Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25–40 kg/m2) to morning (06:00–10:00) or evening (15:00–19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, n = 18) or evening (PM, n = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750–2000 kcal/week. Bodyweight, body composition, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), energy intake (EI), sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and week 15. Study retention was 94% and adherence to the supervised exercise program was ≥90% in both groups. Weight change was −0.9 ± 2.8 kg and −1.4 ± 2.3 kg in AM and PM, respectively. AM and PM increased TDEE (AM: 222 ± 399 kcal/day, PM: 90 ± 150 kcal/day). EI increased in AM (99 ± 198 kcal/day) and decreased in PM (−21 ± 156 kcal/day) across the intervention. It is feasible to randomize adults with overweight and obesity to morning or evening aerobic exercise with high levels of adherence. Future trials are needed to understand how the timing of exercise affects energy balance and body weight regulation.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Well-designed studies have demonstrated that mean weight loss from exercise interventions is less than predicted based on the energy expenditure (EE) of exercise sessions [1–5].In addition, there is substantial interindividual variability in the weight loss response to exercise interventions
body mass index (BMI), and weight were similar at baseline
Two participants (13%) in the PM group withdrew from the study due to time constraints and an inability to continue participating in supervised exercise sessions; no participants withdrew from the AM group
Summary
Well-designed studies have demonstrated that mean weight loss from exercise interventions is less than predicted based on the energy expenditure (EE) of exercise sessions [1–5]. There is substantial interindividual variability in the weight loss response to exercise interventions. Both attenuated weight loss and weight loss variability have been attributed to compensatory mechanisms such as reductions in other components of EE and/or increases in energy intake (EI) [1,6–12]. Exercise timing may influence factors related to overall adherence and engagement in exercise, thereby influencing body weight [24]. There are limited studies examining the effect of exercise at different times of the day on components of EE, EI, and weight loss
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