls (HC), and whether these constrain exercise adaptations.MethodsTwenty-nine mildly-disabled PwMS and 26 HC completed a 10-month home-based running program. A non-randomised controlled study design was used. The primary outcome was time in different NEPA intensities (light intensity PA [LIPA] and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA [MVPA]) and in sedentary behaviour ([SB]; total and uninterrupted SB) at baseline (T1), after 5 (T2) and 10 (T3) months of exercise. Data were averaged over days with and without exercise sessions (EX and NONEX days). Secondary outcomes included patient-reported and physical exercise adaptations (fatigue, walking mobility, blood pressure, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness).ResultsA significant reduction in non-exercise MVPA was observed from T1 to T2 (− 113 ± 31 min/week, p < 0.01) and from T1 to T3 (− 95 ± 26 min/week, p < 0.01) in PwMS, which approximately matched the weekly exercise duration at those time points. PwMS also increased their uninterrupted SB on NONEX days compared to EX days (+ 0.7 ± 0.3 h, p < 0.01). There were no changes in MVPA or SB of HC (group × time effect MVPA: p < 0.05; group × EX day effect uninterrupted SB: p < 0.01). Secondary outcomes improved similarly in both groups and were not associated with NEPA/SB changes.ConclusionsIn contrast to HC, PwMS significantly changed their NEPA and the pattern in which they accumulated SB in response to structured exercise. This might be a necessary behavioural compensation in order to adhere to the exercise intervention and did not constrain patient-reported and physical outcomes. Future research is warranted to unravel the underlying causes and to investigate the effects on other exercise adaptations, such as cardiometabolic health.Trial registration The present study was registered (December 10, 2019) at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04191772

Brief bouts of device-measured intermittent lifestyle physical activity and its association with major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in people who do not exercise: a prospective cohort study

Guidelines emphasise the health benefits of bouts of physical activity of any duration. However, the associations of intermittent lifestyle physical activity accumulated through non-exercise with mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) remain unclear. We aimed to examine the associations of bouts of moderate-to-vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (MV-ILPA) and the proportion of vigorous activity contributing within these bouts with mortality and MACE. In this prospective cohort study, we used data from the UK Biobank on adults who do not exercise (ie, those who did not report leisure-time exercise) who had wrist-worn accelerometry data available. Participants were followed up until Nov 30, 2022, with the outcome of interest of all-cause mortality obtained through linkage with NHS Digital of England and Wales, and the NHS Central Register and National Records of Scotland, and MACE obtained from inpatient hospitalisation data provided by the Hospital Episode Statistics for England, the Patient Episode Database for Wales, and the Scottish Morbidity Record for Scotland. MV-ILPA bouts were derived using a two-level Random Forest classifier and grouped as short (<1 min), medium (1 to <3 min; 3 to <5 min), and long (5 to <10 min). We further examined the dose-response relationship of the proportion of vigorous physical activity contributing to the MV-ILPA bout. Between June 1, 2013, and Dec 23, 2015, 103 684 Biobank participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist. 25 241 adults (mean age 61·8 years [SD 7·6]), of whom 14 178 (56·2%) were women, were included in our analysis of all-cause mortality. During a mean follow-up duration of 7·9 years (SD 0·9), 824 MACE and 1111 deaths occurred. Compared with bouts of less than 1 min, mortality risk was lower for bouts of 1 min to less than 3 min (hazard ratio [HR] 0·66 [0·53-0·81]), 3 min to less than 5 min (HR 0·56 [0·46-0·69]), and 5 to less than 10 min (HR 0·48 [0·39-0·59]). Similarly, compared with bouts of less than 1 min, risk of MACE was lower for bouts of 1 min to less than 3 min (HR 0·71 [0·54-0·93]), 3 min to less than 5 min (0·62 [0·48-0·81]), and 5 min to less than 10 min (0·59 [0·46-0·76]). Short bouts (<1 min) were associated with lower MACE risk only when bouts were comprised of at least 15% vigorous activity. Intermittent non-exercise physical activity was associated with lower mortality and MACE. Our results support the promotion of short intermittent bouts of non-exercise physical activity of moderate-to-vigorous intensity to improve longevity and cardiovascular health among adults who do not habitually exercise in their leisure time. Australian National Health, Medical Research Council, and Wellcome Trust.

Association among Olfactory Function, Lifestyle and BMI in Female and Male Elderly Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Physical activities seem to counteract the age-related physiological decline of the olfactory function which, influencing the food choices and eating behavior, can affect the body weight of individuals. The main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationships between olfactory function and BMI in female and male Elderly Subjects (ES), according to the level of their lifestyle activities in physical, cognitive, and social terms. Considering weekly physical activities, the adult elderlies who decided to participate in this study were divided into active ES (n = 65) and non-active ES (n = 68). Assessment of weekly activities and olfactory function were performed by means of face-to-face interviews and the "Sniffin' Sticks" battery test, respectively. The results show that ES who are overweight and with a non-active lifestyle achieved lower TDI olfactory scores than normal weight ES and those classified as active. Hyposmic and non-active ES showed a higher BMI than normosmic and active ES. Sex-related differences, with females performing better than males, were evident in the presence of at least one of the following conditions: non-activity, hyposmia, or overweight. Inverse correlations were found between BMI and TDI olfactory score and between BMI and hours/week spent on physical activities, both when subjects were considered all together and when they were divided into females and males. These findings suggest that a higher BMI is related to the olfactory dysfunction linked to active or non-active lifestyle and the sex-related differences, and the condition of hyposmia is related to the increase in body weight due to lifestyle and sex differences. Given that the relationship between BMI and non-exercise physical activities is comparable to that between BMI and exercise physical activities, and this may be of particular importance for ES with limited mobility.

Regional Differences in Self-Reported Health, Physical Activity and Physical Fitness of Urban Senior Citizens in Austria.

The aim of this study is to compare data on the health status, self-reported exercise and non-exercise physical activity as well as fitness parameters, such as grip strength, of people in retirement in two cities that are both considered urban centres according to the statistical office of the European Union (EUROSTAT), but differ by geographic location. Self-reported physical activity questionnaires and objective assessments of physical fitness indicators collected by sports scientists were used and examined for differences. A total of 210 people (66.3 years ± 2.3) in Salzburg (n = 90) and Vienna (n = 120) was analysed. While no differences were found in self-reported health, there were differences in self-reported exposure to self-reported exercise and non-exercise physical activity, with the Viennese population being more inactive than their more western comparison group. In addition, the objective indicators for muscle strength, balance and flexibility of the lower extremities differed significantly in favour of the more western Austrian population. We recommend assessing the situation of older people in Austria regarding their physical activity and fitness on a regional basis, even if they live in cities of the same category. Future projects should therefore aim to consider specific regional needs during development and incorporate both subjective and objective indicators when monitoring the success of such programs.

Insights into Non-Exercise Physical Activity on Control of Body Mass: A Review with Practical Recommendations

Non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), also called unstructured or informal physical activity, refers to those daily activities that require movement of the human body without planning or strict control of the physical effort made. Due to new technologies and motorized transportation devices, the general population has significantly decreased its NEPA. This increase in sedentary lifestyles, physical inactivity, and excessive energy intake is considered a risk factor for obesity, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and all-cause mortality. Searching in PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases, a narrative review of NEPA was carried out to address its conceptualization, promotion strategies for the general population, and monitoring through wearable devices. It is strongly recommended that governmental entities, health practitioners, and the construction industry adhere to "The Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030: More Active People for a Healthier World" and implement different salutogenic urban strategies. These strategies aim to generate environments that motivate increases in NEPA, such as cycling and walking transportation (between 5000-12,500 steps per day), and the progression to physical exercise. There is a wide variety of electronic devices for personal use, such as accelerometers, smartphone apps, or "smart clothes", that allow for the monitoring of NEPA, some with a wide range of analysis variables contributing to the estimation of total daily energy expenditure and the promotion of healthy habits. In general, the further promotion and monitoring of NEPA is required as part of a strategy to promote healthy habits sustainable over time for the prevention and control of obesity and NCDs.

Compensatory Responses to Exercise Training As Barriers to Weight Loss: Changes in Energy Intake and Non-exercise Physical Activity.

Exercise can increase total energy expenditure to very high levels and therefore induce sizable energy deficits that, under carefully controlled conditions, elicit clinically significant weight loss. In real life, however, this is seldom the case among people with overweight or obesity, suggesting the existence of compensatory mechanisms that mitigate exercise-induced negative energy balance. Most studies have focused on possible compensatory changes in energy intake, and comparably little attention has been paid to compensatory changes in the physical activity patterns outside of the prescribed exercise, i.e., non-exercise physical activity (NEPA). The purpose of this paper is to review studies that have assessed changes in NEPA in response to an increase in exercise-induced energy expenditure. The available studies examining changes in NEPA in response to exercise training are methodologically heterogeneous, conducted in participants with different age, gender, and body adiposity, and examined responses to varying exercise regimens over a varying duration. About 67% of all studies-80% of short-term (≤ 11 wks, n = 5) and 63% of long-term (> 3months, n = 19) studies-demonstrate a compensatory decrease in NEPA upon starting a structured exercise training program. A compensatory decrease in other physical activities of daily life upon starting exercise training is a relatively common compensatory response-and probably more common than an increase in energy intake-that may be instrumental in attenuating the energy deficit caused by exercise, and thus preventing weight loss.

Compensatory mechanisms from different exercise intensities in type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of a 1-year randomized controlled trial

AimsThis investigation aimed to determine the effect of different intensities of training on non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) and estimated thermogenesis (NEAT) from a 1-year exercise randomized controlled trial (RCT) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on non-training days. Additionally, changes in NEPA and estimated NEAT in those who failed (low-responders) or succeeded (high-responders) in attaining exercise-derived clinically meaningful reductions in body weight (BW) and fat mass (FM) (i.e., 6% for FM and 3% for BW) was assessed.MethodsIndividuals with T2DM (n = 80) were enrolled in a RCT with three groups: resistance training combined with moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and a control group. Of the 80 participants, 56 (completed data) were considered for this secondary analysis. NEPA and estimated NEAT were obtained by accelerometry and body composition through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.ResultsAfter adjustments, no time*group interactions were found for estimated NEAT in the MICT (β = − 5.33, p = 0.366) and HIIT (β = − 5.70, p = 0.283), as well as for NEPA in the MICT (β = − 452.83, p = 0.833) and HIIT (β = − 2770.76, p = 0.201), when compared to controls. No compensatory changes in NEPA and estimated NEAT were observed when considering both low-responders and high-responders to FM and BW when compared to controls.ConclusionsBoth MICT and HIIT did not result in any compensatory changes in estimated NEAT and NEPA with the intervention on non-training days. Moreover, no changes in estimated NEAT and NEPA were found when categorizing our participants as low-responders and high-responders to FM and BW when compared to controls.Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov ID.NCT03144505.

The Effects of an Acute Bout of Aerobic or Resistance Exercise on Nonexercise Physical Activity.

A reduction in nonexercise physical activity (NEPA) after exercise may reduce the effectiveness of exercise interventions on weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity. Aerobic exercise (AEx) and resistance exercise (REx) may have different effects on NEPA. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to examine the effect of a single bout of AEx or REx on NEPA and sedentary behavior in inactive adults with overweight or obesity. Adults with overweight or obesity (n = 24; 50% male; age, 34.5 ± 1.5 yr; body mass index, 28.5 ± 0.9 kg·m-2) not meeting current physical activity guidelines completed a single 45-min bout of AEx, REx, or a sedentary control on different days in random order. After each condition, participants' NEPA was recorded for 84 h by accelerometer. Time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity; steps; metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours; and sit-to-stand transitions were calculated using activity count data. No differences were observed in the percent of waking time spent sedentary and in light, moderate, and vigorous activity between conditions (P > 0.05). No differences were observed in steps, MET-hours, or sit-to-stand transitions between conditions (P > 0.05). NEPA responses were variable among individuals, with approximately half of participants reducing and half increasing NEPA over the 84 h after each exercise condition. NEPA was not reduced after an acute bout of AEx or REx in a sample of inactive adults with overweight or obesity.

Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality

Wearable devices can capture unexplored movement patterns such as brief bursts of vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) that is embedded into everyday life, rather than being done as leisure time exercise. Here, we examined the association of VILPA with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality in 25,241 nonexercisers (mean age 61.8 years, 14,178 women/11,063 men) in the UK Biobank. Over an average follow-up of 6.9 years, during which 852 deaths occurred, VILPA was inversely associated with all three of these outcomes in a near-linear fashion. Compared with participants who engaged in no VILPA, participants who engaged in VILPA at the sample median VILPA frequency of 3 length-standardized bouts per day (lasting 1 or 2 min each) showed a 38%–40% reduction in all-cause and cancer mortality risk and a 48%–49% reduction in CVD mortality risk. Moreover, the sample median VILPA duration of 4.4 min per day was associated with a 26%–30% reduction in all-cause and cancer mortality risk and a 32%–34% reduction in CVD mortality risk. We obtained similar results when repeating the above analyses for vigorous physical activity (VPA) in 62,344 UK Biobank participants who exercised (1,552 deaths, 35,290 women/27,054 men). These results indicate that small amounts of vigorous nonexercise physical activity are associated with substantially lower mortality. VILPA in nonexercisers appears to elicit similar effects to VPA in exercisers, suggesting that VILPA may be a suitable physical activity target, especially in people not able or willing to exercise.

Determination of energy expenditure in professional cyclists using power data: Validation against doubly labeled water.

Accurate determination of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in athletes is important for optimal performance and injury prevention, but current approaches are insufficiently accurate. We therefore developed an approach to determine TDEE in professional cyclists based on power data, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and a non-exercise physical activity level (PAL) value, and compared energy expenditure (EE) between multi-day and single-day races. Twenty-one male professional cyclists participated. We measured: (1) BMR, (2) the relationship between power output and EE during an incremental cycling test, which was used to determine EE during exercise (EEE ), and (3) TDEE using doubly labeled water (DLW). A non-exercise PAL-value was obtained by subtracting EEE from TDEE and dividing this by BMR. Measured BMR was 7.9 ± 0.8MJ/day, which was significantly higher than predicted by the Oxford equations. A new BMR equation for elite endurance athletes was therefore developed. Mean TDEE was 31.7 ± 2.8 and 27.3 ± 2.8MJ/day during the Vuelta a España and Ardennes classics, while EEE was 17.4 ± 1.8 and 10.1 ± 1.4MJ/day, respectively. Non-exercise PAL-values were 1.8 and 2.0 for the Vuelta and Ardennes classics, respectively, which is substantially higher than currently used generic PAL-values. We show that the proposed approach leads to a more accurate estimation of non-exercise EE than the use of a generic PAL-value in combination with BMR predictive equations developed for non-elite athletes, with the latter underestimating non-exercise EE by ~28%. The proposed approach may therefore improve nutritional strategies in professional cyclists.

Interindividual variability in metabolic adaptation of non-exercise activity thermogenesis after a 1-year weight loss intervention in former elite athletes

ABSTRACT Lack of efficacy of weight loss(WL) interventions is attributed in-part to low adherence to dietary/physical activity(PA) recommendations. However, some compensation may occur in PA as a response to energy restriction such as a decrease in non-exercise PA(NEPA) or non-exercise activity thermogenesis(NEAT). The current study aim was (1) to investigate whether adaptive thermogenesis(AT) in NEAT occurs after WL, and (2) to understand the associations of these compensations with WL. Ninety-four former athletes [mean±SD, age: 43.0±9.4y, BMI: 31.1±4.3 kg/m2, 34.0% female] were recruited and randomly assigned to intervention or control groups (IG, CG). The IG underwent a one-year lifestyle WL-intervention; no treatments were administered to the CG. PA was measured using accelerometery and NEAT was predicted with a model including sample baseline characteristics. AT was calculated as measuredNEAT4mo/12mo (kcal/d)–predictedNEAT4mo/12mo (kcal/d)-measuredNEATbaseline (kcal/d)–predictedNEATbaseline (kcal/d). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess fat-free mass and fat mass. No differences were found in the IG for NEAT or NEPA after WL. Considering mean values, AT was not found for either group. The SD of individual response (SDIR) for AT was −2(4-months) and 24(12-months) (smallest worthwhile change = 87kcal/d), suggesting that the interindividual variability regarding AT in NEAT is not relevant and the variability in this outcome might reflect a large within-subject variability and/or a large degree of random measurement error. No associations were found between AT in NEAT and changes in body composition. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the large variability in AT observed in NEAT and related changes in NEPA to better implement lifestyle-induced WL interventions. Highlights No significant differences were found for non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) or non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) after the weight loss (WL) intervention; Although a large variability was found for NEAT and NEPA, the interindividual variability regarding these outcomes is not relevant. The variability in these outcomes might reflect a large within-subject variability and/or a large degree of random measurement error; Although no energy conservation was observed in NEAT after moderate WL (mean values), further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the large variability in adaptive thermogenesis observed in NEAT and related changes in NEPA to better implement lifestyle-induced WL interventions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03031951.

Appetitive and Metabolic Responses to an Exercise versus Dietary Intervention in Adults with Obesity.

Dietary restriction (DIET) and aerobic exercise (AEX) interventions may impact energy balance differently. Our aim was to describe the effects of weight loss interventions via DIET or AEX on measures of energy balance. Adults with overweight or obesity were randomized to 12 weeks of DIET or AEX with similar calorie deficit goals. A study day was conducted before and after the intervention to assess subjective and hormonal (ghrelin, peptide-YY, glucagon-like peptide-1) appetite responses to a control meal, ad libitum energy intake (EI) at a single meal, and over three days of free-living conditions and eating behavior traits. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured with indirect calorimetry and adjusted for body composition measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Non-exercise activity was measured using accelerometers. Forty-four individuals were included (age: 37 ± 9 years, body mass index: 30.6 ± 3.1 kg/m2). Both interventions resulted in weight and fat mass loss. The DIET group lost fat-free mass, although differences between groups were not significant (DIET: -1.2 ± 1.7 kg, p<0.001; AEX: 0.4 ± 1.5 kg, p=0.186; p=0.095 interaction). There were no differences in RMR after body composition adjustment. Both interventions were associated with an increase in dietary restraint (DIET: 4.9 ± 1.2, AEX: 2.8 ± 0.7; p<0.001 in both groups). Hunger decreased with DIET (-1.4 ± 0.5, p=0.003), and disinhibition decreased with AEX (-1.5 ± 0.5, p<0.001), although these changes were not different between groups (i.e., no group × time interaction). No other differences in appetite, EI, or non-exercise physical activity were observed within or between groups. AEX did not result in compensatory alterations in appetite, ad libitum EI, or physical activity, despite assumed increased energy expenditure. Modest evidence also suggested that disinhibition and hunger may be differentially impacted by weight loss modality.

Impact Of Chronotype On Exercise Fuel Metabolism And Non-exercise Physical Activity

Impact Of Chronotype On Exercise Fuel Metabolism And Non-exercise Physical Activity

Compensatory effects of different exercise durations on non-exercise physical activity, appetite, and energy intake in normal weight and overweight adults.

Objectives: To examine compensatory changes of different exercise durations on non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), appetite, and energy intake (EI) in normal and overweight adults, and to determine if different body mass index of individuals interact with these compensatory effects. Methods: Ten normal weight adults (nine females and one male; age: 24.0 ± 0.4 years; BMI: 20.7 ± 0.5 kg/m2) and ten overweight adults (six females and four males; age: 24.5 ± 0.9 years; BMI: 25.9 ± 0.4 kg/m2) participated in this study. The participants completed two exercise trials: short-duration continuous training (SDCT) and long-duration continuous training (LDCT), i.e., a 40 min short-duration and an 80 min long-duration continuous training in a randomized order. Total physical activity and NEPA were monitored using an accelerometer for seven consecutive days, which involved a two-day baseline observation period (C-pre-Ex), three-day exercise intervention period (Ex), and two-day follow-up period (C-post-Ex). Blood samples were collected for appetite-related hormone analysis. Appetite score was assessed using the visual analogue scale. Energy intake was evaluated by weighing the food and recording diaries. Results: The NEPA evaluation showed that it was higher for SDCT than for LDCT in the C-post-Ex period (F (1, 19) = 8.508, p = 0.009) in the total sample. Moreover, results also indicated that NEPA was lower for LDCT (F (2, 18) = 6.316, p = 0.020) and higher for SDCT (F (2, 18) = 3.889, p = 0.026) in the C-post-Ex period than in the C-pre-Ex and Ex periods in overweight group. Acyl-ghrelin revealed a main effect of time in the total sample and in normal weight and overweight groups; it was lower in the C-post-Ex period than in the C-pre-Ex and Ex periods (all p < 0.05). Total EI analysis revealed no significant changes in either the total sample or in the normal weight and overweight groups. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that short duration exercise led to a compensatory increment in NEPA, whereas long duration exercise induced a compensatory decrease in NEPA. Moreover, there was a higher and delayed compensatory response in overweight adults than in normal weight adults. Nevertheless, energy intake was not changed across time, regardless of exercise duration.

Effect of Morning and Evening Exercise on Energy Balance: A Pilot Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25–40 kg/m2) to morning (06:00–10:00) or evening (15:00–19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, n = 18) or evening (PM, n = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750–2000 kcal/week. Bodyweight, body composition, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), energy intake (EI), sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and week 15. Study retention was 94% and adherence to the supervised exercise program was ≥90% in both groups. Weight change was −0.9 ± 2.8 kg and −1.4 ± 2.3 kg in AM and PM, respectively. AM and PM increased TDEE (AM: 222 ± 399 kcal/day, PM: 90 ± 150 kcal/day). EI increased in AM (99 ± 198 kcal/day) and decreased in PM (−21 ± 156 kcal/day) across the intervention. It is feasible to randomize adults with overweight and obesity to morning or evening aerobic exercise with high levels of adherence. Future trials are needed to understand how the timing of exercise affects energy balance and body weight regulation.

Effects Of Exercise On Compensatory Mechanisms In People With Type 2 Diabetes: 1-year Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE: Regular exercise may induce some compensatory mechanisms such as spontaneous reductions in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) and related thermogenesis (NEAT). Evidence on the effects of exercise interventions on these compensations in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether a 1-year exercise intervention at different intensities influenced NEPA and NEAT measured on the non-exercise days. METHODS: Patients with T2DM (n = 66) aged 38-73 years-old were enrolled in a randomized-controlled trial with three groups: moderate continuous training (MCT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), both combined with resistance training, and a control group. NEPA was obtained by accelerometry using counts/min and NEAT was calculated based on Freedson’s adult equation and reported as METs. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the outcomes while adjusting for sex and number of trainings attended. RESULTS: Following the adjustments, we found no time effect and no time*group interactions for NEAT in the MCT (β = -3.755, p = 0.554) and HIIT (β = -5.350, p = 0.297), against controls. Likewise, considering NEPA, no differences were observed against controls for MCT (β = -514.678, p = 0.820) and HIIT (β = -3057.269, p = 0.148). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, people with T2DM engaging in a long-term exercise intervention (i.e. 1 year) did not present any compensatory mechanisms, with no reductions in NEPA and NEAT, regardless of the intensity of training. These findings suggest that for people with T2DM, it is safe to participate in an exercise program, without harming their spontaneous activity level.

Age-Related Olfactory Decline Is Associated With Levels of Exercise and Non-exercise Physical Activities.

Objective: This cross-sectional study evaluates the impact of active or non-active lifestyle in terms of physical, cognitive and social activity on the olfactory function in Elderly Subjects (ES) and aims at looking for a correlation between the time devoted to life activities and the score obtained during the olfactory tests by each individual.Methods: One hundred and twenty-two elderly volunteers were recruited in Sardinia (Italy) and divided into active ES (n = 60; 17 men, 43 women; age 67.8 ± 1.12 years) and inactive ES (n = 62; 21 men, 41 women, age 71.1 ± 1.14 years) based on their daily physical activities. The olfactory function was evaluated using the “Sniffin’s Sticks” battery test, while the assessment of daily activities was made by means of personal interviews.Results: A significant effect of active or inactive lifestyle was found on the olfactory function of ES (F(1,120) > 10.16; p < 0.005). A positive correlation was found between the olfactory scores and the number of hours per week dedicated to physical activities (Pearson’s r > 0.32, p ≤ 0.014) in both active and inactive ES.Conclusions: High levels of exercise and non-exercise physical activity are strongly associated with the olfactory function and, consequently, with the quality of life of the elderly. Given the limited physical exercise of elderly people, they can benefit from a more active lifestyle by increasing non-exercise physical activities.